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1. Both EACA and AMCHA clearly showed an anti-inflammatory effect, by intravenous, intramuscular, or oral route, against inflammatory edema produced in rats by intracutaneous injection of rabbit's anti-rat serum, carrageenin, histamine, serotonin, or bradykinin, as tested by the punch method. 2. The two compounds also showed inhibitory action against the cotton pellet granuloma when used in a larger dose. 3. There was virtually no difference between the two compounds in their anti-inflammatory activity, in spite of the fact that antiplasmin activity of AMCHA is evidently greater than that of EACA. In addition, there was no increase in fibrinolysis at the site of antiserum inflammation in rats. Therefore, it would be difficult to presume that the anti-inflammatory action of these compounds is due to their antiplasmin activity. 4. Salicylates, pyrazolidine derivatives, and non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents like flufenamic acid inhibited degranulation of isolated rat mast cells induced by compound 48/80 and also inhibited ATP-32Pi exchange reaction in rat liver mitochondria, but such actions were not observed in EACA or AMCHA. 5. Anti-inflammatory effect of EACA and AMCHA did not decrease after adrenalectomy but did become weak in hypophysectomized rats. EACA did not increase blood sugar level in normal rats so that its antiinflammatory action is not due to hyperglycemia, and the effect of hypophysectomy may not be correlated to carbohydrate metabolism. 6. Anti- inflammatory effect of EACA and AMCHA appeared more rapidly after intramuscular or oral administration than by intravenous injection but the effect was not fortified after their in vitro incubation with tissues of stomach, intestine, or liver.

In order to ascertain whether black-crowned night herons (BCNH), white heron (Plumed Egrets (PE)) and domestic fowls are infected by JE virus and they serve as infection source ofJE, hemoagglutination inhibiting antibody and its 2·ME sensitive antibody in the sera of these birds were determined. Physico-chemical nature of fowl's antibody of JE produced by natural infection and their maternal antibody in the sera of chicks were examined. The results are briefly summarized as follows. 1) As to the herons captured in Tsudaka Town, two out of six adult night herons and three out of the four chicks showed positive HI reaction. On the other hand, HI reaction in the sera of two adult white herons and three chicks were negative. 2) As to the herons captured in Okayama City, twenty out of thirtytwo adult night herons and seven out of seventy white herons showed positive HI reaction in 1966 around the time when JE was prevalent in Okayama Prefecture. And six out of eleven night herons and one out of seven white herons showing positive HI reaction, responded positively to 2-ME sensitivity test. 3) The results indicate that white herons can be also infection source ofJE though less than in the case of night herons. 4) In the domestic fowls (white leghorn) kept at Takahashi District, eight out of twenty-seven fowls showed positive HI reaction. And six out of seven domestic fowls showing positive HI reaction responded positively to 2-ME sensitive reaction. 5) Transformation of JE antibody in the serum of hen from IgM to IgG was recognized. 6) Domestic chicken's sera having 1 : 640 of HI titer in the original serum and 1 : 320 of HI titer after 2-ME treatment were fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and the antibody activities present in the various fractions were determined. HI antibody activities occurred in both IgM and IgG classes of immunoglobulins. 7) Maternal HI antibodies reacting with JE virus were found in newly hatched domestic chickens from the eggs laid by hens with natural infection ofJE. And half life of HI antibodies in chicks was four days. 8) HI antibodies of JE in the serum of maternal immune-hens and chicken having maternal antibody were located in r-globulin fraction by starch block electrophoresis. 9) The results from 4) to 8) indicate the presence of natural infection ofJE in the domestic fowls. And domestic fowls can be infection source ofJE.

Exfoliative cytologic studies on normal oral cavity and on the postexodontic wound healing of infants were carried out and the following results were obtained: 1) The keratinization of cells was found marked in such regions as buccal mucosa, mucobuccal fold, gingiva and palate in that order. 2) As for changes in the distribution of cells and leucocytes, the cell distribution in the period of 15-21 postexodontic days proved to be identical with that of normal exfoliated cells. Namely, the wound healing from exfoliative cytologic aspects takes place during the period of 15-21 postexodontic days.

