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Marked IgE-mediated histamine release from rat mast cells sensitized in vitro with mouse antiserum occurs in the presence of added Ca++ and phosphatidylserine (PS), although a considerable degree of antigen-induced histamine release which may utilize intracellular or cell-bound calcium is also observed. The decay in the responsiveness to Ca++ of the sensitized cells stimulated by antigen in Ca++-free medium in the presence of PS is relatively slow, and maximum release is produced by Ca++ added 1 min after antigen. Histamine release also occurs when Ca++ is added after PS in the absence of antigen to the sensitized cells suspended in Ca++-free medium. Unlike the antigen-induced release, the intensity of this non-antigen-induced release varies depending on both mast-cell and antiserum pools. A heat-labile factor(s), which is different from antigen-specific IgE antibody and is also contained in normal mouse serum, is involved in this reaction. In the antigen-nondependent (PS + Ca++)-induced release, no decay in the responsiveness to Ca++ is observed after PS addition. Both the antigen-induced and non-antigen-induced release are completed fairly rapidly and are dependent of temperature, pH and energy.

Chromosome analysis was performed on cells from a patient of null cell lymphoma, well-differentiated type. A 14q12 translocation was observed in all the banded cells. In addition, there were multiple chromosome abnormalities. This case will be useful in considering the significance of the 14q1(1-3) translocation in malignant lymphoma disease.

Some critical experiments have been carried out on the microspectrophotometry using the lymphocytes of a mouse, stained with Feulgen reaction, revealing that most reliable value can be attained by illuminating the material with a small spot-light and integrating the area surrounded by the extinction curve drawn by tracing along the diameter of the smeared and fixed cell.

After grinding the tubercle bacilli cells, both human virulent strain, H37Rv, and avirulent strain, H37Ra, cultured in 5auton's medium, and obtaining three fractions of R1, S1 and R2 (R1, the first sediment; S1, the second supernatant; and R2, the second sediment) by the ultracentrifugation, the authors studied the enzymatic activities and the antigenic capacity against infection of these fractions; and obtained the following results: 1) Although the R1-fraction confers the defensive forte to mice in some degree, because of the presence of living bacilli in the fraction, it is difficult to decide definitely whether the defensive force owes its capability to this fraction or to living bacilli at the present stage of our experiment. 2) The S1-fraction possesses enzymatic activity on various substrates, but it does not confer animal any defensive force against infection. 3) The R2-fraction specifically oxidizes lactate and succinate" and it can markedly impart animal the defensive ability against infection.

Using the erythroid cells of Rana nigromaculata the hemoglobin synthesis has been studied in the relation of DNA and RNA contents. Results showed that the hemoglobin synthesis starts in the early stage of erythroblast but becomes marked just before the complete maturation. RNA contents drops markedly in the later stage of maturation. Measurement of DNA contents by Feulgen reaction suggested the termination of the mitosis just before the prematuration. From these results the author concludes that the RNA which will act as the template for the globin synthesis, develops from the early stage of erythroblast but the templation is accelerated in the terminal stage of maturation and the marked acceleration in hemoglobin synthesis in this stage.

Judging from our vital observation conducted mainly by tissue culture, it was firmly demonstrated that ascitic phagocytes are not histiocytes but they are the cells closely related to monocytes and that the sites of the genesis are the milky spots of the greater omentum. The milky spots are most possibly the remnants of the mesenchymal hematopoiesis of the embryonic stage.

Papanicolaou's smear test is a method based upon the morphological study of the cancer cells exfoliated from the epithelium, whereas T.P.T. is a method for examining the intracellular metabolism, the glycolysis, by a supravital staining of the cancer cells. The latter, therefore, can be called as a cytochemical diagnosis. Since, by the T.P.T. method, even a beginner can obtain the result of approximately 80% in correct and the skilled ones as high as 95%, the clinical diagnosis can be made all the more accurate by using Papanicolaou's test in combination with T.P.T. method. As for the entity of these granular cells, there remains a room for discussion, but Misonou feels that Cell Type A arises from necrobiosis of the carcinomatous tissues while Type B would be a certain wandering cell. This reaction, however, should not be employed to the cases in the puerperium, because the similar cells are exfoliated from the puerperal uterus. Thus, I can say that the T.P.T. is not a specific reaction to cancer. From this study, I wuld recommend T.P.T. as a method that is quite simple and is servicable for saving a great deal of effort and time on the part of clinicians, and I would like to encourage you to use it as one of tools for the diagnosis of carcinoma of the uterus, especially for an early diagnosis.

