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The labeling of C14-glycine to pH-5 enzyme, PP32-ATP exchange by pH-5 enzyme, and the inhibitory action of p-chloromercuribenwate were examined. 1) The labeling of C14-glycine to pH-5 enzyme is inhibited by 10-4 mole of PCMB, and this inhibitory effect is reduced by addition of cysteine having 20 mole equivalent of PCMB. 2) The PP32-ATP exchange reaction is also reduced by addition of PCMB and inhibitory effect of PCMB is reduced by the addition of cysteine having 20 mole equivalent of PCMB. 3) These results show that the inhibition of the organic mercury compounds on the protein synthesis is responsible for attack the SH enzyme which catalyzes some amino-acid activation, and consequently influences activated amino-acid transfer reaction. 4) Paper electrophoretic pattern of pH-5 enzyme shows numerous peaks, each having the mobility between α2-globulin and γ-globulin.

Der Autor berichtet über seine Erfahrungen durch Beeinflussung der peripheren Zirkulation und NervenzusHinde mit Heacrin (HAH) bei der Behandlung der Facialis-Lähmungen verschiedener Aetiologie und über die diagnostische Möglichkeit, die mit dem von ihm entwickelten Myotonometer, Angio-Myograph, sowie mit Elektro-Hautthermometer. Mit seiner Oxygen-Insuffiziens-Theorie '(0. I. T.) und Behandlungsmethode der generellen Therapie durch Oxygenversorgung der peripheren Zirkulation (G.T.O.P.C.) hat der Autor die Erfolge erkHirt.

A case of postpartum necrosis of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, known as Sheehan's syndrome, is presented. The patient has done well on a combined replacement therapy with cortisone and thyroid. It is hoped that increased awareness will be given to this clinical entity.

The liver glucuronyl transferase (GT) activity and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA) content in the patients with viral hepatitis were determined using 4-methyl umbelliferone (4-MU) as a glucuronide receptor. The results were as follows: 1. In acute viral hepatitis, the decrease in the GT activity was more remarkable in the later stage of the recovery. In chronic viral hepatitis, the GT activity was decreased in accordance with the increase in the degree of liver injury. Liver UDPGA content was significantly reduced only in postnecrotic cirrhosis. 2. The decrease or injury in the parenchymal liver cells caused a decrease in the liver GT activity. These quantitative reductions in the liver parenchyme were not the only factor for the alteration in the GT activity of the liver. The results of the present study suggested an involvement of a qualitative change in the liver GT activity in human liver injuries, especially in the early stage of acute viral hepatitis; namely, there might be even an activation of the liver GT other than the reduction resulting from the decrease in the liver parenchyme. 3. The decrease in the liver GT activity correlated significantly with the decrease in the salicylamide glucuronide formation in vivo, while the alteration in the liver UDPGA content failed to correlate with that in the glucuronide formation in vivo. It was suggested that the velocity of in vivo UDPGA production rather than the UDPGA content of the liver was as important a rate-limiting factor for the glucuronide formation in vivo as the liver GT activity.

1. An attempt has been made to find the diagnostic criteria for early gastric cancer. It is most important to detect the evidences or suspected features of the malignant growth in incipient stage in order to attain the radical cure by surgical operation. 2. Twelve patients with early gastric cancer (groups A and B) were selected out of 476 patients who had undergone gastrectomy during the past three years in the Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital. The other 6 patients in the "precancerous group" (group C) were also studied, who had abnormal epithelial proliferation in the resected stomach membrane during the same period. 3. The processes of discovery of early cancer have been described. Fairly precise diagnosis can be made in the mucosal carcinoma, but it is not in the ulcer-carcinoma. It was generally difficult to estimate the degree of the malignancy and the extension of the growth preoperatively. 4. The details of the diagnostic aids are as follows. i. Negative occult blood of stool does not always mean the definite diagnostic aid. ii. The malignant gastric change may occur even in non-anacidity. Further investigations should be followed up on gastric ulcer patients if malignant alteration is under the consideration. iii. Minor roentgenological findings, such as the absence or irregularity of mucosal folds, rigid and/or overlapped contour, localized absence or decrease of the peristaltic waves and absence or bow-shaped deformity of the angulus, are of important significance. Such changes should be minutely sought for by X-ray film examination. iv. On gastroscopy and gastrocamera photography, such changes as erosion or irregular granular thickening of the membrane with abnormal reddening and edematous appearance, irregularity of ulcer edge, uneven swelling on ulcer margin with reddening and unsharpness of the edge of adherent coat on ulcer floor, must be noted in the early gastric cancer. v. It is not safe to leave a patient having stomach ulceration under a mere conservative management because it is often quite difficult to dissolve the question of malignancy of the lesion with all sorts of examinations. vi. So far as clinical examinations have indicated malignancy, histological examination must be carried out immediately at the time of operation, even when malignant lesion is absent in inspection and palpation on the exposure of the stomach. vii. On the gross observation of the resected stomach, a particular attention must be paid to erosion, depression or atrophy, irregular granular thickening and abnormal reddening on the restricted areas of the mucosal surface.

