検索結果 19474 件
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41541 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | Fluctuations, Risks and Uncertainty in Economics |
| フルテキストURL | oer_030_2_163_194.pdf |
| 著者 | 西垣 鳴人| |
| 抄録 | This note aims at preparing a fundamental framework for our dynamics models taking true uncertainty concept into consideration, and it states the following. First, the rationalities supposed in non-neoclassical economics such as economics of complexity or economics of anomalies are wider sense concepts than that supposed in rational expectation hypothesis.But these schools coincide with each other in the viewpoint of the assumption of stationarity in the economic processes or ergodicity in the stochastic processes. Their main difference just exists between their scopes of stationarity or those of ergodicity. Second, their difference above is not a matter in the face of unpredictable economic shocks, which interrupt stationary states in any sense and should not be in any category of ergodic stochastic processes. Such a shock has a tendency to enlarge uncertainty consciousness in the mental states of the economic units whether another economic shock would come or not in the near future. Increased uncertainty might prevents a person from his rationally expecting, or if we support economics of complexity, we would think that enlarged uncertainty consciousness in human mind might invalidate the several buffers such as inventories, money and credit system, by which economic units deal with some fluctuations in normal ergodic processes. Lastly, however, uncertainty in economics is just a psychological phenomena which we may almost neglect in an ordinary way although it occasionally has serious influences on our economy. Accordingly, we should never regard uncertainty in our models as a universal factor but as a peculiar thing after an economic shock. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 1998-09-10 |
| 巻 | 30巻 |
| 号 | 2号 |
| 開始ページ | 163 |
| 終了ページ | 194 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000129941 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41537 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | Chinese Society Today Observed through Abbreviations with Numerals (II) |
| フルテキストURL | oer_030_2_001_050.pdf |
| 著者 | 岡 益巳| |
| 抄録 | My study on abbreviations with numerals consists of three parts. This is the second part of it. Many abbreviations with numerals have been used as political slogans by the Chinese Communist Party. I try to clarify, by analyzing those abbreviations, the phases of Chinese society tdoay. I classified abbreviations with numerals in terms of the themes such as the Party's basic policy, state enterprises, agriculture, etc. In the previous part of my study, I introduced those abbreviations which reflect ① the Party's basic strategy on its "open policy" and ② essential policies on state enterprises by the Party. In this second part of my study, I deal with those which belong to ① reforms by state enterprises and by local governments, ② fundamental policies on agriculture and farming areas by the Party, and ③ reforms of farming villages by local governments. In this study it is revealed that a greater part of abbreviations have something to do with either state enterprises or agriculture. This shows they are the two biggest problems that today's China faces. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 1998-09-10 |
| 巻 | 30巻 |
| 号 | 2号 |
| 開始ページ | 1 |
| 終了ページ | 50 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000129936 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41533 |
|---|---|
| フルテキストURL | oer_030_1_111_116.pdf |
| 著者 | Fujimoto, Takao| Ranade, Ravindra R.| |
| 抄録 | This note is aimed at presenting an easy and simple proposition on the univalence of a given nonlinear differentiable mapping whose Jacobian matrix has sign-regularity. First the notion of sign-regularity of Jacobian matrix on a domain is defined. We classifY the sign patterns into four categories: plus, minus, zero, and the rest. The plus sign is given to the (i, j) entry of the Jacobian matrix when the i-th component function is always increasing with respect to the j-th coordinate variable, the negative sign when the function is always decreasing, and the sign of zero when the function does not include the j-th coordinate variable. Otherwise, the sign is set as an asterisk *. Our proof is simple and elementary by use ofthe mean value theorem. In the final section, we give a list of our future research topics, some of which are under way. Especially a generalization to discontinuous mappings should be interesting. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 1998-06-10 |
| 巻 | 30巻 |
| 号 | 1号 |
| 開始ページ | 111 |
| 終了ページ | 116 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 英語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000129990 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41531 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | The Rise of Share Prices in the Early Stage of Bubble Formation : 1983-85 |
| フルテキストURL | oer_030_1_063_082.pdf |
| 著者 | 一ノ瀬 篤| |
