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Recently Kagawa found out that when the enzyme (papayo tin) substrate (gelatin) mixture had been previously irradiated with X-rays the amount of decomposition products varied in comparison with the unirradiated mixture. He thought that such a quantitative difference of fermentative products might be due to the influence of X-rays on the enzyme action. Therefore the author attempted, in the first place, to determine the optimum dose of X-rays in the proteolytic action of papayotin; in the second place, the relation between the effects of activator and inhibitor respectively and of X-rays; and finally the activity of papayotin after the papayotin substrate mixture as well as after the substrate in the mixture was irradiated.

March of spasm in epileptic convulsions was first observed by Tackson in 1863, when he said that in certain epileptic convulsions there is a phenomenon, where the convulsion starts from a certain muscle group and gradually spreads to other muscle groups. He called this, "march of spasm" and reported that it spreads according to the arrangement of motor representations in Rolando's area of the cerebral cortex. Since then, many important studies concerning the cerebral motor cortex were performed and reported. Recently, when Erickson had brought out a method in measuring electroencephalographic waves, Jackson's theory has been acknowledged. In Japan, Hayashi and his school has made an extensive study on epileptic convulsion. They used nicotine, cardiazol and others as chemical stimulations and decided the conduction tract of epileptic convulsion in dogs. The characteristic part of chemical stimulation is that, the nelve cells excite themselves when it is injected directly among them in certain concentrations and do not excite themselves when performed among nerve fibers. This was proved by Ishizuka. We used this method in dogs to see what was the mechanism of this phenomenon, "march" which is seen in epileptic convulsions and what tracts they took for conduction. And as its result, we found new facts that the presence of the motor cortex was needed for the march of spasm, and the conduction tract descending from the lenticular nucleus were quite different from Hayashi and his school had previously reported.

Acuariidae Seurat, 1913 1. Cheilospirura hamulosa (Dies., 1851) Spiruridae Oerley, 1885 2. Arduenna strongylina (Rud., 1819) Railliei et Henry, 1911 Physalopteridae Leiper, 1908 3. Physaloptera tumefaciens macaci n. subsp. Strongylidae Baird, 1853 4. Oesophagostomum maurum Hung, 1926 5. Oesophagostomum dentatum (Rud , 1803) 6. Ternidens simiae n. sp. 7. Globocephalus simiae n. sp. 8. Bourgelatia didueta Railliet, Henry et Bauche, 1928 9. Stephanurus dentatus Diesing, 1839 Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912 10. Mecistocirrus digitatus (v. Linstow, 1906) Railliet et Henry, 1912 Filariidae Claus, 1885 11. Setaria labiatopapillosa (Aless., 1838) 12. Setaria Bernardi Railliet et Henry, 1911 Trichuridae Railliet, 1915 13. Trichuris trichiura (Linne, 1771) Stiles, 1901

Mononuclear cells from rabbit joint fluid were studied after synovitis was induced by various means, including the intra-articular injection of bacterial endotoxin or of aggregated human gamma globulin in normal rabbits, or of HGG in rabbits previously sensitized to this material. The large majority of mononuclear cells in all groups were monocytoid rather lymphocytoid, and these cells were most readily labeled with tritiated thymidine on the first day after injection. On day 2 and 3, the numbers of labeled cells decreased, except for the animals previously sensitized with HGG, in which there was an upswing of labeling on day 3. This upswing was associated with a considerable increase in numbers of cells resembing synovial cells, and may possibly be a reflection of synovial proliferation. Macrophages loaded with engulfed polymorphonuclear cells were observed in all experimental groups, a finding which emphasizes the lack of specificity of this reaction.

In an attempt to eliminate Japanese encephalitis virus in natural surroundings, pigs having maternal antibody were given inoculation of live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine and injection of Freund's complete adjuvant simultaneously. Titer of hemoagglutination inhibiting antibodies of pigs inoculated with live attenuated vaccine and complete adjuvant, was higher than that inoculated with vaccine alone and its titer persisted.