Pathologic, anatomical, and histological findings of 5 autopsy cases and one biopsy case of cryptococcosis have been described. Macroscopically the foci of the lung are grayish white or yellowish white in color and range in size from the small acinous-nodular ones to the larger lobular-nodular ones. In the brain the meninx appears gelatinous and edematous showing many small spots with indistinct boundary and with grayish white color. Lymph nodes infected with fungi are swollen in various degrees. Histologically the foci are mainly consisted of granulomatous inflammation containing giant cells. Besides, there are small degenerative foci having no inflammatory response and the lesions of marked fibrosis; the former will be newly formed foci and the latter the old ones. The size of C. neoformans found in tissue ranges from 3 to 30 μ, and the majority of fungi possess thick gelatinous capsule, but some of them in granulative lesions often possess no capsule. From the staining properties the capsule of C. neoformans is believed to be a kind of acid mucopolysaccharide. As for the staining method including general fungi, GOMORI's methenamine silver method is best, especially for the detailed examination of fungus structures, and for the differential diagnosis mucicarmine stain is the most suitable one. In tracing the distribution of the foci in the various organs, it seems that the first attack of this fungus occurs in the lung. The authors have called general attention, through their own experiences, to the fact that the small granulomatous foci caused by Cryptococcus infection, especially in the lung, may often escape the detection at autopsy.

1. In the stage later than the middle stage of pregnancy, morphological differences appear between the amniotic epithelial cells of placenta and those of the free part and the majority of cases the amniotic epithelial cells of placenta present more marked columnar shape than those in the surrounding area of ruptured orifice or those in the vicinity of placenta. However, there still remains a question whether or not such a phenomena is directly related to the secretory function of the placenta amniotic epithelium. 2. It seems that amniotic epithelial cells divide and multiply themselves by mitosis at least in the early and middle stages when their functions are at height. 3. Even in the stage later than the middle stage generally the amniotic epithelium of placenta is consisted of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells, and therefore, the author cannot agree to Forssell's theory. 4. In glycogen and lipid stainings, the amniotic epithelial cell layer shows more striking changes with the progress of gestational month when compared with those cells in other layers. 5. Glycogen in the amniotic epithelial cell layer is abundant in the early and middle stages of pregnancy, and it rapidly decreases near the late stage. Lipid granules on the contrary are less in the early stage, and start to appear in the middle stage, increasing rapidly towards the late stage. In general, the regressive degeneration picture of the late stage is not distinct histologically, but assuming glycogen to represent the cell activity and the lipid deposit to mean just the reverse, the amniotic epithelium functionally seems to fall into regressive degeneration from the middle stage. Other layers of fetal membranes likewise undergo fatty degeneration as the pregnancy progresses from the middle stage to the late stage. 6. There still remain problems to be solved on the question what role this regressive degeneration of the amniotic epithelial cell layer plays in de Watteville's theory, "Labor originates from the fetal membranes". However, granular PAS-positive substances in the amniotic epithelium are glycogen, and it seems difficult to connect simply the existence or non-existence of PAS-positive granules or Sudan-positive granules directly with the continuation or interruption of pregnancy.

According to the data obtained in this experiment by means of the geldiffusion technique, the specific antigen was not detected in MH134 ascitic tumor, comparing the anti-C3H liver sera with anti-MH 134 tumor sera, though a loss of organ specific antigen and weak antigenicity were found in MH134 tumor extract. In order to detect some qualitative alteration, supposedly a gain in antigenic components, the transplant rejection test was carried out. The result of this test indicates that the relative not absolute resistance could be induced to C3H mice by this prior sensitization with cell free active extract eluted from MH134 tumor tissue by Fluorocarbon treatment. During these experiments, it became clear that MH134 ascitic tumor cell has weak immunizing properties so that prolonged lapse of time and large dose of antigen are inevitably necessary. Moreover, through Fluorocarbon treatment of the tumor homogenate, the cellfree, serologically active antigen could be obtained, which will serve well for the induction of the isologous immunization.

From the data presented in this communication, it might be concluded that a cancer specific substance, which can be demonstrated in gel diffusion, is present in human cancer tissue, common to various epithelial cancers of different individuals, although it may vary in its concentration. Needless to say, this substance is quite different from the so-called interspecies antigen or organ specific antigen, as proved by the present experiments. Furthermore, this substance can be eluted well by the Fluorocarbon treatment and it displays physically and chemically unstable characteristics. This substance is likely to be included in the microsome fraction and soluble fraction which was determined by gel diffusion technique. However, the association of this substance with other specific antigenic substances of human cancer, concerned with "delayed type skin reaction", "cytopathogenic antiserum against cancer cell", and "complement fixing antibody in serum of patients with cancer", has not been elucidated in this study.