| 抄録 | Though a common view holds that bubbles bagan their formation from 1986, we cannot easily agree. Share prices, at least, began to contain bubbles from 1984. Though share prices during 1983-85 stayed within changes of so-called fundamentals, current profit of companies, which is one of the two fundamentals, contained profit from that very rise of share prices. Explaining bubbles through the concept of "fundamentals" will inevitably go around in circles. We should rather pay attention to the fact that at the end of 1984, the ratio of the total sum of shares to GNP, listed on all the stock exchanges, valued at current market prices, amounted to 56.1% which is an unprecedented high figure. The bubbles in share prices owed greatly to the positive absorption of overseas short-term fund by foreign exchange banks from 1984. They took advantage of the abolition, in 1984, of so-called yen-ten regulation, which had long restricted, to a degree, the banks' conversion of dollars, taken in from overseas financial centers, into yen. After the abolition some parts of the converted money were vigorously invested into domestic stock market. Greater part of the money taken in was appropriated to their own external investment, and the rest to security investment, particularly in shares. Consequently, share prices were raised. It is not that big banks were excluded from financing to big firms but that they remained doing so, transforming themselves into by far the biggest undertaker of so-called equity finance. The above mechanism evolves extensively throughout the stages offull-scale bubbles. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 1998-06-10 |
| 巻 | 30巻 |
| 号 | 1号 |
| 開始ページ | 63 |
| 終了ページ | 82 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000129920 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41530 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | Steel-smelting System of the Showa Iron & Steel Works in the Late 1940 s |
| フルテキストURL | oer_030_1_043_061.pdf |
| 著者 | 松本 俊郎| |
| 抄録 | The Showa Iron & Steel Works (the Anshan Iron & Steel Co. after the war) lost over 60% of its steel-smelting facility when the Red Army (The Soviet Army) confiscated the equipment of the company. One of its two steel-smelting factories was completely destroyed. The production capacity fell down from 1,330,000 tons / year to 500,000 tons / year. The AISC, however, recovered its maximum pre-war level in 1952-53. The output of steel ingot was 843,000 in 1943, 770,000 in 1952, and 976,000 in 1953. This paper aims to examine the reason why the operation of the company recovered so quickly in spite of its serious war damage. The factors which enabled the company to rebuild its production were as follows: (1) the remaining equipment of the first steel-smelting factory; (2) highly educated and well trained Japanese engineers; (3) documents of SISW concerning the operation of its equipment; (4) flexible leadership of the AISC; (5) strong motivation of Chinese engineers and Chinese workers. Technical knowledge and experience were quite important for the AISC, especially when it started its operation. Some parts ofthe first steel-smelting factory was much improved by the Chinese engineers, using the then existing documents of SISW. A conversion of preliminary smelting furnaces to open hearth furnaces was the most successful example. Chinese engineers bravely tried an un-experienced method in the face of Japanese engineers' warning, considering the new circumstances for steel production. Unbelievable hard work of Chinese engineers and workers sustained those process. All of these factors were necessary to accomplish the rapid reconstruction of the company. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 1998-06-10 |
| 巻 | 30巻 |
| 号 | 1号 |
| 開始ページ | 43 |
| 終了ページ | 61 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000129919 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41529 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | Chinese Society Today Observed through Abbreviations with Numerals (I) |
| フルテキストURL | oer_030_1_001_041.pdf |
| 著者 | 岡 益巳| |
| 抄録 | In this study, I will clarifY the phases of Chinese society today through abbreviations with numerals which have been created recently. Many abbreviations with numerals have been used as political slogans by the Chinese Communist Party. The abbreviation, "yi-guo liang-zhi", for example, was created in the middle of 1980's, and it has been used very widely not only in China but also in the other part of the world. It is an abbreviation of "yi-ge guojia liang-zhong zhidu" which means "one country, two systems". Beijing has been using it to express its policy towards Taiwan and Hong Kong. The wide acceptance and acknowledgement ofthe abbreviation by the Chinese people has brought about several parodies such as "yi-jia liangzhi" (one family, two systems), "yi-jia liang--qi" (one family, two wives) and "yi-ehang liang-zhi" (one factory, two systems). These parodies reflect some phases ofthe Chinese society very vividly. I picked up nearly 400 abbreviations with numerals from a bimonthly magazine BANYUETAN in the latter half of 1996 and in 1997. I have selected those which reflect the social phanomena in 1990's, and which are not reported in Nasu [1991). I tried to classify the selected ones in terms of the themes such as the Party's basic policy, state enterprises, agriculture, etc. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 1998-06-10 |
