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In such animals not having any organic changes in their brains during the initial stage showed a descendence of convulsive threshold. abnormal findings in their electroencephalogram and ascending activity of ChE. But what is the cause of these functional changes? First, from the fact that though there was no organic changes, they were sensitized and reiniected by a known antigen, which is obviously an antigen-antibody reaction. Second, from the fact that we got a histological.change, which was acknowledged as C.L.A. changes by increasing the concentration of these solution and the number of injections, it could be thought that these functional changes were caused by what I called latent C.L.A.. That is, it seems it could be thought that it would give functionally a permanent hypersensitivity, which is called convulsive arrangement. Furthermore, a similar histological findings as seen in old epileptics were made experimentally after prolonged and repeated injections of very diluted antigens. I believe it can be said, also from this histological point that they are experimental epileptics. But I am not trying to say that idiopathic epilepsy is the same allergic disease as asthma. If it was so, it should offer clinically a problem of eosinophilia in the blood of epileptics. But actually there is no eosinophilia in epileptics. Also, in adult epileptics, convulsive attacks is not often seen soon after introduction of antigens. Consequently, my theory that epilepsy is allergic, does not mean that allergy is the direct cause of epileptic attacks. What I mean is, the causal genesis of idiopathic epilepsy is hypersensitivity of nerve cells in the brain. This hypersensitivity was attained as a tissue reaction by some allergic mechanism without any organic changes. This functional change gives the nerve cell a hypersensitive state, which becomes the base of the beginnihg of convulsion. Its inducement of attack could be water stagnation in the body, anemic state of the brain, alkalosis, or introduction of allergens. In short, the cause of attack does not always come from allergic reactions.

Using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we previously demonstrated that the S100C protein remarkably decreased after immortalization of normal human fibroblasts, and that this protein caused growth inhibition of human tumor cells when forcibly expressed in these cells, suggesting that S100C plays a significant role in tumor suppression. The present study was carried out to determine what type of human tissues express S100C protein, and, subsequently, whether the S100C content in these tissues changes after normal cells have been transformed into cancer cells. We found that ductal cells in various tissues were positively stained with the S100C protein. In comparison, epithelial cells in digestive organs such as the stomach, small intestine, and colon were not stained as strongly. When 14 pairs of human normal and cancerous tissues were stained with the antibody, decreases in the staining levels of S100C were observed in 6 kinds of cancerous tissues--from the bronchus, mammary duct, renal tubule, prostate, uterus, and testis--in comparison with staining in their normal counterparts. These results suggest that S100C is a new tumor marker protein, the expression of which significantly decreases after malignant transformation of human tissues.

For the periods ranging from the fifth gravid month to the sixth post partum week continuous examinations were conducted on the blood picture of 10 multiparas and 18 primipars who came to the Second Maternity Hospita, Okayama University Medical School, from December 1955 to December 1956, and all those who had no complications throughout pregnancy, delivery and puerperium. In addition observations were carried on the 245 subjects who had no complibation throught pregnancy, delivery and puerperium to see what influences the blood loss during delivery might exert on blood picture during puerperium, particularly the changes of hemoglobin concentration (Hb), and the author arrived at the following conclusions: 1) By the continuous examinations of pregnat women the existence has been recognized of physiological anemia which recovers close to the level of healthy non-pregnant women within one month after delivery. Namely, it has been found that already by the fifth month of pregnancy a considerable decrease both in erythrocyte counts and Hb values is recognized as compared with those of healthy non-pregnant women (the control), but starting around the eighth month the values of both keep on increasing month after month until reaching their maximum at delivery yet still a little below those of the control, and particularly Hb values as compared with those of the control show a significant fall. During puerperium erythrocyte counts and Hb values recover rapidly and by the sixth post partum week they reach close to the level of the control. 2) By the latter part of pregnancy both in multipara and primipara Hb values shew a marked decrease as compared with erythroyte count. Gradually presenting hypochromic-anemia picture, even in the sixth post partum week a delay in the recovery of Hb values can still be recognized, the delay being particularly striking in primipara. 3) It has been noticed that there is a greater tendency of delay in the recovery of Hb values along with increase in blood loss during delivery. Namely, though in the groups with blood loss of less than 10g./kg. at delivery the recovery of Hb values during puerperium is smooth and hematopoietic functions seem to be undisturbed. However, with increase in blood loss the recovery is proportionately delayed and in the groups with over 12.5 g./kg. loss a marked delay in the recovery of Hb has been recognized. 4) In primipara groups with under 7.5g./kg. blood loss and in multipara with under 12.5 g./kg. loss, the recovery of Hb values during puerperium is smooth; but in primipara with blood loss of over 10 g./kg. and in multipara with the loss of over 15 g./kg. the delay has been quite marked. In other words, in the groups with blood loss of over 7.5 g./kg. the rate of recovery in Hb values tends to be faster in multipara than in primipara. 5) Along with increase in the frequency of labor, the rates of increase have tended to increase by degrees.