Both the cornea and muscle cornins have no effect at all on oxygen uptake of tissue, and likewise they catalase affect Qctivity not in any way. The corneacornin has an effect to reduce P/O ratio to about one half, but the muscle cornin does not show such an effect. Both comins decrease thc incorporation of P³² into nucleic acid fraction and DNA synthesis. In the ultracentrifugal analysis of nucleic acids during development of sea urchin eggs, cornins inhibit the polymerization of nucleic acids. In addition, both of these comins depress the incorporation of P³² into DNA and ribosome RNA of regenerating rat liver. Both comins inhibit the increase of -SH quantities before the cleavage of sea urchin eggs.

The normal mitotic dog kidney cell division and the multinucleated giant cell formation and degeneration of the dog kidney cells infected with measles virus were observed by the phase-cinematography. It took only five minutes for the mitotic cell division. The cell assumed a spherical shape before mitosis, and the two divided cells grew to the flat cells on the bottle wall. The giant cell formation was definitely the result of cell fusion. The cellular contents of the multinucleated giant cell were exposed after buddings, and the cell itself died.

The author studied the hematopoietic disturbances of rabbit induced by saponin injection and drew the following conclusions: 1) By saponin injection, the structure of bone marrow is disintegrated and hematopoietic cells are released into the circulating blood forming extramedullary hematopietic foci mainly in liver and spleen. The main attacking point of saponin should be RES. Recovery of hematopoietic foci is associated with the recovery of RES. The most marked extramedullary hematopoiesis is found three days after the injection. Thereafter, bone-marrow hematopoiesis proceeds to recovery stage, during which hematopoietic foci in liver and spleen are preserved, especially those in spleen persist fairly for a long time. 2) Daily injections of India ink kept up over a long period of time after the treatment with saponin, prevent the recovery of anemia and bone-marrow hematopoiesis. The lymph nodes, whose RES escaped from the severe damage by India ink, keep the hematopoietic foci for a long time. 3) As far as hematopoiesis is concerned, there seems to be no functional differentiation among RE cells, though they seem to have a special function according to the organs to which they belong, e. g. antibody formation in lymph apparatus, hematopoiesis in bone marrow and red cell destruction in spleen.

1. By using a monolayer of tissue culture cells, JTC-3, JTC-3', JTC-3" and HeLa cells, the assays of neotetrazolium (NT) reduction at the cell level have been conducted on the cells without detaching the cells from the culture glass vessel wall. 2. It has been found that the activity of endogenous NT reductase is extremely high in the living tissue culture cells. The endogenous NT reductase activity is found to be in the descending order of HeLa > JTC-3' > JTC-3 > JTC-3". The endogenous NT reductase activity increased in the medium having a low level of proteins and decreased in the absence of yeast extract. 3. It has been demonstrated that most of the endogenous NT reduction in the JTC-3 cell groups takes place at the step of flavoprotein in the NADHdiaphorase system, and a portion of it occurs being coupled with the ubiquinone step. In contrast, in HeLa cell it is p:>stulated that aside from the NADH-diaphorase system, succinoxidase system is involved in this reaction. 4. The coupling site of the succinate NT reductase system with the terminal electron transport system in the JTC-3 cell groups also differs from that in HeLa cells. Namely, in JTC-3 cell groups about 50% of the coupling occurs at the step later than antimycin A sensitive step and the remaining 50 % most likely at the ubiquinone step~ whereas in the HeLa cell most of the coupling takes place at the step later than antimycin A sensitive step. 5. Although there can be observed variations in the activity of the succinate NT reductase, hardly any difference was observed among the JTC-3 cell groups in the rate of the reduced NT amounts at several coupling sites, revealing that the change in the composition of the culture medium does not bring about any essential change in the coupling sites and their mutual activity rates of succinate NT reductase system. 6. Both endogenous NT reductase activity and succinate NT reductase activity have been accelerated markedly by potassium cyanide. The result indicates that in living cell the electrons are not transferred to NT at the level of cytochrome oxidase and O2.

In cell cultures of Detroit 6, KB, and HeLa cells, treatment with certain amounts of 5-Fluorouracil resulted in the appearance of a strikingly distinct halo or chromophobic area, entirely encircling the compacted or contracted nucleoli, before the ultimate disintegration of the cells.