An attempt was made to establish the method for the estimation of glucuronide formation in vivo using salicylamide and further to study the alteration in the glucuronide formation in liver disease. The results were as follows: 1. The method for the determination of free salicylamide separately from other conjugates of salicylamide in urine, without involving any hydrolysis of the other conjugates, was presented. When 1 g. of salicylamide was administered to the subjects with or without liver injuries, no free salicylamide was detected by the present method in the urine following the salicylamide administration. 2. The analytical method for the determination of salicylamide glucuronide was also devised by employing a hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. The ratio of the salicylamide liberated by the enzymatic hydrolysis of the 10-hour urine following the administration of 1 g. of salicylamide to the total salicylamide excreted in the same urine was neither affected by the total recovery of the salicylamide nor by the urine volume. This ratio was thus used as a means of estimating the capacity of the glucuronide formation in vivo, although it was considered that the ratio might be affected to some extent by the competition between the glucuronide and other conjugate formations in vivo. 3. As a result of this salicylamide glucuronide excretion test, it was indicated that the in vivo formation of salicylamide glucuronide in the patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis was slightly decreased compared with that in normal controls.

In order to see whether isovalthinuria can be induced in animals other than the cat, that was found to excrete isovalthine in normal urine as previously reported³, using rat, guinea pig, rabbit and dog as test animals, isovaleric acid was adminstered either orally or parenterally and their urine was analyzed for the presence of isovalthine. As the result it was found that the rat, guinea pig, rabbit and dog administered with isovaleric acid orally or parenterally all excreted isovalthine in their urine, which normally does not contain it.

1. The objective of this investigation was to test the influence of mammary cancer tissue extract on the induction of various tumors by urethan. Three strains of female mice, Balb/c, Zb and Db, were used in this experiment. 2. It was found that urethan was a multipotential carcinogen in the induction of (a) lung tumor, ovarian hemorrhagic cyst, and hemorrhagic lesions in various tissue in Balb/c mice, (b) lung tumor, hepatoma, leukemia, mammary cancer, Harderian gland tumor and hemorrhagic lesions in various tissues such as spleen, mesenteric lymphnode, liver and ovary in Zb strain, and (c) lung tumor, mediastinal lymphoma, leukemia, hepatoma and hemorrhagic lesions in the liver and ovary in Db mice. 3. Mammary cancer tissue extract seemed to have a promotive effect on the generalization of the mediastinal lymphoma induced by urethan in Db female mice.

To verify whether the administered isovaleric acid does directly incorporate into urinary isovalthine or not, a young male dog was given labeled isovaleric acid-1-C14 (0.2 mc.) and the urinary isovalthine was analyzed by means of paper electrophoresis and column chromatography. Observations proved that isovalthine appeared in urine but showed no radioactivity while glutamic acid gave a strong activity. The possible metabolic pathway of isovaleric acid has been discussed.

For the elucidation of the relationship between the toluene concentration in the air and the amount of hippuric acid excreted in the urine as a metabolite after the work in the workshop where they use toluene, we have succeeded in measuring minute quantities of urinary hippuric acid by a modified method of Gaffney's paperchromatography and also by a simple mass screening examination method devised by us, and obtained the following results. 1. The average concentration of hippuric acid in the urine collected at 2 p. m. from healthy individuals proved to be 184 μg/ ml, and the amount of its excretion was 174 μg/ min. 2. After the three-hour inhalation of toluene whose concentration in the air ranged 20, 50, and 160 ppm, the average concentration of hippuric acid in the urine was found to be 190,863 and 1,930 μg/ml, and the avarage increment of hippuric acid, 33.2, 193.9, and 1060 μg/min respectively. From this results we have found that there is a linear relationship between the toluene concentration in the air on one hand and the concentration of urinary hippuric acid and the increasing amount of its excretion on the other. Thus it has become possible to calculate the toluene concentration in the air even in the workshop where the workers are exposed to toluene discontinuously from the curves of the linear relationships just mentioned. 3. For the control of health in the workshop where they use toluene (such as auto-tricycle factory) we have devised a simple mass screening examination method for the detection of urinary hippuric acid, in which urinary hippuric acid is extracted with ether alcohol, and the coloration of its spots on filter paper is conducted with aroylglycine reagent (DAB and acetic anhydride mixture) in order to find out those excreting 1,000 μg/ml (the maximum allowable concentration) or over.