Die Autoren berichten Uber die Forschungen mit Hilfe von Kernreaktoren auf dem Grenzgebiet der Medizin und Strahlenphysik (Reaktorphysik). Es wurden kurz ihre eigene bisherige Ergebnisse, das Ziel dieser Forschungen und einzelne Zukunftsmoglichkeiten erwahnt. Nachdem wurden in mehreren Teilen die Kernreaktoren beschrieben. 1m erstem Teil werden die allgemeinen physikalischen Grundlagen eines Kernreaktors dargestellt. Mit Hilfe der Kernkrafte und der Bindungsenergie wird gezeigt, wieso eine Kernspaltung auftreten kann und wieso aus den nicht spaltbaren Isotopen U-238 die spaltbaren Isotope Pu-239 bzw. U-233 "erbrutet" werden konnen. -Das Zustandekommen einer Kettenreaktion, die die Grundlage einer Energiegewinnung aus der Kernspaltung ist, wird erlautert, wobei sich auf die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Atomkernen und Neutronen hingewiesen wird. 1m AnschluB daran werden die Vorgange im Kernreaktor im Einzelnen naher verfolgt. Dabei werden mehrere Moglichkeiten beschriebenk die es erlauben, die Neutronenzahl, die fur die Kettenreaktion entscheidend ist, zu erhohen. Einer allgemeinen Dbersicht uber die verschiedenen Reaktortypen und ihreu Einsatz in Forschung und Industrie schlie13t sich eine Beschreibung verschiedener deutscher Reaktoren und ihrer speziellen Eigenschaften und Vorteile an. Zum SchluB wird noch besonders auf die groBen Projekte der Entwicklung von Thorium-Brutern und von schnellen Brutern eingegangen.

Rats were depleted of skin histamine by more than 80 % by intraperitoneal injections of sinomenine with daily increasing doses for 6 days. In these rats, egg-white edema induced in the hind paws was inhibited by 68 % of control. The weight of the wall of granuloma pouch made by croton oil was also evidently smaller in the rat treated similarly with sinomenine than that of control. This suggests an important role of histamine participating in the inflammation. It has been observed that a variety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibited both degranulation and histamine release induced by compound 48/80 of mast cells isolated from rat peritoneal fluid. The degranulation inhibiting actions of anti-inflammatory drugs were markedly decreased in the presence of glucose as in cases of dinitrophenol, dicumarol and warfarin which are known uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Also, prevention of edema provoked by anti-rat serum is roughly correlated to a potency of degranulation inhibiting effect of anti-inflammatory agents. These observations suggest that there is a common mechanism between these two phenomena, and the prevention of mast cell degranulation by the anti-inflammatory agents is, at least, partially due to their uncoupling effects. A working hypothesis explaining the process of edema formation at the inflammatory site has. been made based on the data of the present experiment and other ob3ervations: a leakage of plasma into the tissue space from the gap between two adjacent endothelial cells which are contracted by released histamine may activate a kinin-forming system in the plasma, and kinin(s) may further aggravate a leakage. The mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory agents, which interfere with the histamine effect in inflammation, should be understood in twofold: one is prevention of histamine release from the tissue, mainly by inhibiting mast-cell degranulation, and the other is prevention of the contraction of endothial cells by their uncoupling activities.

MC-induced sarcomas produced under the skin on the back between　scapulas of C3H mice were transplanted　successively to the mice of the　same strain. Using the first and the second generation tumors, viable　tumor cells were prepared and with these tumor cells C3H mice were　inoculated. From these sensitized mice regional lymph　nodes were taken　out at certain intervals and lymph-node cells were prepared. These tumor　cells were mixed with regional lymph-node cells in the ratio of 1 : 10, and the mixed cells were transplanted subcutaneously on the back of C3H　mice, and the development and growth of tumors were observed at intervals.　As a result it was found that the inhibitory effect of these regional　lymph-node cells on the tumor growth was strong one to two weeks after　the transplantation, but beyond 3, or 4 weeks no inhibition　was observable.　In connection with the present in vivo experiments, some comments　were made on the available literature, and it has been demonstrated that　even in the cancer-bearing animal destined to die of tumors, at certain stage of cancer there is seen an inhibitory effect of the host on the tumor　growth by way of the lymphoid system and that such a response of the　host in vivo seems to be　correlated well with in vitro reaction.