The aim of this study is to obtain data for improving a training program for patients with diabetes mellitus. One hundred eighty-seven patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus were tested with 20 questions about their knowledge for self-management of diabetes mellitus. Then to draw out factors in their personal backgrounds relating to their correct answers, multiple regression analyses were conducted. As a result, four factors showed significant differences in the following order: Educational careers > ages > duration of disease > socioeconomic strata. The results of the present study have shown for the first time, that these four factors closely concern patients to acquire the necessary knowledge for their self-management of the disease. In addition, this study has raised some fundamental problems regarding the training program for patients: how education should be given to patients.

With an improved method of tissue culture of peripheral leucocytes of our own design, the authors carried out systematic observations on the peripheral leucocyte culture from the normal, various kinds of leukemias, leukemoid reactions, and hypoplastic anemia. As for the culture method we have devised a method of silicon oil coating on the blood containers, a method which will least affect the cell function as compared with the conventional culture method. As the results we have found that the tissue growth in the case of peripheral leucocyte culture of normal persons ceases after six-hour culture and also we have recognized a peculiar finding, a growth like a corona-shape, in which an empty space appears in the inner part of growth area along with the lapse of time. In every leukemic case, without presenting growth area like a corona, the cell density is high and the outer zone of growth area becomes sharply demarcated as in the case with bone-marrow culture and also the growth continues even after 12 hours. At this instance we have noticed many mitoses of immature cells. Moreover, the maturation of immature cells has been observed and it has also been possible to distinguish to what type these immature cells belonged. In the leukemoid reaction no growth pattern Characteristic to the leukemia can be recognized, and at a glance it can easily be differentiated from the leukemia. In the case of hypoplastic anemia although the growth area is like that of the normal presenting a corona-like shape, the cell density is lower and the function of leucccytes is lesser than the normal. From these results we believe that the peripheral leucocyte culture is clinically useful.

An abnormal glucose tolerance is often found in patients with psychiatric or neurologic diseases, and the problem is then, what does this abnormal glucose tolerance mean and what is the relation between this and the patient's psychic state.

Of eosinophilias that we often encounter clinically, we selected two of the most representative ones, namely, hookworm diseae and bronchial astma, for our present sternal bone-marrow tissue culture, and studied the movement patterns and wandering capacity of eosinophils. As the results, even in those eosinophils that show no significant change other than the increase in number in ordinary stained-smear specimens of peripheral blood or bone marrow, it has been clarified that, when observed under living condition, they reveal a picture specific to individualistic behaviors according to diseases. Therefore, it can be assumed that in the pathologic condition what is known as eosinopilia not only eosinophils increase in number but also qualitative changes of eosinophlils specific to each disease are brought about, and consequently these specific changes are reflected on the movement patterns of the eosinophil.

In our department we have been placing a special emphasis on the treatment and study of rheumatoid arthritis, and during the last four years we have handled about 1,600 cases visiting our outpatient clinic and approximately 100 hospitalized cases. Our experiences with these patients are only what might be called an introductory phase in the study and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis when compared with those in Europe and America. In estimating the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in Japan from various available data, although it would not reach the level of England and U.S.A., it will be about 100 cases per 100,000 population, matching more or less the incidence in the northern Europe. As regards sex and the predisposing age we find no great difference from those in Europe and America. One striking difference that we find is the fact that patients in our country have very little resistance against salicylic acid drug used in treatment. Therefore, it is unreasonable to expect a good anti-inflammatory action by administering a large dosage of 5-10g of such a drug as aspirin per day. It must be limited within a comparatively small dosage of 1.0 to 2.0 g or with concomitant administration of prednisolone and aspirin in the hope of utilizing its analgesic effect. Furthermore, it is not feasible to introduce the results of studies made in Europe and America on the salicylic drug and its prescription all of them showing the concentration in blood 35 mg%, which is on the borderline of intoxicating dosage. This is only one example, and with some more experiences we shall undoubtedly encounter many dissimilar points. Therefore, it is essential that rheumatology specific to Japan needs to be established.