The authors give the schema of the different zones of the body and their points of measuring. They report on some average values registered with Szirmai's myotonometer on persons before and after massage. These myotonometric schemas play a new and important part in systematic measuring of muscles in the field of "Myologia practica".

Glucuronide formations by mouse liver homogenate in several liver impairments were studied by using 4-methyl umbelliferone as a glucuronide receptor. The results were as follows : 1. Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration of carbon tetrachloride to the mouse produced a significant increase in the liver glucuronyl transferase activity 12 or 24 hours after the treatment regardless of histological and enzymatic evidences of liver-cell necrosis. This increase was not attributed to the increase in the 'activator' of glucuronide formation but to the increase in the enzyme activity itself. 2. In Ectromelia virus mouse hepatitis, the glucuronyl transferase activity of the liver tissue was markedly reduced in severe cases. In moderate or milder cases, a slight increase in the activity was observed in a few of them in the early stage of the disease, and the activity was significantly decreased on the recovery in all of the cases which survived. 3. In the early stage of carbon tetrachloride injury when the glucuronyl transferase activity of whole mouse liver was increased and the decomposition of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid by the liver tissue was also enhanced, the glucuronide formation in vivo was rather increased. It was thus considered that the whole liver glucuronyl transferase activity rather than the uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid content was responsible for the glucuronide formation in vivo as a rate-limiting factor.

The effect of the boiled liver extract on the velocity of 4-methyl umbelliferone lucuronide formation by mouse liver homogenate was studied. The results were as follows: 1. Addition of mouse or rat liver boiled extract to the complete system for the glucuronide formation produced an increase in the velocity of the glucuronide formation. 2. The boiled liver extract produced the increase in the velocity of the glucuronide formation not as a substrate but as an activator. 3, The activator in the boiled liver extract was relatively heat stable, acid labile, and precipitated as a fairly ethanol-soluble barium salt. The solution of the activator partially purified by ethanol fractionation of the barium salt indicated its absorption maximum at 262 mμ. These results suggested that the most possible substance in the boiled liver extract responsible for the activation of 4methyl umbelliferone glucuronide formation might be a sugar nucleotide.

The method of identifying human blood is studied from the standpoint of the fibrinolytic enzyme system by means of the "fibrin plate method" and the following results are obtained: 1) "Fibrin plate method" is, in the point of its sensitivity and speciesspecificity, one of the most excellent methods for the identification of human blood. 2) A small amount of the blood stains left standing as long as for 5 to 30 years can serve in the determination of the human blood. 3) Putrefied fluid blood does not demonstrate fibrinolysis. 4) Blood stains absorbed in various objects can also he identified whether they are of the human origin or not. 5) The pieces of cloth stained with human blood give positive fibrinolysis even after four washings with soap or after heating at 100°C for one hour. On the other hand, positive results are obtained with the pieces of cloths after three washings by benzidine test and with the physiological saline-extracted solution obtained after two washings of pieces of cloth, by precipitation test. 6) Proactivator has been found to contain globulin fraction in human serum protein. 7) The blood type can be determined with the same materials previously examined by the "fibrin plate method".

By far the majority of studies and speculations on metabolism in man and animals have been concerned with the fate of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Even when interest was awakened in enzymes and vitamins, the transformation of the organic substances was still studied. Gradually, however, various methods of the analysis and measuring instruments used have been so perfected that other problems can now be included in the field of biological and medical researches, namely, the significance of inorganic substances for the living organism.

For the purpose to reveal the mechanism of the biological indirect action of X-rays the author has conducted the analysis of the compound lipids of the organs of the rabbits irradiated with X-rays. Silicic acid column chromatography was applied for the fractionation of the compound lipids. Component of each fraction was analyzed by silicic acid-impregnated paper chromatography and infra-red spectrophotometory. The result proved that the compound lipids showed some qualitative and 10+-+ quantitative changes. The changes occurred mainly in glycerophosphatides showing the formation of high level lyso-phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. The fatty acid compositions of the compound lipids were determined by means of gas-liquid chromatography. Further, polyunsaturated fatty acids were analyzed as fatty acid bromide. Major differences found in fatty acid patterns included: in the irradiated group the amount of C18-monoenoic, C18-dienoic, C18-trienoic, C20-tetraenoic and C22-acids were decreased and of C18- and C18-monoenoic acids were increased. It has been elucidated that lysophosphatides not only posesses a strong hemolytic power but also it has an action to induce swelling of the rat liver mitochondria. And it has been suggested that the lysophosphatides and ethanolamine will be responsible, at least partially, for the cell damage induced by X-rays.