1. To have a rapid isolation of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase particles (OSA particles), 0.1 mg DOC per mg of protein and 72 g potassium chlo. ride per I were added to mitochondria suspended in a tris.sucrose-histidine solution, which was followed by addition of 2-fold volume of chilled water, and fractionated by a discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. As a result, it was possible to reveal the OSA particle structure, composed of the head piece, stalk and thread-like structure of a superficial portion of the base pieces, stripped off from the mitochondrial inner membrane, in a layer of density.l.lO. This fraction exhibited a remarkable activity of ATPase sensitive to oligomycin, approximately 15 ,lJ.moles Pi released per mg of protein per minute at pH 8.6 at 37° in a non-ATP regenerating assay system, and contained almost no cytochromes. 2. When the OSA particles thus isolated were heated in water bath at 65° for 2 minutes, the head pieces were detached with a concomitant loss of oligomycin-sensitivity and were purified from the supernatant by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. 3. Trypsin in low concentration slightly induced a rise in the ATPase activity of OSA particles but in higher concentration it inhibited the activity. 4. OSA particles were resistant to the treatment of urea, and it was difficult to detach the head pieces by this treatment. 5. The some fraction obtained by solubilization of thc crude OSA particles with cholate and fractionation with ammonium sulfate exhibited ATPase activity in a masked form, and the ATPase activity with oligomycin. sensitivity was restored on addition of phospholipid. 6. A discussion was made on the mode of assembly of the head pieces and associated components and biochemical properties of OSA particles.

It is well known, that high-energy electrons can be used for tumor therapy. The so-called conventionel therapy with 100 through 250keV x· rays causes a great part of the x.rays to be scattered and absorbed in the sane tissue. In spite of the medicamental radiation prophylaxis additional radiation diseaes result by those compton scattered rays. By application of fast electrons and hard x.rays (so called gamma. rays) one tries to diminish those undesired side-effects and at the same time to increase the therapeutical effect of the ray treatment. As radiation source for fast electrons and hard gamma.rays one uses the Betatron, which was developed by NBRST in 1941 after preliminary operation of SLEPIAN, WALTON, WIDEROE and STEENDECK. The following statements are based on the references (1) through (6).

For the purpo3e to determine exactly what stage of cell specialization the DNA level of erythroid cell nuclei begins to decline, the author observed the DNA level of erythroblasts in mitosis by microspectrophotometry and the DNA synthesis by flash labeling with H3-thymidine. The cell samples were obtained from the bone marrow of normal, blood-depleted and phenylhydrazine-treated animals, and the anemic animals received a mass red cell transfusion, all the animals being injected with colchicine 4 hours before obtaining the bone marrow sample. DNA level was measured on the smeared cells stained by Feulgen reaction and DNA synthesis by autoradiography on the smeared cells. Besides these, chromosome number was observed on the anemic rat erythroblasts at metaphase by air dry method. The observations indicated that the DNA level begins to decrease at polychromatic stage being accompanied by a decrease in TDH3-incorporation into DNA, reaching minimum level at orthochromatic cell both in DNA contents and synthesis. Chromosome numbers of erythroblasts of rat were irregular being distri buted between 42 to 20. The data have suggested that the DNA level of erythroblasts decreases only in the later stages of cell specialization, and at polychromatic stage the chromosome number may also decrease in rabbit at polychromatic stage by the cell division with an incomplete DNA replication. The high DNA level of the erythroblasts of rabbit, in severe anemia where most of the cells are denucleated at polychromatic and late basophilic stages, has been discussed from the view point of the insufficient DNA replication at polychromatic stages.

The body wall of the cercaria of Schistosoma japonicum is covered with a thin integument which is connected to epithel cells located under the uscle layer. On the outer and the basal surfaces of the integument are seen thin limiting membranes. In the matrix of the integument are distributed numerous dense granules, vacuoles and spines. The rootlet of the spine is attached to the basement membrane of the integument. The circular and longitudinal muscle layers, both underlying the integument, have smooth muscle fibers composed of thick and thin myofilaments. The cercaria possesses five pairs of secretion gland cells which are divided into two groups of three anterior and two posterior pairs. Both gland cells are filled with secretion balls. The tail of cercaria is likewise covered with a thin integumen t, whose structure is identically the same as the body integument. Beneath the integument are located thin circular and longitudinal muscle layers. The circular muscle cells have smooth muscle fibers, but the longitudinal muscle cells have striated muscle fibers. These muscle cells contain many large mitochondria. On observing the cross-sections of the tail at the flame cell level the arrangement of these muscle can be divided into four muscle groups and each muscle group reveals four or five muscle cells. The excretory system is well developed and has flame cells, excretory canal and bladder.

