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1. For the elucidation of the mechanism of isovalthinuria induction, some precursors of cholesterol biosynthesis and some other compounds were tested in guinea pigs to know whether they induced isovalthinuria or not. 2. Among the cholesterol precursors tested, isovaleric, β-methylcrotonic, and β-methylglutaconic acids were found to be strong inducers of isovalthinuria, but acetic acid, acetoacetic acid, β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaric acid, squalene, α-ketoisocaproic acid, and leucine were not. 3. Among the other compounds tested, palmitic acid and L-cysteine were found to be weak inducers of isovalthinuria. 4. Some antagonistic phenomena were found to occur. The inducing effect of isovaleric acid was inhibited strongly by dexamethasone or dehydrocholic acid, and weakly by insulin. The inducing effect of dexamethasone was inhibited by dehydrocholic acid or thyroxine. The inducing effect of dehydrocholic acid was inhibited by insulin or dexamethasone. 5. Although ethionine was not an inducer in itself, it acted as a substitute for methionine or cysteine in the case of the sulfur deficiency produced by prolonged feeding on bile acid. 6. Isovalthinuria was observed by the administration of bromural, but this effect may be a detoxication but not induction,

For the purpose to clarify whether or not the cells of regional lymph nodes and spleen of the tumor bearing individual develop the antitumor activity the author observed the proliferation of JTC-11 cells in vitro by mixing with the lymph-node and spleen cells from the mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor in solid form. After 24- to 48 -hour incubation the antitumor activity was estimated from the number of proliferated JTC-11 cells. As the result, it has been found that one week after implantation of tumor the regional lymph-node cells acquire the inhibitory activity against the proliferation of JTC-11 cells. The spleeen cells also show a marked inhibitory effect on the turner cell proliferation but two weeks after implantation these inhibitory activities of the cells both from lymph node and spleen are largely retarded three to four weeks when the host is emanciated by the growing tumors. Discussions are made on the inhibitory mechanisms from the viewpoint of immune reaction and on the transplantability of tumor cells without any rejection.

Almost all the umbilical lymphocytes showed more extensive blast cell formation than that of their mother's lymphocytes with PHA. Pathological conditions of mother in pregnancy and labor such as anemia, gestational toxicosis, difficult labor and asphyxia of babies, inhibited the normal response of both maternal and umbilical lymphocytes to PHA.

The mechanism of induction of anisocytosis was studied with experimental anemia of rabbits induced by blood depletion and phenylhydrazine chloride injection. The Price-Jones' curves of erythrocytes from anemic animals showed a large variety of red cell size, indicating the appearance of abnormally large sized cells. RNA contents of some reticulocytes in anemia were comparable to those of polychromatic and late basophilic erythroblasts. The result proved that in severe anemia a large number of erythroblasts are denucleated at earlier maturation stages, in most cases at polychromatic, and some at late basophilic and some at orthochromatic stages, resulting in anisocytosis.

Es wurde ein Triparanol-Präparat bei Arteriosklerose an 34 Patienten ambulant untersucht. Der Autor hat beim gröβten Teil seiner Falle eine wesentliche objektive und subjektive auch registrierdare Besserung beobaehtet. Der Blutcholesterin und der Blutdruek sind nicht nur bei den erfolgreiehen Fällen, sondern auch bei den wenigen Patienten, die Triparanol nicht vertragen konnten, gesunken, Oszillometrische, angiomyologisehe Werte und Hauftemperatur sind besser geworden. Schwinde1, Grübeln, Unsicherheit, stenokardische Beschwerden, schwermütige Gedanken, Benommenheit u. a. Symptome haden sich nur selten und nur in kleinem Maβe gezeigt.

Chemical and biological characteristics of the unsaturated fatty acids from the liver of irradiated and non-irradiated animals and some unsaturated fatty acids in sale have been described. The unsaturated fatty acid fractions from the rabbit liver taken after irradiating animal with x-ray show hardly any difference from those of non-irradiated animal in each component. But the former were distinguished from the latter in the increased rate of velocity of autoxidation. Similar characteristics were observed on the unsaturated fatty acids irradiated in vitro. They developed less labile free radicals with the shift of the double bonds to the carboxylic group and the conjugated double bonds, dienoic and trienoic acids. Biologically, the fatty acids from the irradiated animal suppressed the growth of bacteria requiring unsatturated fatty acid. And they are slightly stronger in the activity of uncoupling effect for the oxidative phosphorylation and the swelling of mitochondria comparing to those of general fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acids. They showed a strong lytic activity on the cell membrane as in the case of general fatty acids, linoleic, oleic, and some long chain unsaturated fatty acids. Tumor cells surviving through the treatment with unsaturated fatty acids changed the cell characteristics temporarily, with a slow-down of the ascites development and the cell growth.