The effect of various fatty acids on the swelling-contraction and oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria from rat liver and Ehrlich ascites tumor cell have been studied and the results are as follows: 1. The swelling of rat liver mitochondria is induced by fatty acid. The extent of this uncoupling action is in the descending order of myristate, laurate, parlmitate, stearate and behenate in saturated fatty acid and linoleate, linoleneate, richinoleate and oleate in the unsaturated fatty acid. This swelling action is stronger with unsaturated fatty acids than that of saturated ones and cis form is stronger than trans form. 2. The uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria is also observed with these fatty acids and the activities are proportional to the degree of the swelling action. 3. The degree of swelling of rat liver mitochondria is proportional to the concentration of oleate and is inhibited by anaerobiosis and respiratory inhibitor except amytal. 4. The mitochondria swollen by fatty acid can be recontracted reversibly by ATP, Mg++ and bovine serum albumin. 5. The swelling action of sodium oleate is the strongest on mitochondria from rat liver, followed by those from the liver of Ehrlich ascites tumor bearing mouse, Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and solid Ehrlich tumor cells. 6. Sodium oleate inhibits the incorporation of 32p into ATP, ADP, GTP and UDPG in mitochondria.

The effects of high fatty acids such as oleic, richinoleic, linoleic, linolenic, palmitic and stearic acids, on the respiration, glycolysis, organic phosphate synthesis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, were studied. The unsaturated fatty acids added to the media enhanced the respiration of the tumor cells at the concentration lower than 0.2 mM, after a short incubation period and inhibited the respiration in a high concentration 0.4 mM. The saturated fatty acids did not show such effect. All the fatty acids, both of saturated and unsaturated, effected the increase in lactate formation in tumor cells, especially markedly at higher concentration being accompanied by the WQ increase and RQ around 1. The respiration lowered by the fatty acids was ameliorated by the addition of glucose. The lactate formation from glucose was greatly enhanced by the addition of fatty acids but hardly from pyruvate. The unsaturated high fatty acids proved to have a strong uncoupling action for oxidative phosphorylation. This effect could be recognized slightly in the saturated fatty acids. The addition of high fatty acid resulted in the striking decrease in ATP and ADP with the increase in AMP. With these results the discussion was conducted concerning the specificity of tumor cell related to the glucose and fatty acid metabolism.

1. Morphological observations were carried out on the strain HeLa cells cultured under various oxygen tension. 2. The growth of the strain HeLa cells in the present experiments was markedly inhibited when they were cultured under high oxygen tension or in nitrogen gas environment. It has been clarified that air offers the most optimal gas environment. 3. Effects of the changed gas environment on the fine structures of HeLa cells were studied by phase contrast microscope and electronmicroscope. As the results it has been found that in these cells cultured under a high oxygen tension there occurs a marked swelling of mitochondria. Under anaerobic condition, however, these cells undergo degeneration, as in oxygen environment revealing no swelling of mitochondria but rather contraction. 4. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of HeLa cells cultured under oxygen environment is transformed from its vesicular form to lamellar form. The mechanism of lamellar transformation of ER is obscure but no morphologic connection with nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes has been detected. 5. A discussion was made on these findings concerning the changes in fine structures of the cells, with a special reference to the swelling of mitochondria and morphological changes of ER under oxygen environment.

As the results of present study on plasmin in menstrual blood by means of the Fibrin-Plate Method, a large amount of plasmin as much as dilution of 1: 100 or 1:1,000 of the menstrual blood serum, has been found in a natural form and it is deduced that the incoagulability of menstrual blood is the result of the plasmin formation in the same blood serum. Further, it has been recognized that this plasmin is found in a rather large quantity in the blood of the second menstrual day and it is decreased by the fifth day. In addition, the plasmin of menstrual blood is contained in the globulin fraction of the same serum, especially markedly in β-globulin fraction. On the other hand, it has also been clarified that in the circulating blood during menstruation no plasmin is present in natural state and that a large quantity of inactive plasminogen still exists in menstrual blood.