To obtain some information of the biological action of Kankohso 101dinicotinate and Kankohso 301-nicotinate, observations were made on the binding mode of these substances with protein, chondroitin sulfate and nucleic acids and the following results were obtained; 1. Kankohso 10 I-dinicotinate binds reversively with bovine serum albumin or serum r-globulin, resulting in metachromasia. By binding with proteins the absorption maximum of the dye shifts toward the long wave length side and the absorbance decreased distinctly. The data show that there are more than one kind of binding sites and the binding with bovine serum albumin is weak in acidic solution and strong in alkaline solution. 2. Kankohso 10 I-dinicotinate produces strong metachromasia with sodium chondroitin sulfate and the color of the solution changes from violet blue to reddish violet. The absorption maximum at 592 mp. decreases without shifting its wave length ,and the shoulder appears at 555 mp. be. comes distinct peak. The strongest metachromatical changes occurs at the concentration of the chondroitinsulfate whose sulfonate radicals is equal to the molecules of Kankohso 10 I-dinicotinate. 3. Kankohso IOI-dinicotinate produces metachromasia with nucleic acid, where absorption spectrum is shifted toward long wave length and absorbance is decreased at a certain concentration. 4. Kankohso 301.nicotinate binds weakly with bovine serum albumin, the binding of which is reversible and the maximum binding number is 1.1 per molecule of albumin. Metachromasia cannot be produced by binding. Kankohso 30I.nicotinate does not bind with bovine serum γ-globulin. This compund does not produce metachromasia with sodium chondroitin sulfate but produces weak metachromasia with nucleic acid, indicating some affinity to nucleic acid.

Transformation of Japanese encephalitis antibody from IgM to IgG in the sera of the experimental infected chicks with Japanese encephalitis virus and transmission of IgM or IgG from hen to chicks were examined by the gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 column. The following results were obtained. 1. Titer of hemoagglutination inhibiting antibody rose on seven days after inoculation of mouse brain homogenate infected with Japanese encephalitis, and that increased rapidly after the second inoculation of Japanese encephalitis. The maximum peak of antibody titer attained on 35 days after the first inoculation, on 7 days after the second inoculation and it maintained for a period of 2 months then decreased. Viremia was detected till 6 hours after the first inoculation. 2. IgM antibody by gel filtration appeared on 7 days after the first inoculation, kept on rising, reached the peak on 35 days after the first inoculation, then decreased, and disappeared on 120 days. IgG antibody appeared about 2 weeks after the IgM antibody appearance, and the titer of IgG antibody became higher than that of IgM antibody on 35 days after the first inoculation, then decreased gradually, and showed 1 : 16 of titer of peak on 150 days by gel filtration. 3. We could obtain the chicks by fertilization from experimentally infected hen, having IgM and IgG of hemoagglutination inhibiting antibody of Japanese encephalitis. And the localization of antibodies in the sera of its chicks was determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. And IgG antibody was detected in chick serum, though IgM antibody was not detected by this method.

1. Mitochondria isolated from hamster tumors induced by adenovirus type 12 possessed circular DNA fibers. 2. The mean value of the length of the highest frequency group of the circular DNA molecules was 4.92 ±0.38 μ. 3. Catenated dimer DNA molecules and small (less than 2 μ in length) circular DNA molecules were observed.

As to trial toward the elimination of Japanese encephalitis virus in natural surroundings, pigs received inoculation of inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine supplemented with complete Freund's adjuvant twice at one-week interval. Effect of adjuvant supplement on the magnitude of antibody and also prevention of viremia caused by natural infection by antibody induced with vaccine were investigated. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. In the group of pigs inoculated with vaccine containing adjuvant, titer of hemoagglutination inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies was higher than those inoculated with vaccine alone and their high titer persisted. 2. With respect to natural infection of pigs, on August 22 when the pigs were thought to have been infected, there was observed a rise in antibody titers. And on antibody formed in those pigs inoculated with vaccine with or without adjuvant proved to be all 2-ME resistant type, whereas the antibodies produced in control group were 2-ME sensitive antibody. 3. Viremia was detected in the blood of pigs naturally infected, but it was not demonstrated pigs inoculated with vaccine supplemented with adjuvant or without adjuvant. The virus of pig blood which was inoculated into suckling mouse brain and was separated after low suckling passage mouse was supposed to be JaGAr strain from optimum hydrogen ion concentration of its hemoagglutination reaction. 4. Effect of vaccination on antibody response of pigs having maternal antibody was not recognized.