In the experiments conducted with cells from the spleen and regional lymphoid cells derived from the axillary and regional lymph nodes of the mice receiving subcutaneous transplantation of Ehrlich tumor cells, it has been demonstrated that these lymphoid cells possess an ability to inhibit the proliferation of the subtrain of Ehrlich tumor cells (JTC-11), and that there is a parallel relationship between the rate of appearance of immunologicallly competent cells among these sensitized lymphoid cells and the inhibitory effect of these cells on JTC-11. In the experiment to reinforce the potency of sensitized cells conducted by means of the diffusion chamber technique, it has been proven that, while it is not an absolute prerogative, it is necessary to have the sensitized lymphoid cells come in contact with the target cells is order to wield the power of the former to the fullest extent. In the tissue cultures of lymphoid cells, it has been shown that sensitized lymphoid cells has a shorter life span than non-sensitized ones.

Macromolecular PVP was introduced intravenously into rabbits for a long period of 3 months, 10 g of PVP in total, and the observations were carried out to see disturbances in hematopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and immune reaction with special reference to the histologic changes of marrow, liver, spleen and lymph nodes. The results were as follows: 1. A mild anemia was induced by the PVP injection. RE cells of liver and bone marrow were swollen moderately but otherwise no significant histologic changes were induced in bone marrow and liver. 2. A severe lymphocytopenia resulted: the RE cells of lymph follicles were blocked by PVP, the follicles collapsed into a homogeneous mass with fibrosis and minimized lymphopoietic tissues. These results suggest that RE cells of the so-called germinal centers are important for the reproduction or the differentiation of lymphocytes. 3. Intravenous injection of egg albumin caused the serum antibody formation with a marked proliferation of plasma cells around small vessels in lymph nodes and spleen as in the case of control animal. The data indicate that plasma cells are solely responsible for the serum-antibody formation and plasma cell may differentiate from adventitial cells of small vessels but not from lymphocyte or reticulum cell.

There is as yet no plausible and convincing explanation for the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. The authors investigated anti-synovial tissue antibody in the body fluid of rheumatoid arthritis by means of indirect immunofluorescent technic using non-affected synovial tissues as antigen. As the result the anti-synovial tissue antibody was detected in 7 cases of the 15 synovial fluid samples of rheumatoid arthritis and in two out of the six serum samples. The site of the localization of this antibody was demonstrated to be in the synovial membrane, especially in synovial cells and in the small blood vessel walls situated immediately adjacent to the synovial surface, but it was found in no connective tissues other than synovial membrane. It seems that this anti-synovial tissue antibody should be considered as an independent factor from rheumatoid factor, and that rather than the rheumatoid factor it is more actively associated with the localization and progression of chronic inflammation within the rheumatoid arthritis joint.

Human brain turnors removed from 126 patients were histochemically examined and following results were obtained. 1. In general, alkaline phosphatase activity is decreased in poorly differentiated gliomas, but is not related to the tumor cell infiltration. 2. All the cases of alkaline phosphatase negative gliomas have poor reconvalescent course and most of the positive cases show good reconvalescence. 3. Alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase activities are remarkable in fibroblastic meningioma, moderate or feeble in meningocytic meningioma, and negative in malignant meningioma. 4. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, β-esterase, leucine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase are decreased in most of meningocytic meningiomas when the duration of symptoms and signs is short. 5. Succinic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase and β-glucuronidase are strongly reactive in malignant meningioma; from strong to moderate in meningocytic meningioma and from moderate to feeble in fibroblastic meningioma. 6. There is a slight increasing tendency of the activities of succinic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase in fibroblastic meningioma and p·glucuronidase for a short duration of symtoms and signs. 7. In the case of acoustic neurinomas the higher the alkaline phosphatase activity, the longer is the duration of symptoms and signs.

Adenovirus type 12 is of human origin and it shows carcinogenic activity in experimental animals. With negatively stained particles of this virus electron microscopic observations were carried out. As the result it was demonstrated that its capsid, like other adenoviruses, is an icosahedron and each capsomere is of a hexagonal shape with a hollow in its center, each of which is surrounded by 6 adjacent capsomeres and is composed of numerous small subunit-like-particles.