In vitro cell transformation of human embryo cells could be induced by the DNA purified from SV 40. The result shows clearly that cell transforms a part of viral DNA into the genome. In addition, for the purpose of clarifying th~ biological differences between the normal and transformants the alteration of cell membraneous structures of transformants (hamster and mouse fibroblasts) were observed from mechanism of phagocytosis. The iron colloid particles are taken up by normal diploid fibroblasts but not by the human and hamster transformants. This fact suggests a differ~nce in the molecular arrangement of the cell membranes between the normal and transformants. In the presence of histones, however, the transformants phagocytize the colloid particles very actively. The results show that cell membranes of transformants are altered in the molecular structure r~sponsible for the surface charge. In addition, there is no remarkable quantative differences of sialic acids on the cell surfaces of non-malignant and malignant transformants so that phagocytic activity might be correlated to the alteration of molecular composition of cell membrane itself rather than of cell surfaces, i. e, sialic acids.

Ring DNA from rat liver mitochondria has been examined by circular dichroism (CD) in the region of the 225 to 320 m/~ and the followings have been clarified. The ring DNA gives a CD spectral curve somewhat different from linear DNA from nuclei, showing a big positive peak at 266 m/~ and a small negative band at 243 m!~. That is, the positive CD band of ring DNA shifted by about 7 m/~ to the shorter wavelength side from the band of the ordinary nuclear DNA, 273 m!~. Negative band appeared at the same region as that of linear DNA but reduced in depth. Heat denaturation of the ring DNA induced a red shift of the positive band, by about 4 mp., but no change in negative band. From these experimental results it has been concluded that the ring DNA has highly twisted conformation and high in G.C contents, both of which are responsible for the blue shift of the CD spectrum.

For the purpose to investigate the physiological functions of microvillus ATPase, general properties of the enzyme were studied on the microvillus membranes isolated from rabbit intestinal epithelial cells. 1) ATPase of the microvillus membranes was activated with Mg2+. Mg.ATP complex was thought to be a subStrate of the enzyme. The Michaelis constant for ATP of the ATPase was a value of 0.8 to I .0 mM. 2) The microvillus ATPase was also activated with Ca2+, but the affinity was lower than a half of that of Mg2+. 3) The optimum pH of the ATPase was about 7.8. 4) Activity of the microvillus ATPase was markedly inhibited by treating with deoxycholate (DOC), and the activity inhibited was partially restored by washing the microvillus membrane with distilled water. The structure of the membranes destroyed by treating with DOC was also partially restored by the same procedure. 5) Ultrasonic treatment also markedly destroyed the microvillus membrane and inhibited ATPase activity. Damaged ultrastructure and ATPase activity both were partially restored by treating with phospholipid, EPL. 6) Simultaneous presence of Na+ and K + stimulated scarcely the ATPase of purified microvillus membranes. 7) The microvillus ATPase was slightly activated in the presence of n-glucose. Phloridin gave little effect on the activity of the microvillus ATPase.

For the purpose of elucidating more exact relationship between the process of carcinogenesis and aggregate-forming ability, we performed rotation cultures of a series of five liver cell lines derived from rats fed DAB for various period of d:l ys. As a result we found a tendency of the cells obtained from rats fed DAB for a longer period to form larger aggregates. The differences of the aggregate.forming ability among these cell lines were demonstrated well within one day, and more prominently after three days in rotaion culture. Histologically, the aggregates of all cell lines were composed of cuboidal epithelial cells, especially in some cell lines showing gland-like structures.

Three cell lines, spontaneously transformed in vitro, MWE-l and MWE-2 originating from C3Hf/Bi mouse whole embryos and NHLu-l originating from newborn syrian hamster lungs were obtained. These transformed cell lines were characterized by short generation time, marked aneuploidy in chromosome numbers and tumor induction in vivo. Histological appearance of the tumors induced by MWE-l was fibrosarcomatous. Myogenic character in MWE-2 and epithelial character in NHLu-l were interesting features.