For the purpose to clarify the control mechanism of erythroid cell differentiation, the author observed morphologic changes in bone-marrow cells and circulating red cells in phenylhydrazine anemia of rabbits by introducing a mass of red cells into vein at one time and reached the following conclusions. 1. After red cell transfusion in a mass to animal showing a marked hematopoietic activity, anisocytosis or macrocytosis becomes distinct with the appearance of big reticulocytes and red cells as large as four times the normal in volume. This suggests, judging from their volume, the accelerated denucleation of erythroblast as early as at the late basophilic stage. 2. Observations on bone marrow at this stage revealed the reduction in the number of erythroblasts of undifferentiated type with the increase of rather differentiated ones. In erythroid islet, undifferentiated cells are found surrounding a reticulum cell located in the center, while well differentiated ones in the outskirt area are situated near the sinusoid. Such a cell arrangement suggests that the erythroid cell requires a high oxygen tension for its differentiation. 3. From these observations and other results obtained from the studies on reticulocyte maturation and RNA synthesis of erythroblast, the author stresses that erythroid cells can differentiate as long as it is provided with a certain level of oxygen, even though it may develop m-RNA for differentiation. In other words, there should be two steps in the differentiation of erythroblast, the first is m-RNA synthesis induced by the information and the second is the somatic protein synthesis with oxygen supply. This seems to be directly connected to the control mechanism of hematopoiesis by oxygen.

For the purpose to reveal the role of R.E.S. for hemopoiesis and antibody formation, the R.E.S. of rabbits were severely blocked by the repeated intravenous injection of a vast amount of India ink, reaching 200 to 250 cc in total and the development of anemia and antibody formation by challenging egg albumin were observed while referring to the histologic changes in bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes. The results were as follows: 1. The repeated intravenous injection of a vast amount of carbon particles induced a severe anemia. The anemia was always normo- or hyperchromic, showing not any disturbance in iron metabolism or hemoglobin formation. The data suggested that anemia is due to the arrest of reproduction of erythroblast or differentiation of the stem cells to erythroblasts, but not due to inhibition of the iron metabolism. 2. R.E.S. had no relation to the proliferation or the differentiation of granulocytes. 3. The functions of R.E.S. related to erythropoiesis and lymphopoiesis are affected by blocking independently of its phagocytic potency. In spite of a severe anemia, the phagocytic potency of R.E.S. could never be lowered and liver and spleen grew much larger in size and weight, showing that the phagocytic ability of R.E.S. is extremely resistant against such a blocking. 4. The serum antibody titer proved to be at the normal level, and no change of the antibody production in spite of heavy blocking of R.E.S. with India ink.

Two cases (Case I, 24-year old male, and Case II, 41-year old male) of liver cirrhosis after viral hepatitis have been described with a special emphasis on the distortion of the hepatic lobular architecture induced by hepatic hemodYnamic changes. Careful and precise clinical and laboratory examinations as well as peritoneoscopic examination with liver biopsy, particularly with vascular stereograms of liver biopsy tissue, have been successively carried outfrom stage of normal lobular architecture to early stage of cirrhosis. As the result, it has been found that in the course of these examinations clinical and laboratory features of the patients have remained almost unchanged in spite of gradual aggravation of morphological pictures. It is especially noteworthy that on vascular stereograms of liver biopsy tissue the parenchymal cells under the scarred portal tracts have suffered atrophic changes. Thus, three individual portal tracts of Case I have been gathered in a single connective tissue located on the distributing area of a scarred portal tract, whereas a central vein of Case II has moved from center to side of the scarred portal tract. In the late stage, these two cases ultimately turned to liver cirrhosis.

For the purpose to clarify whether or not the cells of regional lymph nodes and spleen of the tumor bearing individual develop the antitumor activity the author observed the proliferation of JTC-11 cells in vitro by mixing with the lymph-node and spleen cells from the mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor in solid form. After 24- to 48 -hour incubation the antitumor activity was estimated from the number of proliferated JTC-11 cells. As the result, it has been found that one week after implantation of tumor the regional lymph-node cells acquire the inhibitory activity against the proliferation of JTC-11 cells. The spleeen cells also show a marked inhibitory effect on the turner cell proliferation but two weeks after implantation these inhibitory activities of the cells both from lymph node and spleen are largely retarded three to four weeks when the host is emanciated by the growing tumors. Discussions are made on the inhibitory mechanisms from the viewpoint of immune reaction and on the transplantability of tumor cells without any rejection.