For the purpose to study in vivo changes of the mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor with special emphasis on the problems of cellular antibody and serum antibody, a series of experiments such as neutralization tests in vivo and in vitro study of the effect of lymph-node cells from the tumor bearing animals on target cells were carried out, and the findings thus obtained are briefly summarized as follows : 1. Regional lymph-node cells from the mouse transplanted with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells show a marked cytotoxic action on their cultured target cells, JTC-11, synergistically with serum from mouse bearing Ehrlich cancer. 2. The tumor cells inoculated with lymph-node cells from the tumor bearing animals showed a retardation in growth and finally regressed. 3. Spleen and lymph nodes of tumor bearing animals showed a marked increase in weight.

As is generally known, the energy transducing reaction in mitochondria is of highly complicated one. Free energy produced by transferring electrons from substrate to oxygen, where many dehydrogenases and respiratory chain of mitochondria are concerned, is transduced to ATP formation or utilized for the ion accmulation reaction, synthesis of various substances, reversal electron transport and the mechanochemical changes of mitochondria. The mechanism of these energy trasducing reactions which is supposed to be closely related with each other, has not yet been clarified. The authors tried to solve these biological energy transducing mechnism by applying physical circuit theory in electronics and elucidate that the energy transduction occurring in mitochondria can be explained theoretically. And some unknown but possible reaction have been postulated from such a physical consideration.

1. For the purpose to clarify the role of reticuloendothelial cells in the center of erythroblastic islet, the medullary and extramedullary erythropoietic foci in convalescence of phenylhydrazine arternia were observed by light and electron microscopies, and the mode of development of anemia in rabbit having blocked RES. 2. Light microscopic observations revealed the stimulated formation of erythroblastic islet in phenylhydrazine anemia. Electron microscopic observations revealed the rhopheocytotic vesicles in the membrane of erythroblast, some of which contained ferritin particles. 3. Repeated India ink injections induced anemia with RES damage by being heavily laden with soot particles. Color index of these animals was not reduced to the state of hypochromic anemia. Anemia is due to the damage of erythroidcell reproduction, but not due to the disturbed hemoglobin metabolism by the inhibited iron uptake. 4. From the results obtained the author concludes that the role of reticuloendothelial cell in islet is not to transfer ferritin to erythroblast but the reproduction of erythroid cells.

Adenovirus 12-induced tumor has been so far considered to be an undifferentiated sarcoma, but in the present study it has been possible to obtain such electronmicroscopic findings that substantiate well the theory of the neuro-ectodermal supporting cell origin as suggested by the observation at optical level. In other words, a specific clinging picture of cellular membranes and the presence of desmosomes have been demonstrated. In addition, though only in rare instances, the presence of virus-like particles have been verified, and some comments have been made about the relation between tumor and the appearance of virus as well as about carcinogenic mother cell.

From the histochemical study on the vascular distribution of limb muscles of cats and rats, the following results were obtained. 1. The red, white and intermediate fibers of the soleus and gastrocnemius individually present dissimilar patterns of the vascular distribution. In the transverse section of the muscle, most of the capillaries are found preferentially assembled around the small red fiber. Usually the red fibers are supplied with 4-6 capillaries, while the intermediate fibers 3-4 capillaries and the white 1-2 capillaries. 2. In the longitudinal section, the capillaries run parallel with the muscle fiber. Occasionally, these capillaries branching out for anastomoses cross the fiber almost at right angle. These anastomoses are more frequently observed on the red fibers. 3. The soleus muscle is better supplied with capillaries than is the gastrocnemius, because this muscle is composed only of two types of capillary rich fibers, namely, the red and intermediate fibers. 4. The mean capillary-fiber ratio of the cat gastrocnemius proves to be 0.6 and that of the soleus 1.4. 5. From these observations, it is considered that there is an intimate relationship between the capillary distribution pattern and the type of individual muscle fibers. 6. The red fibers being with a high oxidative enzyme activity and rich in mitochondria may require an abundant supply of oxygen and have a greater number of capillaries. In contrast to this, the white fibers with a lower enzyme activity and a fewer mitochondria need not to consume so much oxygen and are supplied with a fewer capillaries, because they participate only in phasic contraction. The intermediate fibers, with a moderate enzyme activity, may be considered to have a moderate number of capillaries.