The comparative effectiveness of subcutaneous administration of 20p·OH-P, pregnanolone and progesterone in oil to prolong gestation in rats was determined. As a result it was found that, while progesterone was shown to have activity, pregnanolone and 20j1-0H-P were ineffective in doses of 5 mg per day.

Japan was the first Asian country to introduce social insurance measures and she has expanded them during the last few decades. The first social insurance law was passed in 1922 dealing with worker's health insurance in general. It was followed by many schemes of social insurance. National Health Insurance in 1938, Seamen's Insurance in 1939, Employees' Pension Insurance in 1941 and so forth. After World War II the new Constitution was enacted by which the Japanese Government was made responsible for the provision of medical care services for the whole nation. At present approximately the whole population is covered by either one or more of the various social insurance schemes. The main social insurance programs are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1. Most of these insurance schemes are compulsory under Japanese law. Since it would be too difficult and complicated to explain all of these forms of social insurance in detail, we will discuss only about two schemes directly related to medical care services for the workers; namely, the Health Insurance Scheme for non. occupational diseases and disorders (sickness or injury off the job) and Workmen's Compensation Insurance for occupational diseases and disorders (sickness or injury on the job).

A high incidence of subnormal serum folic acid levels was observed in 48 patients receiving anticonvulsants (75 %). In peripheral blood, macrocytosis was detected in 46 % and an increase of hypersegmented neutrophils was also seen in 24 % of the patients. Correlation existed between these signs and low serum folate levels. The growth response of Lactobacillus casei and L. leichmannii was not suppressed by the addition of various anticonvulsants to the medium of the bioassay systems. Administration of 5 mg of folic acid for a month corrected macrocytosis and an increase of hypersegmented neutrophils significantly. Folic acid supply also decreased mean diameters of the nuclei of oral epithelial cells significantly. It is concluded that subclinical folic acid deficiency is common among the patients receiving anticonvulsants. Absorption of 3H.folic acid from the small intestine of rats was inhibited by large dose of diphenylhydantoin (20 mg) not by 5 mg. This fact suggests that in patients on diphenylhydantoin, the quantity balance of folic acid and diphenylhydantoin in the intestine regulates the absorption of folic acid.

Two cases of megaloblastic anemia associated with anticonvulsant drugs were studied. Both cases were inpatients of psychiatric hospitals and had quite inadequate intakes of food. The former had lung tuber. culosis and the second had febril illness before the manifestation of anemia. Multiple examinations including bone marrow smears, serum iron levels, vitamin B12 levels, estimation of urinary formiminoglutamic acid after histidine loading and folic acid tolerance test revealed that this anemia was due to folic acid deficiency. Complete hematological responses were ob3erved with injection of folic acid. Retrospective nutritional study on the second case was carried out. The study revealed that folic acid content of the diet of this hospital was 152 fl.g of free folate and 522 fl.g of total folate. The folic acid mtake of the patient was about 80 /1.g of free folate and 280 l1.g of total folate daily during a month before the manifestation of megaloblatic anemia. Importance of additional factors for the development of megaloblastic anemia in patients receiving anticonvulsants was discussed and it was concluded that most important factor was nutritional deficiency of folic acid.

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations were conducted mainly on the in vitro interaction state between ]TC-II cells derived from Ehrlich ascites tumor and regional lymph node cells obtained from the mice I0 days after transplantation of Ehrlich ascites tumor. Cells cultured on the cover glass were fixed with glutaraldehyde, dehydrated with graded acetone solution, and covered with carbon and gold, were observed by SEM. The results may be briefly summarized as follows. On the surface of ]TC.II cells themselves are seen numerous fine microvilli projecting out regularly at right angle to the cell surface, which become attached to the glass, and there can be observed vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Such microvilli are lacking at the tip of the pseudopodial projection. The lymph node cells aggregated to ]TC-II cell are lymphocytes of small or intermediate size, and the pattern of aggregation varies: some lymphocytes effect an intimate contact with the surface of target cell by their cellular projections; the contact is achieved by interdigitation of microvilli between lymphocyte and target cell; b:>th cells form a bridge connection with a simple projection from each; or the two cells make a broad surface.to.surface contact. It is not possible to differentiate sensitized lymphocyte from nonsensitized one, their cell shape is spherical with rough surface and some cells show hole on the surface.