| 巻 | 30巻 |
| 号 | 1号 |
| 開始ページ | 1 |
| 終了ページ | 41 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41522 |
|---|---|
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_285_302.pdf |
| 著者 | Haruna, Shoji| |
| 抄録 | This paper shows that the discussion of Lambertini and Rossini (1998) as to the strategic investment levels oflabour-managed firms in a labour-managed (LM) duopoly is misleading. This is due to the fact that there is no duality between the conditions for maximisation and minimisation, and what is worse, an equilibrium needed for comparison is interior when the investment behaviour of the firms is discussed along the conventional method. We reconsider whether they overinvest or underinvest in R&D, employing a more general model with R&D spillovers. It is demonstrated that results obtained in the LM duopoly are similar to those in a conventional duopoly of profit-maximising firms. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 285 |
| 終了ページ | 302 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 英語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130035 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41521 |
|---|---|
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_277_283.pdf |
| 著者 | Fujimoto, Takao| Herrero, Carmen| |
| 抄録 | This note is to extend a well-known theorem due to Gale and Nikaido on the univalence of nonlinear mappings. Our approach is based on a simple elimination method of variables, and the key proposition used is the implicit function theorem. In terms of the condition on signs of principal minors, our result is more general than that of Gale and Nikaido since the sign of a minor can be positive or negative. Besides we require the sign condition only for the leading principal minors. On the other hand, the domain of mappings we can deal with has to be unbounded for all but one variable. In addition, the value of each principal minor must be in a finite range. Some remarks are given in the final section. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 277 |
| 終了ページ | 283 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 英語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130034 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41519 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | The Ambiguity Incorporated into Marketing Activity |
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_235_251.pdf |
| 著者 | 栗木 契| |
| 抄録 | From the beginning, marketing has been a convertor of social value systems. In this article, we investigate this feature of marketing. First we look back upon the appearance of Consumption Society. In 1920's Western countries were coverd with this new mode of consumption. At the same time, new-style sales activities came into existence. They were generically called marketing. Next, we attempt to grasp the relationship between these two simultaneous events. Marketing has a double relation to consumption. The principle of the marketing is paradoxical. Marketing is the activities that create objects to which the very activity should adapt. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 235 |
| 終了ページ | 251 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130024 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41518 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | Budgeting and Accounting for the Independent Administrative Corporations: Key Concepts and Issues |
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_207_234.pdf |
| 著者 | 山本 清| |
| 抄録 | New semi-autonomus public bodies will be established in 2001. The bodies are called the Independent Administrative Corporations (IACs) which implement the public services in accordance with the middle term strategic plan. IACs have a discretionary power in allocating the operating fund into their operating activities, while the capital expenditures are basically regulated by their ministers in charge and the Finance Minister. Also their accountings adopt an accrual based standard. However, the finance guidelines for lACs have some significant problems. First, the financial behavior might be little affected through accrual accounting, since budgeting and allocation of resources are implemented in a cash based style as before. Second, their autonomy on operation would be largely restrained by the limitation in which they have not a mandate for capital expenditures; the quality of public services is influenced by capital expenditures or standards other than operating expenditures. In this regard, two possible alternatives in budgeting and accounting are indicated. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 207 |
| 終了ページ | 234 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130023 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41517 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | The Chinese Society under Jiang Zemin's Regime Observed through Popular Jingles |
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_177_205.pdf |