1. In the stage later than the middle stage of pregnancy, morphological differences appear between the amniotic epithelial cells of placenta and those of the free part and the majority of cases the amniotic epithelial cells of placenta present more marked columnar shape than those in the surrounding area of ruptured orifice or those in the vicinity of placenta. However, there still remains a question whether or not such a phenomena is directly related to the secretory function of the placenta amniotic epithelium. 2. It seems that amniotic epithelial cells divide and multiply themselves by mitosis at least in the early and middle stages when their functions are at height. 3. Even in the stage later than the middle stage generally the amniotic epithelium of placenta is consisted of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells, and therefore, the author cannot agree to Forssell's theory. 4. In glycogen and lipid stainings, the amniotic epithelial cell layer shows more striking changes with the progress of gestational month when compared with those cells in other layers. 5. Glycogen in the amniotic epithelial cell layer is abundant in the early and middle stages of pregnancy, and it rapidly decreases near the late stage. Lipid granules on the contrary are less in the early stage, and start to appear in the middle stage, increasing rapidly towards the late stage. In general, the regressive degeneration picture of the late stage is not distinct histologically, but assuming glycogen to represent the cell activity and the lipid deposit to mean just the reverse, the amniotic epithelium functionally seems to fall into regressive degeneration from the middle stage. Other layers of fetal membranes likewise undergo fatty degeneration as the pregnancy progresses from the middle stage to the late stage. 6. There still remain problems to be solved on the question what role this regressive degeneration of the amniotic epithelial cell layer plays in de Watteville's theory, "Labor originates from the fetal membranes". However, granular PAS-positive substances in the amniotic epithelium are glycogen, and it seems difficult to connect simply the existence or non-existence of PAS-positive granules or Sudan-positive granules directly with the continuation or interruption of pregnancy.

Adversive movement was first reported in 1870 by Fritsch and Hitzig when they said that when gyrus Sylvii was stimulated electrically the eyes moved to the opposite side of the stimulation. Vogt and Foerster made a detailed report on adversive movement, which is a rotary motion of the head, trunk and both eyes. But in their report, they did not make it clear what tracts the stimulation took. Mitsueda, who iS under Hayashi, defined the cortical area of the eye balls and the eye lids. He reported that they were of the extrapyramidal kind. Russel reported that when the cerebellum was stimulated the eye balls moved to the side of the stimulation, but did not say anything about adveraive movements which concerned the movement of the head and the trunk. Therefore, to ascertain the center of adversive movement and its tract the following experiments were performed. For stimulation electrical ones and chemical ones using metrazol (cardiazol) were used. As Ishizuka, who is under Hayashi, has proved excitement is only seen when cardiazol is injected among the nerve cells at a certain concentration, and it is not seen when injected among the nerve fibres.

March of spasm in epileptic convulsions was first observed by Tackson in 1863, when he said that in certain epileptic convulsions there is a phenomenon, where the convulsion starts from a certain muscle group and gradually spreads to other muscle groups. He called this, "march of spasm" and reported that it spreads according to the arrangement of motor representations in Rolando's area of the cerebral cortex. Since then, many important studies concerning the cerebral motor cortex were performed and reported. Recently, when Erickson had brought out a method in measuring electroencephalographic waves, Jackson's theory has been acknowledged. In Japan, Hayashi and his school has made an extensive study on epileptic convulsion. They used nicotine, cardiazol and others as chemical stimulations and decided the conduction tract of epileptic convulsion in dogs. The characteristic part of chemical stimulation is that, the nelve cells excite themselves when it is injected directly among them in certain concentrations and do not excite themselves when performed among nerve fibers. This was proved by Ishizuka. We used this method in dogs to see what was the mechanism of this phenomenon, "march" which is seen in epileptic convulsions and what tracts they took for conduction. And as its result, we found new facts that the presence of the motor cortex was needed for the march of spasm, and the conduction tract descending from the lenticular nucleus were quite different from Hayashi and his school had previously reported.