For the purpose to confirm whether carotene is converted into vitamin A mainly in the intestine, fluorescence microscope observations as well as the fluorescence microphotometry for the estimation of fading state of the fluorescence were carried out on the fresh sections of the intestine, lung and liver of rats after oral administration of 11-carotene dissolved in oil, and suspended in water, and vitamin A in sesame oil as control. Yellowsih-green fluorescence of carotene is similar to that of vitamin A in color but the fluorescence of vitamin A fades away very rapidly within one minute while that of carotene does not fade or fade more slowly than that of vitamin A. Observations have revealed that, contrary to expectation, the administered carotene is not so readily converted into vitamin A in the intestinal mucosa, but after passing through the intestine without conversion to vitamin A, it is transported to the mesenteric lymph vessels, portal vein, and reaches the liver. In the liver, carotene appears as fatty droplets or micronized particles in the parenchymal cell. The conversion of carotene into vitamin A could not be observed in the intestine, liver and lung in the observations made one hour after the oral adminstration of carotene. Hower, it seems that carotene dissolved in minute fat droplets may be converted into vitamin A at water phase in tissues, after dissolution of carotene in fat and micronization of the fat droplets.

Partially separated double-stranded RNA from purified Rous sarcoma virus, Schmidt.Ruppin strain, was observed by electron microscopy utilizing 8.M urea and protein monolayer technique. Furthermore, viruses in pair were frequently and viruses with two nuc1eoids were occasionally observed in ultrathin. sectioned specimens of chick cells transformed by RSV. From these results taking other reports in consideration, a possible mechanism of RNA replication in Rous sarcoma virus is proposed.

Japan was the first Asian country to introduce social insurance measures and it has expanded them during the last few decades. The first social insurance law was passed in 1922, dealing with worker's health insurance, and it was followed by the National Health Insurance in 1938, Seamen's Insurance in 1939, and Employees' Pension Insurance in 1921. However, these were seldom widely available in actual practice because of the characteristics of public assistance which limited them to the poor.

The concentration of catalase protein in anemic blood with enhanced population of reticulocytes and in non-anemic blood was determined immunologically by double diffusion test with anti-mome-liver catalase rabbit serum. The change in catalase protein concentration in anemic blood during incubation at 37°C for 24 hours was also studied. It was indicated that the diminished catalase activity in acatalasemic blood was due to the depletion of the protein and that catalase protein in acatalasemic reticulocytes decreased markedly by in vitro maturation. Furthermore, the possible presence of inactive catalase protein in acatalasemic blood was also suggested. Catalase protein concentration of acatalasemic anemic blood decreased by the incubation at 37°C for 24 hours in parallel with the decrease in reticulocyte count and catalase activity, and the decrease in catalase protein concentration of hemolysate by the same incubation parallel with the decrease in catalase activity. It is hypothesized that the unstable catalase protein with genetical change in structure easily decomposes during acatalasemic reticulocyte maturation is presented.

In order to examine how long diploid cells can be maintained in vitro cultivation without any chromosomal aberrations and to evaluate the mechanism of chromosomal heteroploid transformation, changes of chromosomes were studied in the course of serial in vitro transfers in four normal rat liver cell lines. As a result the diploid cells decreased in number gradually at early culture stage and disappeared completely in the periods between 350 and 500 days. The culture shifted to heteroploid as follow: diploidy---tpseudodiploidy---thypodiploidy---thypertriploidy or hypotetraploidy. This proces to heteroploid transformation is divided into five stages according to ploidy: 1- and II-stages show diploidy, III-stage, pseudodiploidy, IVstage, hypodiploidy and V-stage, hypertriploidy or hypotetraploidy. Chromosomal heteroploid transformation and neoploastic conversion occurred in IV-stage of the cultures. A possible mechanism involved in the process of chromosomal transformation was discussed.