| 著者 | 岡 益巳| |
| 抄録 | In my previous works, I tried to analyze the various phases of the Chinese society through six hundred popular jingles or "minyao" under the regime of Deng Xiaoping, and also made it clear that the unprecedented boom of popular jingles was caused by the expansion of social contradictions and partial acquiescence of jingles critical of the regime. In this study, I refer to when and how often special articles on popular jingles appeared in the monthly magazines of Hong-Kong, and try to clarify the interrelation between the special articles and the changes in China's open policies. Then, I selected about thirty popular jingles which are interesting and impressive. They show some of the typical social phenomena in the latter half of 1990's. They indicate that the corruption among high government officials is prevailing and that the sexual morality of the whole society is also on the brink of a crisis. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 177 |
| 終了ページ | 205 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130022 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41516 |
|---|---|
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_153_175.pdf |
| 著者 | Shimizu, Koichi| |
| 抄録 | At the end of the 20th century, the Japanese automobile industry is suffering from the long depression of Japanese economy to such an extent that sorne of Japanese carmakers were not able to survive without cooperating with foreign powerful carmakers. Nissan has been in restructuring under the French managers dispatched by Renault. Suzuki and Isuzu began to reinforce their cooperation with GM, whereas Fuji Heavy Industry (Subaru) and Mitsubishi are searching for their Western partners. It is only Toyota and Honda that seem to be able to compete by themselves on globalized automobile markets. Irony of the history, because until the end of the 1980s all Japanese carmakers were regarded as the most competitive companies of the world by incarnating the 'Lean Production' model whose basic model is the Toyota Production System. This stereotype has to be dismissed, because they have been having neither the same management nor the same strategy. This paper then tries to show the history of Japanese automobile industry from its very beginning to mid-1990 when the majority of carmakers are facing a crisis. In doing so, it presents the specifie characteristics of Toyota by placing it in the historical perspective. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 153 |
| 終了ページ | 175 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 英語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130033 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41515 |
|---|---|
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_133_151.pdf |
| 著者 | Satoh, Michimasa| |
| 抄録 | The essence of the Statement of cash flows required by FASB's Statement of financial accounting standards No. 95 in 1987 is the cash basis statement of changes in a financial position, because it must show the reconciliation between net income and CFO (Cash flow from operations) in the main body or in the footnote of the statement. The year 1987 when the new basic financial statement appeared was the starting point from which the effort should be made to formulate new conceptual framework of financial accounting that accommodates three basic financial statements: the Balance sheet, Income statement, and the Statement of cash flows. However, little argument has been aroused toward this direction in the U. S. It is mainly because the traditional and conventional double entry bookkeeping system that is designed to prepare only the Balance sheet and the Income statements are deeply rooted to the conventional accounting philosophy. This system can be called "two dimensional accounting system", one dimension for the Balance sheet and another dimension for the Income statement. What we need now is to construct an accounting system that can produce all three basic financial statement at the same time. Such a system can be called "three dimensional double entry accounting system", and will be demonstrated in this paper. This 3 D accounting system can provide underlying basis for the Statement of cash flows as the basic financial statement, in terms of the system of accounts as well as the conceptual structure. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 133 |
| 終了ページ | 151 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 英語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130032 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41514 |
|---|---|
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_113_132.pdf |
| 著者 | Takemura, Shosuke| |