From the histochemical study of the intercostal muscles of cat, the following results were obtained. 1. Three different types of muscle fibers have been clearly distinguished in intercostal muscles by histochemical demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase; namely, the white fibers are stained faintly, while the red fibers deep blue and the intermediate fibers purple or bluish purple. 2. The difference in these stains is due to the degree of the enzyme activity, i. e., the areas of high SDH activity are stained deep blue while those of relatively low SDH activity are stained purple. 3. At oil immersion magnification, the differences among the three types of fibers are clearly distinguishable by the amount, size, distribution pattern and subsarcolemmal precipitation of Nitro-BT formazan particles. 4. Concerning the spatial distribution of these three types of fibers in each intercostal muscle, the muscles in the cranial and caudal parts of thorax (I-IV, VIII-XII) show a higher proportion of red fibers, while those in the middle thorax show a higher proportion of white fibers. 5. The vertebral portion of the first internal intercostal muscle is composed of only two types of fibers, red and intermediate ones, and their diameters are almost the same in size as in soleus muscle. In the middle intercostal muscle (V-VII), an intimate relationship can clearly be observed between the size and the enzyme activity of muscle fibers as in the gastrocnemius muscle. 6. In comparison with the anatomy of thorax and the distribution of muscle fibers, it may be presumed that there is a close relationship between the distribution and the scope of thorax movements, however, no definite relation between the distribution pattern and respiratory participation of muscle fibers. 7. Hence, it appears that the intercostal muscles in the cranial and caudal parts of thorax perform original respiratory movements, while the muscles in the middle thorax mainly perform voluntary respiratory movements, perhaps display their function during forced breathing. The intermediate fibers may usually have some tonus and carry out the role of resisting ribs from falling inside by negative pressure of the thoracic cavity.

Strongylidae Baird. 1853 1. Trichonema goldi Boulenger. 1916 2. T. poculatum (Looss. 1900) 3. T. longibursatum (Yorke et Macfie. 1918) 4. T. bicoronatum (Looss. 1900) 5. Bourgelatia diducta RaiJJiet. Henry et Bauche. 1919 6. Gyalocephalus capitatus Looss, 1900 7. Oesophagostomum columbianum Curtice. 1890 8. Chabertia ovina (Gmelin. 1790) RailIiet et Henry. 1909 Trichostrongylidae Leiper. 1912 9. Trichostrongylus axei (Cobb., 1879) RaiJJiet et Henry. 1909 10. T. colubriformis (Giles. 1892) Ransom. 1911 11. Haemonchus contortus (Rud., 1803) 12. Ostertagia circumcincta (Stadelmann. 1894) Ransom. 1907 13. Cooperia curticei (Giles. 1892) Ransom. 1907 14. Heligmosomum costellatum (Duj., 1845) Railliet et Henry. 1909 15. Longistriata wolgaensis Schulz. 1926

Adversive movement was first reported in 1870 by Fritsch and Hitzig when they said that when gyrus Sylvii was stimulated electrically the eyes moved to the opposite side of the stimulation. Vogt and Foerster made a detailed report on adversive movement, which is a rotary motion of the head, trunk and both eyes. But in their report, they did not make it clear what tracts the stimulation took. Mitsueda, who iS under Hayashi, defined the cortical area of the eye balls and the eye lids. He reported that they were of the extrapyramidal kind. Russel reported that when the cerebellum was stimulated the eye balls moved to the side of the stimulation, but did not say anything about adveraive movements which concerned the movement of the head and the trunk. Therefore, to ascertain the center of adversive movement and its tract the following experiments were performed. For stimulation electrical ones and chemical ones using metrazol (cardiazol) were used. As Ishizuka, who is under Hayashi, has proved excitement is only seen when cardiazol is injected among the nerve cells at a certain concentration, and it is not seen when injected among the nerve fibres.

Increase of capillary permeability is the chief symptomatic reaction of various pathologic states, especially that of localized inflammation, and this is the characteristic pharmacological properties of histamine at a far smaller concentration than that of any other chemical substances (Lewis, 1927; Crammer and Hele, 1944). There are numerous observations as to the diminishing effect of antihistamines on the flare and wheal caused by histamine and the inhibition by antihistamines of localized accumulation of intravenously injected dyes, such as trypan blue, referable to intradermal injection of histamine (for refs. cf. Loew, 1947; Fe£nberg et al., 1950). As for the inhibition of capillary permeability by antihistamines, some maintain that this action is limited to the case where such permeability has been increased by histamine (Wells, Morris and Dragstedt, 1946; Netter, 1947; Rigdon, 1949), but no single and decisive conclusion can yet be given.