The first successful electron-microscopic observation of a virus isolated from a patient with SMON was performed. The morphological and developmental characteristics of this virus suggests that this type of virus has not been isolated from humans. Hence, it is considered that the virus observed is of a new type and presumably the causative agent of SMON. The author wishes to express his profound thanks to Prof. TADASHI OFUJI for painstaking proof reading of the manuscript and also acknowledgement is due to Mr. NOBUO HAYASHI, Mr. NOBORU SAIHARA, Mr. TAKASHI NAKAMURA and Miss TOSHIYO OMIZU for their technical assistance of electron microscopy.

Morphological comparison at colonial level was made on a series of established liver cell lines derived from rats fed 4-dimethylaminoazo-benzene (DAB) for various periods of days for the purpose of elucidating more accurately the differences in morphology and growth patterns among these cell lines. Colonies of each cell line produced by the single cell plating technique were compared with regard to colony size, density and piling-up of cells, atypism and pleomorphism of cells, and the migration of cells from colonies. Plating efficiency of each cell line was also compared. The cultured rat liver cells obtained from those rats fed DAB for a longer period of days showed higher plating efficiency, and increased the incidence of large-sized, dense, and piled-up colonies, of colonies consisted of cells having nuclear atypism and pleomorphism, and of irregularly margined colonies with migrating cells. The correlation between the present results and the process of DABcarcinogenesis is discussed.

We applied unidirectional MLC test to skin allografts in dogs, and examined the correlation between the strength of the MLC reaction and the survival time of skin allografts. As a result it was found that the skin allografts was rejected within 10 days when the rate of blastformation was more than 18 %. In contrast, the skin graft survived over 13 days when the rate was less than 15 %. The rate of blastformation was inversely correlated with the median survival time of skin allograft.

Epidemiological study on the prevalence of SMON III Ibara City, Yoshii Town and Yubara Town in Okayama Prefecture was conducted and the following results were obtained. "Epidemization precession" (Die Prazession der Durchseuchung), described by Rudder which shows that ages common to this disease is shifting to younger generation as incidence rate increases, in the endemic regions was recognized in Ibara City and Yubara Town. The mode of the distribution of the interval between the primary and secondary patients in a family suggests that it corresponds to the incubation period. Distribution of the patients to the size of family is not adaptable to binomial model, but adaptable to chain binomial model, and the intra-household transmitted rate is 5 per cent, and the true intra-household transmitted rate is about two times as high as extra-household transmitted rate by the modified chain binomial model. Intra-hospital incidence among SMON patients and non-SMON patients as well as medical workers were observed at the time when the number of new patients increased in a hospital. In SMON patients, the rate of appendectomized ones was higher than that of non-SMON patients, suggesting that gastrointestinal tract has some relationship to the development of SMON disease.

For the purpose to reveal the substance as the source of offensive odor of the fish from the sea facing petroleum and petrochemical industries, analyses have been made on the sea water, industrial wastes, offensive odor fish meat and the eels kept in the sea or industrial waste for a certain period, by means of gas chromatography, infrared, and ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometries and mass-spectrometry. Observations revealed toluene as a possible main source responsible for the bad smelling of the fish. Finally, by analysing the meat extract of the fish kept in the sea water containing toluene and by the same smell as that of the offensive odor fish from the off-shore of the industries, it has been definitely confirmed that toluene is the very substance that imparts the offensive odor to fish. The activated sludge process proved to be an effective method to remove toluene from the industrial wastes. A discussion was made on the aliphatic carbohydrate as the possible source of the offensive odor of fish.

Die Autoren haben 48 Patienten mit chronischer Koronarinsuffizienz mit Nitrolingual Retard Kapseln bettlagerig oder ambulant behandelt. Nach ihren Ergebnissen kann man sagen, dass Nitroglycerin in einer Langzeitform als Nitrolingual Retard Kapsel den modernen Erfordenissen der Therapie der Koronarinsufflzienz entspricht, da damit iiber einem langeren Zeitraum hinweg gleichmassig Blutspiegelwerte erzielt werden konnen. So hat man einen guten therapeutischen Erfolg, dazu einen Riickgang der Anfallhaufigkeit und eine erhohte Belastbarkeit erreicht. Der Wirkstoff hat iiber einem Zeitraum von 10-12 Stunden sich konti. nuirlich diffundiert bzw. klinisch gewirkt. Bei der Einnahme von Nitro. lingual Retard sind keine Kopfschmerzen aufgetreten. Die Vertraglichkeit des Praparateserwies sich als hut.