| 抄録 | Industrial policy has important effects on budget constraints of producer and consumer by changing relative prices among industrial sectors as well as regulation. I discussed some of the effects of budget constraint problems using policy decision line on my another paper. Experiences in some countries including Japan and U. S. tell us that some important industries particularly including semi-conductor industry have typical and interesting industrial problems and characters. In this paper I dare to study a few of theoretical explorations and some socio-economic facets. I use my several ideas and microeconomic tools necessary for analysis of industrial policy and regulation. Particularly I'd like to pay attention to two problems. They are information problem and interface problem. I called them so. The problems affect an innovational technology and a barrier of entry for enterprises and industries concerned. Also I'm going to discuss some industrial meanings using my new word "rivalry". This is a fatal word surpassing the classical and well-known one "competition". |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 113 |
| 終了ページ | 132 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 英語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130031 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41513 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | Regional Difference of "the Rate of School Attendance" and Reorganization of Community Life from 1880 to 1905 in Japan |
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_085_111.pdf |
| 著者 | 玉井 康之| |
| 抄録 | "The Rate of School Attendance" is different between in a rural area and in an urban area from 1880 to 1905 in Japan. And "the Rate School Attendance in the urban area is reduced to decrease relatively, because poor students are piled in an urban city. We can understand reorganization of the community by observing changing rates of school attendance. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 85 |
| 終了ページ | 111 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130021 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41512 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | An Analysis of Gross Farm Household Income-1918-Shimane |
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_057_083.pdf |
| 著者 | 木村 須磨子| |
| 抄録 | This paper aims to clarify the feature of the income of farms of Sanin district in 1910s. This is the premise work to clarify the whole structure of the farm household in those days. The crux of a matter exists in the difference of farmers' strata. The subject place of investigation is called kuroda-une, Ohba-son, Yatsuka-gun, Shimane-prefecture. The used materials is so-called Son-ze consisted of 25 farm households researched in 1918. The most income of the 25 farm households justly consists of self net agricultural income. That is gained by deducting the production cost and payable farm rents from gross agricultural income. Turning our attention to outer self agricultural income, this consists of mainly receivable farm rents and wages. Finally we get the disposable income by deducting the tax and repayable debt interest. We can conclude that there is a tremendous difference in disposable incomes among all farmers' strata. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 57 |
| 終了ページ | 83 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130020 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41511 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | The Development of the Middle-Scale Landlord Management in Modern Japan - A Case Study ofTakato Family in Okayama Prefecture - |
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_027_056.pdf |
| 著者 | 森元 辰昭| |
| 抄録 | In this paper, the author attempts to clarify the development of middle-scale landlords in modern Japan, taking the Takato family as a case study. The Takato's accumulation ofland proceeded from the 1880s to 1890s and they were in possession of 20 cho in the 1890s. The main_ sources of Takato's income were farm rents, and interest loans on the security of Somen Noodles. In the 1890s, new industries developed in Japan. Takato had invested their surplus funds in stocks and gained dividends. Ikuzo Takato established Kamogata-Warehouse Bank with some middle-scale landlords in July 2, 1896 and had selected head of this bank. Then he borrowed money from the bank to invest in stocks. By the effective management, his profits increased. So, the investment in stocks soon exceeded the investment in land. Therefore, the income from dividends increased gradually in the early 1900s. Takato was elected as a member of the prefectural assembly from 1899 to 1911, and took the chair from 1907 to 1909. Further, he was a member of the House of Representatives from 1917 to 1920. During this period he had been to Korea as part of an inspection party. As a result of this experience, upon his return to Okayama, he and the other member formed a group to purchase land in Korea. Takato had continued to purchase land in Malaya and New York. The Takato family succeeded in accumulating property through such diversified management. Other middle-scale landlords failed in their business, and disposed of their land. It can be summarized as follows: many middle-scale landlords attempted to make different styles of diversified management of land, stocks, bank and other enterprises during the time of the Japanese Industrial Revolution. Consequently, some succeeded whereas others failed. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 27 |
| 終了ページ | 56 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130019 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41510 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | On the Stratification of Urban Residents and the Socio-Economic Position of the Commercial and Industrial Traders in Sakata, Yamagata Prefecture, in the Later Meiji Era |
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_4_001_026.pdf |
| 著者 | 葛西 大和| |
| 抄録 | Taking all things into consideration as to the materials of occupation, tax, income and holdings of the tenant land, it is possible to perceive several strata of society in Sakata. Namely, the most upper stratum consists of a few who earn very large income from the tenant land and interests. The second stratum consists of many commercial and industrial traders and others who earn income from the tenant land is often larger than trade. The third stratum consists of a large number of traders and others who their mean derives more or less from income of the tenant land. The next stratum consists of a great number oftraders in very small business and others. The lowest stratum consists of a great many residents with no sure means ofliving, and forms the base ofthe stratified and pyramidal organization. In the later Meiji Era, Sakata was already not a city which was simply composed ofthe income of trades, but the city that depends chiefly on enormous wealth from the tenant land and interests. Sakata turned from a commercial city to a so-called parastic city. This was the important point that could recover from the destructive earthquake of 1894, and could fend off severe blows on the transit business of Sakata owing to the construction of railroad from 1899. The nature of parastic moneymaking, the higher of strata he is, the more he depends, took simultaneously upon itself the responsibility to check the development of Sakata. The nature of Sakata as a city is focused on the fact that the accumulated vast capital doesn't apply toward the industrial capital and the social capital. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 2000-03-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 4号 |
| 開始ページ | 1 |
| 終了ページ | 26 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 110000130018 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41504 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | The Chinese Society Observed through Abbreviations with Numerals - from BANYUETAN in 1999 - |
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_3_173_194.pdf |
| 著者 | 岡 益巳| |
| 抄録 | Abbreviations involving numerals occupy only 10 to 20% of all abbreviated words. This is why no preceding studies focused on abbreviations with numerals have been made. A series of studies by Oka, Oka [1998a, 1998b, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c, 1999d], already revealed their features. In this study, I will clarify, through abbreviations with numerals, the phase of Chinese society in 1999. When President Lee Teng-hui expressed his opinion on China in his book published in May, 1999 that China should be divided into seven states, Beijing got angry and started to attack his "qi kuai lun" or "sevenstate theory". In July President Lee also made public his provocative theory that the relationships between Taiwan and Mainland are "state-to-state". This again invited rage among the leaders of China, because they believe that. Taiwan is indivisible part of China's territory. Beijing severely criticizes Lee's idea as "liang guo lun" or a "two-state theory". A newly created abbreviation, "san bian" (three at the same time) for example, shows us that corner-cutting and sloppy construction is prevailing all over the country. An increasing number of lay-off workers from state enterprises became a great social problem, and many retraining service centers have been opened, and they offer "yi san yi" (one-three-one) services to help jobless people get employed with new skills. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 1999-12-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 3号 |
| 開始ページ | 173 |
| 終了ページ | 194 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 120002695984 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/OER/41503 |
|---|---|
| タイトル（別表記） | Nonlinear Generalizations of Tucker's Theorem on Inequality Systems |
| フルテキストURL | oer_031_3_163_171.pdf |
| 著者 | 藤本 喬雄| 石山 健一| |
| 抄録 | This note is to prove Tucker's theorem on linear inequalities based on the proof method of minimax theorems which uses Kakutani's fixed point theorem. One device is necessary to convert the minimax theorems to Tucker's formulation. This is a slight restriction on the image sets when creating a set-valued map. We also present nonlinear generalizations of Tucker's theorem employing the same method. All we need is that the set of variable values for which an objective function attains its maximum is convex. This objective function is a convex combination of functions. We also present a proof of the fact that a local characterization of inequality systems, when a given mapping is differentiable, can be made global provided the mapping is concave. |
| 出版物タイトル | 岡山大学経済学会雑誌 |
| 発行日 | 1999-12-10 |
| 巻 | 31巻 |
| 号 | 3号 |
| 開始ページ | 163 |
| 終了ページ | 171 |
| ISSN | 0386-3069 |
| 言語 | 日本語 |
| 論文のバージョン | publisher |
| NAID | 120002695983 |