Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2662-2963 7 6 2026 A simple proof for the existence of V-form fronts in reaction–diffusion equations 48 EN Satomu Nagashima Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Masaharu Taniguchi Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Advanced Research Field, Okayama University George Taylor Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University This paper studies V-form traveling fronts to a bistable reaction–diffusion equation. V-form traveling fronts have been studied so far for many reaction–diffusion equations. The proof of its existence is often based on the multi-scale method. In this paper we present a new simple proof for the existence of V-form traveling fronts based on estimates by inscribed balls. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Kazakhstan Society of Geneticists and Breeders Acta Medica Okayama 3134-6359 1 3 2026 Advances and Future Perspectives of Targeted Mutagenesis in Barley 202615 EN Hiroshi Hisano Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Targeted mutagenesis technologies, commonly referred to as �ggenome editing�h, have rapidly become transformative tools in crop breeding. Modern crop production faces mounting challenges such as climate change, emerging diseases, and shifting quality demands, creating an urgent need for breeding approaches that enable more precise genetic improvement within shorter timeframes. Targeted mutagenesis capable of introducing mutations accurately and efficiently began with the development of meganucleases and subsequently evolved through ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas systems. Recent technological advances, including multiplex editing and DNA-free genome editing, have made direct modification of elite cultivars increasingly feasible, helping to overcome long-standing barriers associated with genotype dependency and the complexity of polyploid genomes. Targeted mutagenesis has now been applied to a wide range of breeding targets, including disease resistance, tolerance to abiotic stresses, yield-related traits, and quality traits. Moreover, machine learning and AI are beginning to support target selection and phenotype prediction, ushering in an era in which genome editing can be integrated into breeding programs more rationally and efficiently. These scientific developments coincide with regulatory shifts in many countries toward easing restrictions on new genomic techniques (NGTs), particularly by treating SDN-1 genome-edited crops equivalently to those produced through conventional breeding. Such changes are expected to accelerate field trials, commercialization, and international collaboration. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including bottlenecks in transformation efficiency, off-target assessment, the control of complex traits, societal acceptance, and unresolved regulatory details. Even so, genome editing is poised to become a central technology in next-generation cereal breeding, enabling the development of cultivars with greater resilience, productivity, and adaptability to diverse industrial needs. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

IOP Publishing Acta Medica Okayama 0021-4922 65 7 2026 Study of preload mechanism for small piezoelectric transducers with hollow structure for cryogenic environments 07SP13 EN Souta Mimura Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takefumi Kanda Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Daisuke Yamaguchi Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuki Kubo Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shuichi Wakimoto Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University In various industrial fields, cryogenic fluids such as liquid hydrogen and liquid nitrogen are increasingly used as fuels and refrigerants. To control the flow rate of those fluids, valves that can be operated in cryogenic environments are needed. In general, the miniaturization of the valve can be achieved by using a piezoelectric ceramic as an actuator to drive the mechanism. Additionally, the properties degradation can be suppressed by applying a preload to the piezoelectric ceramic. To miniaturize the piezoelectric actuator applying preload at low temperature conditions, we use differences in thermal expansion coefficients to apply preload to the piezoelectric ceramics. In this study, we have designed and fabricated a small piezoelectric transducer with a hollow structure for cryogenic environments by using this proposed structure. To evaluate the fabricated transducer, we have measured vibration velocity and estimated the acceleration in cryogenic environments. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 0289-0771 2026 Temporally structured plasticity in death-feigning behavior in response to nutritional conditions in Tribolium castaneum EN Kohjiro Shibuya Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kentarou Matsumura Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Takahisa Miyatake Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Investment in antipredator behavior and foraging both directly influence fitness, yet these investments are often subject to trade-offs. In income-breeding species, individuals may initially prioritize foraging after adult emergence and subsequently increase investment in antipredator behavior as their nutritional condition improves. In this study, we investigated temporal changes in death-feigning behavior, an antipredator response, in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum from immediately after adult emergence. Both fed and starved individuals exhibited an increase in death-feigning duration with time after emergence. However, in starved individuals, this trend reversed after approximately 15 days, with a marked decline in duration. These results suggest that the increase in investment in death-feigning behavior early in adulthood is relatively inflexible, whereas behavioral responses become highly plastic in response to environmental conditions around day 15. Furthermore, individuals that were fed until day 18 before starvation showed a less pronounced behavioral change than those subjected to starvation from the beginning of the experimental period, suggesting that the timing of environmental exposure may influence subsequent behavioral responses. Together, these findings suggest that behavioral plasticity is not constant over time but is instead structured across developmental stages. We propose a novel conceptual framework, termed temporally structured plasticity (TSP), to describe this pattern. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 0289-0771 2026 Experimental evolution of female mating responses to infertile males in Tribolium castaneum EN Yui Fujii Faculty of Environmental, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yui Asano Faculty of Environmental, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kenta Kori Faculty of Environmental, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kentarou Matsumura Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Yukio Yasui Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University Chihiro Himuro Okinawa Prefectural Plant Protection Center Yutaka Nakamoto Okinawa Prefectural Plant Protection Center Yoshitaka Sokei Okinawa Prefectural Plant Protection Center Takahisa Miyatake Faculty of Environmental, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University In many animal populations, infertile males�\those unable to reproduce�\are commonly present. If females mate exclusively with such males, they fail to produce offspring. How, then, do females deal with this situation? Distinguishing infertile from fertile males both before and after copulation is difficult for females. Here, we tested the hypothesis of bet-hedging polyandry, in which females mitigate the risk of reproductive failure by mating with multiple males, using experimental evolution in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). Females were cohabited with males artificially sterilized by sublethal radiation and with untreated males at a 1:1 ratio (sterile:untreated). After more than 15 generations, females from the treatment strains did not avoid mating with infertile males, leading to reduced reproductive success. However, compared with the control strains, females from the treated strains tended to mate with a greater number of males. The results raise the possibility that increased polyandry (mating with multiple males) may evolve rather than relying on pre- or post-copulatory discrimination to mitigate the risk posed by infertile males. Bet-hedging is a strategy that spreads or minimizes risk under uncertainty, and these results are consistent with the hypothesis that polyandry can function as a bet-hedging strategy against uncertain male fertility. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 0340-5443 80 11 2026 No evidence for differential allocation or sex ratio adjustment in response to male attractiveness in the broad-horned flour beetle 132 EN Kensuke Okada Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Katsuya Kiyose Seibukasei Co., Ltd Masako Katsuki Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University Sexual selection theory predicts that females can enhance the benefits of mate choice by increasing reproductive investment (differential allocation) or by biasing offspring sex ratios toward sons (sex ratio adjustment) when mating with attractive males. Clear empirical support for these hypotheses has been documented in many vertebrate taxa, whereas relatively few studies have tested them in invertebrates. Here, we investigated whether females adjust reproductive investment and offspring sex ratio in response to male attractiveness in the beetle Gnatocerus cornutus. We assessed male attractiveness using copulation latency and examined its associations with female lifetime reproductive success, egg size, and offspring sex ratio under single-mating conditions. Our results, however, provide no support for either the differential allocation or sex ratio adjustment hypotheses: females did not alter reproductive investment or offspring sex ratio according to mate quality. In this species, male sexual phenotypes are strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Such phenotype–genotype mismatches may reduce the reliability of male traits as indicators of genetic quality and increase the likelihood of assessment errors by females. This may explain the absence of maternal allocation in relation to mate attractiveness in G. cornutus. Instead, previous work on this beetle indicates that females can secure genetic benefits by remating with more attractive males and biasing fertilization toward their sperm. Our findings therefore suggest that postcopulatory mechanisms, rather than differential maternal allocation, provide a more effective route for females to secure the benefits of mate choice in G. cornutus. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2662-4435 7 1 2026 Rapid fluvial response to meter-scale coseismic coastal uplift during the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake 742 EN Takayuki Takahashi International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University Takuro Ogura Graduate School of Social Sciences, Hitotsubashi University Kotaro Iizuka Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo Yoshiya Iwasa Faculty of Education, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka Yuichi S. Hayakawa Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo Tatsuto Aoki Institute of Human and Social Sciences, Kanazawa University Nobuhisa Matta Graduate School of Education, Okayama University The response of river profiles to relative base-level change is a key topic in earth surface processes, but observations capturing these changes on unconsolidated deposits at a 1–10 years timescales are scarce. We monitored geomorphic changes at the Hakka River mouth after the 3.5-meter base-level fall caused by coseismic uplift of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake, Japan. Utilizing uncrewed aerial vehicle surveys, we documented a maximum vertical riverbed lowering of 2 m and knickpoint upstream migration of 770-m within the first-year post-earthquake, primarily triggered by erosion during major floods that followed the earthquake. Our findings demonstrate that fluvial terraces can develop within a year or less, following co-seismic coastal uplift. However, the river has not yet reached a renewed graded stage because riverbed armoring resulting from sediment sorting during incision currently inhibits further incision. We suggest that the abandonment of alluvial plains and lowering and widening of the riverbed in the lower 10-km segment will continue over the next decade. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

IEEE Acta Medica Okayama 2026 Tourism Demand Forecasting Using Machine Learning with Cross-Model Feature Ranking 11689307 EN Yomei Hendra Okayama University Tsuyoshi Migita Okayama University Norikazu Takahashi Okayama University This study proposes a machine learning (ML) framework for forecasting tourist visits to a destination, leveraging feature ranking consistency across heterogeneous models. The proposed framework uses a unified stepwise feature selection pipeline to systematically determine a subset of given features that reduces prediction error of an ML model. The transferability of feature rankings is demonstrated through experiments using ML models including Random Forest, XGBoost, LightGBM, and Support Vector Regression (SVR), and a dataset related to tourist visits to West Sumatra, Indonesia. Experimental results show that i) SVR using top four features in the feature ranking based on SHAP achieves the highest accuracy and ii) application of the feature ranking based on XGBoost improves performance stability across other models, reducing error fluctuations. These findings reveal that an optimized feature subset combined with cross-model ranking transfer can outperform more complex ensembles, highlighting the importance of ranking robustness in tourism forecasting. The proposed framework provides a methodological foundation for building interpretable and dataefficient decision support systems for tourism management and policy planning. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0308-8146 526 2026 Flavor encapsulation capacities of amphiphilic polyvinylpyrrolidone as a carrier for amorphous solid dispersions 150819 EN Haruna Sato Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Nao Honda Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takato Hasegawa Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Chika Araga Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hiroyuki Imanaka Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Naoyuki Ishida Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University Koreyoshi Imamura Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University This study investigates the characteristics of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) formed using an amphiphilic carrier polymer, focusing on the effects of source solution conditions on flavor retention. Cinnamaldehyde and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were dissolved as flavor and carrier components in methanol or ethanol under different conditions and subsequently spray-dried into fine powders. The amount of cinnamaldehyde retained in the spray-dried ASDs was quantified to assess the impact of solution conditions. The results indicate that cinnamaldehyde molecules were physically entrapped within the entangled PVP chains during the spray-drying process. The flavor encapsulation capacity of PVP reached a maximum of approximately 4 mmol/g-PVP under specific conditions. This maximum capacity implies that each cinnamaldehyde molecule is associated with approximately two PVP monomer units, which is higher than those reported for selected cyclodextrin-based systems in comparable contexts of cinnamaldehyde encapsulation. Additionally, the dissipation of cinnamaldehyde from the ASD samples during storage under vacuum was examined. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 3059-3700 2 1 2026 Delta morphology reveals timings of early ocean regression and hydrologic shift on ancient Mars 37 EN Ren Kito Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Hitoshi Hasegawa Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University Trishit Ruj Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Tetsuji Muto Department of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University Gian Gabriele Ori International Research School of Planetary Sciences, Università d�fAnnunzio Goro Komatsu International Research School of Planetary Sciences, Università d�fAnnunzio Mars�f ancient hydrologic history remains a subject of debate, with competing interpretations suggesting either a large ocean or scattered lacustrine environments. Here, we show that delta morphology on Mars records a shift between these hydrologic regimes. Through controlled tank experiments, we identify two distinct delta types: �globe-extruding deltas�h formed during water-level falls and �gstepped fan-deltas�h formed during rising water levels. The lobe-extruding deltas occur near proposed paleo-coastlines and are dated to ~3.8–3.2 Ga, consistent with the existence of a Late Noachian–Hesperian ocean and its subsequent regression in the Late Hesperian. In contrast, stepped fan-deltas are found at a wider range of elevations and exhibit significantly younger ages (~2.1–0.1 Ga), suggesting episodic, localized lake formation during the Amazonian. Our findings constrain the timing of the planetary-scale transition from a global hydrosphere to localized aqueous environments and refine the understanding of Mars�f paleoclimate evolution and potential habitability. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1347-9032 2026 Clinical Significance of a Cell-Of-Origin-Based Classification in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma EN Tatsuya Kikuchi Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Soichiro Ako Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hironari Kato Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama City Hospital Hideaki Kinugasa Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Masaki Uchida Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Takashi Oda Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Ryosuke Hirai Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Akihiro Matsumi Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kazuya Miyamoto Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hiroyuki Terasawa Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yuki Fujii Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Daisuke Uchida Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kazuyuki Matsumoto Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Koichiro Tsutsumi Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Shigeru Horiguchi Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kazuya Yasui Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tomokazu Fuji Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kosei Takagi Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hirokazu Kato Bioinformatics Analysis Center, Kagawa University Tomoyuki Honda Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Fumio Otsuka Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Motoyuki Otsuka Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies, with limited therapeutic options and poor clinical outcomes. Although PDAC has traditionally been thought to arise from ductal epithelial cells, recent studies using genetically engineered mouse models have demonstrated that acinar cells can also serve as a cell of origin, giving rise to tumors with distinct biological properties. Here, we investigated whether such lineage-specific differences are preserved in human PDAC. RNA sequencing was performed on resected specimens from 40 treatment-naïve patients with PDAC, and tumors were classified into Acinar- and Ductal-subtypes using lineage-specific gene expression signatures derived from mouse models. This classification strategy was further applied to human PDAC cell lines, followed by in vitro drug sensitivity assays. Patients with Acinar-subtype tumors had significantly longer overall survival than those with Ductal-subtype tumors (median, 54.0 vs. 26.5 months; p < 0.01), and multivariate analysis identified the ductal cell-derived tumor signature as an independent predictor of poor prognosis (HR, 3.74 [95% CI, 1.41–9.97]; p = 0.01). Among patients who developed postoperative recurrence, Acinar-subtype tumors were associated with more durable disease control (≥ 10 months) following gemcitabine-based chemotherapy than Ductal-subtype tumors (63.6% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.02). Consistently, pancreatic cancer cell lines classified as Acinar-subtype showed greater sensitivity to gemcitabine (p < 0.01) and paclitaxel (p < 0.05). These findings extend the clinical relevance of cell-of-origin signatures beyond prognostic stratification, highlighting the potential of cell-of-origin-based classification for treatment stratification and precision medicine in PDAC. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press (OUP) Acta Medica Okayama 0366-7022 55 9 2026 Size-dependent reflection behavior of graphene oxide-based photonic crystals upag176 EN Daisuke Ogawa Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University Yuta Nishina Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Koki Sano Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets can spontaneously self-assemble into photonic crystals in water, exhibiting structural colors based on Bragg reflection. In this study, we systematically investigated the effect of GO lateral size on the reflection behavior of GO-based photonic crystals. Reflection spectroscopy revealed that both the reflection peak intensity and its time-dependent evolution strongly depended on the GO lateral size, suggesting the existence of an optimal size range for maximizing their reflection intensity. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 0931-2250 212 6 2026 Validation and Fine Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated With Salinity Tolerance at Reproductive Stage on Chromosome 6 in the Rice Variety Nona Bokra e70252 EN M M Emam Ahmed Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Koki Maeoka Graduate School of Environment and Life Science, Okayama University Yuki Sakata School of Agriculture, Okayama University Asami Tomita Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yoshihiko Hirai Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting rice production globally. Previously, one promising salinity-tolerant line (SL535) was identified through screening of Nona Bokra-CSSLs with a Koshihikari background. In 2016, 102 F2 individuals derived from SL535/Koshihikari were evaluated under long-term salt stress, with salt treatment imposed from the active tillering stage to maturity to investigate salt tolerance at the reproductive stage. Three QTLs for plant dry weight, panicle number, and panicle weight were detected on chromosome 6. This genomic region was further validated in 2019 and 2020 for plant dry weight, tiller number, and Na+ and Cl�| contents using homozygous lines with or without the Nona Bokra allele in a Koshihikari background. As expected, significantly higher tiller number and lower Na+ and Cl�| contents were maintained in plants carrying the Nona Bokra allele (NIL) at the full-heading stage. In 2023, seven newly developed NILs were evaluated for agronomic traits under control and salt stress conditions. Based on their performance, the QTL for plant dry weight, qPDW6.1, was narrowed down to a 390 kb region ranging from 4.78 to 5.17 Mb on chromosome 6. Within this region, several stress-related candidate genes were predicted based on annotation information and variant effect prediction analysis. Among them, two genes, Os06g0196700 (Auxin response factor 1) and Os06g0199100 (P-type pentatricopeptide repeat protein), were considered the most likely candidate genes associated with salt tolerance. These findings provide a foundation for future gene cloning and functional validation studies, which may help elucidate the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance at the reproductive stage. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 0021-8820 2026 Amino acid mapping–guided scaffold selection and hit identification of histidine kinase inhibitors from a virtual library of over 12 million compounds EN Teruhiko Ishikawa Graduate School of Education, Okayama University Yoko Eguchi Department of Science and Technology on Food Safety, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University Toshihide Okajima SANKEN, The University of Osaka Masayuki Igarashi Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) Shino Ohira Analysis Technology Center, FUJIFILM Corporation Kyosuke Tsumura Analysis Technology Center, FUJIFILM Corporation Kazumasa Sakurai High Pressure Protein Research Center, Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University Yoshimasa Ishizaki Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) Chigusa Hayashi Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) Shammi Akter Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University Jiro Nakayama Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University Chie Kohayakawa Department of Lead Exploration Units, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Osaka Akiyoshi Tani Department of Lead Exploration Units, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Osaka Naoki Sawa Graduate School of Education, Okayama University Takaomi Katsumoto Graduate School of Education, Okayama University Fumiya Matsumoto Graduate School of Education, Okayama University Jun-Ichi Haruta Department of Lead Exploration Units, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Osaka Ryutaro Utsumi SANKEN, The University of Osaka Waldiomycin is a natural product originally isolated from actinomycete extracts. It inhibits histidine kinases (HKs), which are essential components of bacterial two-component signal transduction systems, by targeting the conserved H-box region and suppressing autophosphorylation. Here, we identified novel HK inhibitors using amino acid mapping (AAM)-based virtual screening. We compared the AAM descriptor of the naphthoquinone moiety of waldiomycin, which directly interacts with the H-box region, with those of approximately 12 million commercially available compounds and identified 714 candidates with similar descriptor values. From these candidates, we selected 9-hydroxy-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one as a promising and structurally distinct scaffold and synthesized 15 derivatives. The inhibitory activities of these derivatives were evaluated against the HKs WalK, VicK, and EnvZ. Three 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives (FF-054, FF-055, and FF-060) exhibited potent inhibitory activity, with IC50 values ranging from 4.39 to 259 µM. Notably, the IC50 values of these compounds increased three- to six-fold against the EnvZ S242A mutant, in which the conserved H-box residue is substituted. Furthermore, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis using the EnvZ DHp domain (residues 223–289, encompassing the H-box region) confirmed direct interaction with this domain. Taken together, these results demonstrate that pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives FF-054, FF-055, and FF-060 are novel HK inhibitors that target the H-box region. This study represents the first successful application of AAM-based screening to identify HK inhibitors targeting this highly conserved region. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 0140-7791 2026 Natural Variation in Brachypodium distachyon Primarily Links Lignin Reinforcement to Rhizoctonia solani Resistance EN Rozi Fernanda Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Niranjan Mahadevan Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka Megumi Watanabe Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Nanami Sakata Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hidenori Matsui Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuhiro Toyoda Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuki Ichinose Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yoshiteru Noutoshi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1867-1071 43 2 2024 Cranial and spinal computed tomography (CT) angiography with photon-counting detector CT: comparison with angiographic and operative findings 143 151 EN Fumiyo Higaki Department of Radiology, Okayama University Hospital Masafumi Hiramatsu Department of Neurological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Takao Yasuhara Department of Neurological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Susumu Sasada Department of Neurological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Yoshihiro Otani Department of Neurological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Jun Haruma Department of Neurological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Tomohiro Inoue Division of Radiological Technology, Okayama University Hospital Yusuke Morimitsu Division of Radiological Technology, Okayama University Hospital Noriaki Akagi Division of Radiological Technology, Okayama University Hospital Yusuke Matsui Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Toshihiro Iguchi Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University Takao Hiraki Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University The clinical imaging features of photon-counting detector (PCD) computed tomography (CT) are mainly known as dose reduction, improvement of spatial resolution, and reduction of artifacts compared to energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT). The utility of cranial and spinal PCD-CT and PCD-CT angiography (CTA) has been previously reported. CTA is a widely used technique for noninvasive evaluation. Cranial CTA is important in brain tumors, especially glioblastoma; it evaluates whether the tumor is highly vascularized prior to an operation and helps in the diagnosis and assessment of bleeding risk. Spinal CTA has an important role in the estimation of feeders and drainers prior to selective angiography in the cases of spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas and spinal tumors, especially in hemangioblastoma. So far, EID-CTA is commonly performed in an adjunctive role prior to selective angiography; PCD-CTA with high spatial resolution can be an alternative to selective angiography. In the cases of cerebral aneurysms, flow diverters are important tools for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, and postoperative evaluation with cone beam CT with angiography using diluted contrast media is performed to evaluate stent adhesion and in-stent thrombosis. If CTA can replace selective angiography, it will be less invasive for the patient. In this review, we present representative cases with PCD-CT. We also show how well the cranial and spinal PCD-CTA approaches the accuracy of angiographic and intraoperative findings. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Astronomical Society Acta Medica Okayama 0004-637X 980 1 2025 Observing Supernova Neutrino Light Curves with Super-Kamiokande. V. Distance Estimation with Neutrinos 117 EN Yudai Suwa Department of Earth Science and Astronomy, The University of Tokyo Akira Harada Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program (iTHEMS), RIKEN Masamitsu Mori Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Ken�fichiro Nakazato Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University Ryuichiro Akaho Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University Masayuki Harada Department of Physics, Okayama University Yusuke Koshio Department of Physics, Okayama University Fumi Nakanishi Department of Physics, Okayama University Kohsuke Sumiyoshi National Institute of Technology, Numazu College Roger A. Wendell Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU, WPI), Todai Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo Neutrinos are pivotal signals in multimessenger observations of supernovae (SNe). Recent advancements in the analysis method of supernova (SN) neutrinos, especially in quantitative analysis, have significantly broadened scientific possibilities. This study demonstrates the feasibility of estimating distances to SNe using neutrinos. This estimation utilizes the direct relationship between the radius of a neutron star (NS) and the distance to the supernova, which is analogous to main-sequence fitting. The radius of an NS is determined with an approximate uncertainty of 10% through observations such as X-rays and gravitational waves. By integrating this information, the distance to the supernova can be estimated with an uncertainty of within 15% at a 95% confidence level. It has been established that neutrinos can pinpoint the direction of supernovae, and when combined with distance estimates, three-dimensional localization becomes achievable. This capability is vital for follow-up observations using multimessenger approaches. Moreover, more precise distance determinations to SNe through follow-up observations, such as optical observations, allow for accurate measurements of neutron-star radii. This data, via the neutron-star mass–radius relationship, could provide various insights into nuclear physics. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 0961-8368 35 10 2026 Conformational stability and domain�]specific structural features of tumor autoantigens regulate autoantibody epitope propensity e70808 EN Ai Miyamoto Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Rika Yamamoto Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Ryui Sakaguchi Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Rikako Kutsuma Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Takeru Mori Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Mirei Masui Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Tomoko Honjo Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Midori Futami Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Science, Okayama University of Science Mariko Morii Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Hiromi Watanabe Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Tadahiro Kuribayashi Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Kadoaki Ohashi Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Katsuyuki Kiura Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Junichiro Futami Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Autoantibodies against tumor-associated autoantigens are clinically valuable biomarkers for cancer diagnosis; however, the structural determinants governing epitope selectivity remain unknown. Here, we investigated whether the intrinsic conformational stability of target autoantigens regulates the epitope propensity of tumor-associated autoantibodies in non-small cell lung cancer. Using a dual-antigen Luminex bead-based assay that presents each autoantigen in both native and S-cationized denatured forms, we directly compared IgG autoantibody reactivity toward conformational and linear epitopes across 11 autoantigens. Intrinsically disordered aggregation-prone autoantigens, including cancer/testis antigens, NY-ESO-1, and XAGE-1b, predominantly elicit linear epitope-directed responses, whereas thermodynamically stable soluble autoantigens generally drive conformational epitope recognition. Intriguingly, for autoantigens harboring both ordered and disordered segments, the immune response is strictly guided by domain-specific biophysics: while p53-specific antibodies preferentially target their flanking disordered regions, the Wilms' tumor protein 1 exceptionally drives conformational recognition directed toward its structured zinc-finger domains. Recombinant solubility in Escherichia coli broadly correlated with epitope class across all 11 autoantigens, confirming that prokaryotic folding efficiency generally reflects intrinsic conformational stability in vivo for autonomously folding monomeric cytosolic proteins. Independent computational validation was provided by the concordance between the experimental solubility ratios and AlphaFold3-derived Rosetta energy unit/solvent-accessible surface area values, demonstrating the convergence of thermodynamic estimates and patient-derived immune data within a unifying biophysical framework. These findings establish that the autoantibody epitope propensity is closely associated with the thermodynamic stability of the target autoantigen and provide a rational basis for tailoring antigen preparation strategies for autoantibody-based cancer diagnosis. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Geophysical Union (AGU) Acta Medica Okayama 0094-8276 53 18 2026 Hydrogen-Bond Symmetrization in Hydrous Aluminous Silica Enhances Deep-Mantle Water Cycle e2026GL123823 EN Chaoshuai Zhao State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, University of Science and Technology of China Zhu Mao State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, University of Science and Technology of China Yingxin Yu Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford Ningyu Sun State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, University of Science and Technology of China Yunhua Fu SKLab�]DeepMinE, MOEKLab�]OBCE, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University Jianbo Zhang Center for High�]Pressure Science and Technology Advance Research Hanns�]Peter Liermann Deutsches Elektronen�]Synchrotron DESY Renbiao Tao Center for High�]Pressure Science and Technology Advance Research Takayuki Ishii Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University (Al, H)-bearing CaCl2-type SiO2 serves as a key water carrier in Earth's deep-water cycle. Evolution of hydrogen-bond symmetrization in this phase was measured up to 62 GPa and 800 K by synchrotron infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. It undergoes symmetrization at ∼30 GPa and 300 K, while elevated temperature to 800 K lowers the onset pressure to ∼12 GPa. This implies that the symmetrized phase will form directly near the base of the transition zone in (Al, H)-rich subducted slabs, and deeper in (Al, H)-poor slabs via transformation from stishovite. More importantly, this symmetrization state stiffens the crystal lattice and immobilizes hydrogen within the structure, enhancing water retention and preventing hydrogen loss during subduction to the lower mantle. Our findings suggest that this phase acts as an important deep-water reservoir capable of transporting water to the lower mantle, thereby linking the deep-water cycle from Earth's surface to core-mantle boundary. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press (OUP) Acta Medica Okayama 0032-0781 2026 Disrupted FLOWERING LOCUS C alleles from weedy radish enhance the florigenic potential of rootstocks for graft-mediated floral induction in Brassicaceae pcag119 EN Ko Motoki Graduate School of Environmental, Life and Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Saki Kobayashi Graduate School of Environmental, Life and Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazusa Nishimura Graduate School of Environmental, Life and Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yu Kinoshita Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Makoto Kashima Faculty of Science, Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University Koichiro Ushijima Graduate School of Environmental, Life and Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tanjuro Goto Graduate School of Environmental, Life and Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Ken-ichiro Yasuba Graduate School of Environmental, Life and Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Munetaka Hosokawa Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University Graft-mediated floral induction is a classical yet promising breeding technique that accelerates seed production and shortens generation time in crops. However, its application remains limited to a few species because floral induction is often unstable. Even among florally induced rootstocks, grafted scions can differ in their flowering response depending on rootstock genotype, but the genetic basis of this variation remains unclear. Here, using a Brassicaceae grafting model, we investigated two early-bolting radish (Raphanus sativus) accessions differing in their ability to induce flowering. We focused on a significant difference in FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression between these accessions and identified two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with FT levels. Transcriptomic and genomic analyses revealed that both QTLs harbored previously unreported disrupted alleles of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) homologs, key floral repressors involved in vernalization, which showed reduced expression and produced defective transcripts. Grafting experiments demonstrated that these disrupted FLC alleles enhanced floral induction, with RsFLC1 having a major effect. Our results indicate that the FT expression threshold required for graft-mediated floral induction is higher than that for rootstock flowering itself and that this threshold is reached when FLC-mediated repression is substantially reduced. These alleles were inferred to have originated from weedy radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), likely contributing to early flowering in disturbed environments. This study suggests that exploring genetic variations in FT expression is an effective strategy to develop highly florigenic rootstocks, thereby broadening the application of graft-mediated floral induction in crop breeding. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 2751-1219 5 9 2026 Proton�]Radiation�]Tolerant Silicon Photonic Charge Sensor for Spacecraft Applications e70208 EN Wataru Takahama Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University Kosei Otsuka Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University Ayumi Ishihara Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University Rikuto Hojo Department of Space Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology Tomofumi Mogami ElectrostaticEngineering DEPT, Kasuga Denki INC Kazuhiro Toyoda Department of Space Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology Kohtaku Suzuki Research and Development, The Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center Yasushi Takahashi Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology,Okayama University Silicon waveguides are promising platforms for spacecraft potential sensing owing to their compactness and immunity to electromagnetic interference. However, proton-induced optical absorption in operating silicon waveguides has not been quantitatively clarified, despite their direct exposure to the space radiation environment during spacecraft operation. Here, we present a systematic elucidation of proton-radiation effects on a photonic charge sensor based on silicon photonic crystal waveguides. During proton irradiation at 20 keV, we quantitatively evaluate the increase in optical absorption under device operation and find that a fluence of 1.0 �~1014 cm�| 2 induces an additional absorption coefficient of approximately 0.41 cm�| 1 . We further demonstrate that the sensor retains its ability to measure spacecraft potential even after exposure to a high proton fluence of 1.0 �~1015 cm�| 2 , confirming its intrinsic radiation tolerance. These results establish the radiation robustness of silicon-waveguide- based sensing mechanisms and provide the first quantitative basis for implementing photonic charge sensors in radiation-rich spacecraft environments. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Physical Society (APS) Acta Medica Okayama 0031-9007 137 9 2026 Strain-Tuned Nodal Superconductivity in the Charge-Ordered Kagome Metal CsV3⁢Sb5 096003 EN Yusuke Takeuchi Department of Physics, Okayama University Akito Kobayashi Department of Physics, Okayama University Saki Uchida Department of Physics, Okayama University Takumi Nagao Department of Physics, Okayama University Seigo Ogawa Department of Physics, Okayama University Rui Zhou Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Shinji Kawasaki Department of Physics, Okayama University Fei Song Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced High-Field Superconducting Materials and Engineering, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University Hao Ni Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced High-Field Superconducting Materials and Engineering, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University Yong Zhao Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced High-Field Superconducting Materials and Engineering, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University Guo-qing Zheng Department of Physics, Okayama University The nature of the superconducting pairing symmetry in the kagome metal CsV3⁢Sb5 and its relationship with the charge density wave (CDW) order are central unresolved issues. Here, we investigate the evolution of superconductivity in CsV3⁢Sb5 under in situ uniaxial pressure using 121Sb nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR). We find that tensile strain significantly enhances the superconducting transition temperature, 𝑇c, while the CDW remains unchanged, demonstrating that superconductivity can be tuned independently of the bulk charge order. At a tensile strain of 𝜖 =+0.90%, the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate reveals a remarkable double transition: an upper transition at 𝑇c⁢1=3.6  K to a nodal gap state, and a lower one at 𝑇c⁢2=3.0  K characterized by a nodeless gap. These results evidence degenerate superconducting states with different gap symmetry in the kagome metal at ambient pressure which split under strain. Our Letter demonstrates a high tunability of superconductivity by uniaxial pressure. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 0929-1903 32 5 2025 Tob negatively regulates NF-ƒÈB activation in breast cancer through its association with the TNF receptor complex 573 583 EN Miho Tokumasu Department of Immunology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Atsuko Sato Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Taku Ito-Kureha Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Mizuki Yamamoto Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo Nao Ohmine Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Kentaro Semba Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University Jun-ichiro Inoue The University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA) Tadashi Yamamoto Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University NF-ƒÈB mediates transcriptional regulation crucial to many biological functions, and elevated NF-ƒÈB activity leads to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer. Since highly aggressive breast cancers have few therapeutic molecular targets, clarification of key molecular mechanisms of NF-ƒÈB signaling would facilitate the development of more effective therapy. In this report, we show that Tob, a member of the Tob/BTG family of antiproliferative proteins, acts as a negative regulator of the NF-ƒÈB signal in breast cancer. Studies with 35 human breast cancer cell lines reveal that Tob expression is negatively correlated with NF-ƒÈB activity. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database of clinical samples reveals an inverse correlation between Tob expression and NF-ƒÈB activity. Tob knockdown in human breast cancer cells promoted overactivation of NF-ƒÈB upon TNF-ƒ¿ treatment, whereas overexpression of Tob inhibited TNF-ƒ¿ stimulation-dependent NF-ƒÈB activation. Mechanistically, Tob associates with the TNF receptor complex I and consequently inhibits RIPK1 polyubiquitylation, leading to possible prevention of overwhelming activation of NF-ƒÈB. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 2311-5521 11 9 2026 First-Order Wall-Slip-Induced Departure from Inverse-Cubic Scaling of Levitation-Pressure RMS in a Push–Pull Levitation Stage 218 EN Eisuke Umesaki Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hiroki Suzuki Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Junji Sakamoto Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Toshinori Kouchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University This study clarifies how rarefaction-induced wall slip in a thin gas film affects the established inverse-cubic scaling law for the spatial nonuniformity of levitation pressure in a push–pull levitation stage. The levitation force in this stage is generated by the combined action of blowing and suction. The continuum-based stress description is retained, and only the wall boundary condition is changed from the no-slip condition to a first-order slip condition. Three-dimensional incompressible unsteady Stokes simulations in a thin-gap unit-cell model are combined with a lubrication-theory scaling analysis. The effects of levitation height, blowing-velocity distribution, port-radius ratio, and computational-domain width are examined systematically. The results show that wall slip has only a minor influence at relatively large levitation heights. As the levitation height decreases, however, rarefaction-induced slip increases the flow-rate conductance. Consequently, the intensity of the spatial variation in levitation pressure is systematically reduced below that predicted by the no-slip inverse-cubic scaling law. This departure is well described by a correction relation derived from the lubrication approximation and remains robust against changes in the prescribed blowing-velocity distribution and geometric conditions. These findings provide an incompressible baseline for predicting levitation-pressure nonuniformity within the nominal gap-based Knudsen-number range examined here. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 2073-4395 16 16 2026 Genetic Dissection and Fine-Mapping of QTL for Salinity Tolerance at the Reproductive Stage on Chromosome 2 of Rice Variety Nona Bokra 1518 EN Farjana Rauf Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tran Thi Thu Hien Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Asami Tomita Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yoshihiko Hirai Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Soil salinity is a major constraint limiting rice productivity, particularly at the reproductive stage. To elucidate the genetic basis of reproductive stage salinity tolerance, this study validated and fine-mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield-related traits using a salinity-tolerant line SL506, identified through screening of Nona Bokra–CSSLs in a Koshihikari background. In 2016, the F2 population derived from SL506/Koshihikari was evaluated under long-term salt stress; three QTLs associated with plant dry weight, panicle number, and grain weight were detected on chromosome 2. In 2023, validation analysis using F3 individuals confirmed the presence of these QTLs. Subsequent fine-mapping using F4 near-isogenic lines (NILs) delimited the QTL to a 1.7 Mb interval and high-resolution mapping using an F5 recombinant population progressively refined it to a 473 kb genomic region containing 69 annotated genes. Variant Effect Predictor analysis identified 15 deleterious nonsynonymous variants (SIFT < 0.05) in six candidate genes. Based on annotated gene functions, predicted variant effects, and their membership in stress-related gene families, OsPP2C24, OsFbox102, and OsWAK14 were suggested as the most promising candidate genes underlying qPDW2. These findings provide insights into the genetic basis of reproductive-stage salinity tolerance from valuable resources for the future improvement of salt tolerance and yield stability in rice. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 2673-7655 6 2 2026 Effects of Different Heading Dates on Agronomic and Yield-Related Traits Under Salt Stress in Rice 28 EN Sadia Afrin Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Sayuri Ito School of Agriculture, Okayama University M M Emam Ahmed Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shuto Ogino School of Agriculture, Okayama University Asami Tomita Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yoshihiko Hirai Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting rice production worldwide. This study aims to elucidate the effects of heading date on salt tolerance in rice. Five near-isogenic lines (NILs) developed from the SL2038/Koshihikari backcross population were grown with or without salt stress. SL2038 is a salt-tolerant line with delayed heading (~18 days) compared to the salt-sensitive background Koshihikari. The results showed that late-heading NILs produced significantly higher plant dry weight, panicle weight, percentage of filled grains, and grain weight (p < 0.05) under long-term salt stress. In Koshihikari, which exhibited delayed heading due to long-day treatment, the percentage of white heads was low, and panicle and grain weights were significantly higher under salt stress. Experiments with different sowing times indicated that late heading, such as sowing in June, resulted in higher grain weights. This is the first report to assess the impact of heading date on agronomic and yield-related traits under salt stress. In conclusion, even with a prolonged salt treatment period, heading during periods of low temperature and solar radiation results in higher grain weight under salt stress. This is proposed as one of the strategies for salt escape. These findings can be used to improve rice yield and implement crop management in salt-affected regions. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 1422-0067 27 18 2026 Salivary miR-324-5p Is Associated with Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area in People Living with HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy: A Case–Control Study 8117 EN Mohammad Nurhamim Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Aya Yokoi Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Hideharu Hagiya Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Takayuki Maruyama Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Daisuke Ekuni Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease that affects the tooth-supporting tissues. Salivary microRNA (miRNA) expression in extracellular vesicles (EVs) can reflect periodontal status. Both the prevalence and severity of periodontitis are higher in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). This study aimed to identify miRNA in salivary EVs associated with periodontitis in PWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The case group comprised PWH with periodontitis undergoing ART, while the control group included individuals with periodontitis but without HIV infection. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a specific miRNA was identified in the case group using next-generation sequencing analysis, resulting in the selection of hsa-miR-324-5p as a candidate marker of periodontitis. In the second phase, the association between miRNA expression of hsa-miR-324-5p and periodontal status in the case group was evaluated using real-time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that hsa-miR-324-5p expression was significantly associated with periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA). Bioinformatic analysis identified 10 potential hub genes for hsa-miR-324-5p that are involved in protein kinase binding and are associated with the adherens junction pathway, that may be contributing to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Salivary hsa-miR-324-5p derived from EVs may be associated with the severity of periodontitis among PWH receiving ART. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Walter de Gruyter GmbH Acta Medica Okayama 2294-1932 2026 Direct evidence for water-filled yet hydraulically isolated xylem vessels in two temperate tree species 1 14 EN Mayumi Y. Ogasa Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Yasuhiro Utsumi Ashoro Research Forest, Kyushu University Kenichi Yazaki Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Naoko H. Miki Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology Kenji Fukuda Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Xylem vessels in sapwood are typically interpreted as either conductive or non-functional following embolism or occlusion, implicitly assuming that the presence of water within the lumen reflects participation in the transpiration stream. However, the relationship between lumen water content and hydraulic connectivity has rarely been examined directly at the cellular level. In this study, we combined cryo-scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy to compare lumen water status with hydraulic connectivity on the same xylem surface in current-year xylem of Carpinus tschonoskii and Aria alnifolia, using tension-driven dye uptake to identify conductive vessels. Most vessels were stained and water-filled, consistent with functional conduits, whereas unstained gas-filled vessels corresponded to embolized conduits. Notably, certain vessels retained water despite lacking dye signals, indicating hydraulic isolation from the conductive xylem network. Although these vessels represented a minor fraction of the conduit population, their occurrence suggests that the traditionally binary classification should be expanded to incorporate an additional conduit function. These vessels were observed in both species, suggesting that hydraulically disconnected vessels represent a common phenomenon across species. These findings reveal previously underrecognized heterogeneity in xylem hydraulic organisation and demonstrate that conduit status cannot always be inferred from the presence of water alone. Recognising this intermediate condition refines current interpretations of xylem function and highlights the value of integrating high-resolution imaging with hydraulic measurements. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Acta Medica Okayama 2474-9567 9 3 2025 Presentation Quality Assessment through Audience 3D Facial and Head Direction Using Conventional Cameras 1 15 EN Goshi Imamura Okayama University Atsushi Nakazawa Okayama University This paper shows the method for evaluating the quality of presentations using information from the audience's facial and head behavior. Existing studies have focused on assessing presentation skills by analyzing presentation materials and the presenter's verbal and non-verbal cues, however, since a presentation is an interaction between the presenter and the audience, the presentation quality is not only influenced by presenter's information but also audience's information such as their background knowledge. This means that the presenter's output alone is not enough for a comprehensive evaluation of the presentation. To address this, we show a method that utilizes videos of the audience recorded during presentations using two cameras: one capturing from the presenter's point of view and the other from around the presentation screen. The 3D position and direction of the audience's face were detected using face detection techniques, which were then used to predict gaze targets, such as the presenter and the presentation screen. The number of times these targets were looked at during the presentation served as feature values for evaluating presentation quality. Using a dataset of 18 presenters and 32 audience members, this paper shows a significant correlation between subjective ratings and behavioral characteristics. It also demonstrates an algorithm that infers the quality of a presentation from these feature values. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1058-8388 2026 MIT/TFE family transcription factors, Mitf and Tfec, redundantly promote pigment cell differentiation and retinal epithelium pigmentation in teleosts 1 15 EN James Lister Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Keisuke Sugiwaka Department of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Tetsuaki Kimura Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) & Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology Rieko Tanaka World Medaka Aquarium, Nagoya Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens Makoto Goda Institute of Photonics Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hikaru Kobayashi Department of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikako Inoue R&D Fish Breeding Group, Regional Fish Institute, Ltd. Kawilarang W. A. Masengi Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University Kazunori Yamahira Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus Kiyoshi Naruse Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) & Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology Satoshi Ansai Ushimado Marine Institute, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Robert N. Kelsh Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath Masahiko Hibi Department of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Hisashi Hashimoto Department of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Background: Transcription factors of the MIT/TFE family�\mitfa, mitfb, and tfec�\play essential roles in specifying pigment cells derived from neural crest cells in vertebrates. In teleosts, which possess multiple pigment cell types, these factors exhibit partially redundant but largely distinct functions across different pigment lineages. We previously reported that the combined loss of mitfa and mitfb leads to a complete absence of melanophores, xanthophores, and leucophores in medaka.<br> Results: Here, we describe newly generated hypomorphic alleles of mitfa and mitfb, which result in delayed melanophore development. Using these hypomorphic mutants in combination with a newly generated null allele of tfec, we show that Tfec can partially compensate for the loss of Mitfa and Mitfb in melanophore, xanthophore, and leucophore differentiation. Consistent with previous findings in zebrafish, loss of tfec alone results in the complete absence of iridophores. Importantly, simultaneous null mutations in all three genes cause a complete loss of all four chromatophore types and lead to defective pigmentation of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), which is not derived from the neural crest in both Oryzias species and in zebrafish. Using an RPE-specific marker, we further show that the RPE is specified and structurally intact but fails to melanize.<br> Conclusions: These findings indicate that the redundant functions of Mitfa, Mitfb, and Tfec are not only essential for the specification of diverse pigment cell types but also critical for RPE pigmentation. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

BMJ Acta Medica Okayama 2044-6055 16 6 2026 Association between venous access-site closure device use and postoperative nausea and vomiting after atrial fibrillation ablation under propofol sedation: a single-centre retrospective observational study in Okayama, Japan e117719 EN Haruna Sakanoue Department of Nursing, Okayama Heart Clinic Hirosuke Yamaji Heart Rhythm Centre, Okayama Heart Clinic Sayaka Okamoto Department of Nursing, Okayama Heart Clinic Kumi Okano Department of Nursing, Okayama Heart Clinic Yuka Fujita Department of Nursing, Okayama Heart Clinic Shunichi Higashiya Heart Rhythm Centre, Okayama Heart Clinic Takashia Murakami Heart Rhythm Centre, Okayama Heart Clinic Satoshi Hirohata Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Shozo Kusachi Heart Rhythm Centre, Okayama Heart Clinic Objectives To examine whether the use of a venous access-site closure device is associated with the occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation under propofol sedation.<br> Design Observational study.<br> Setting A single-centre retrospective observational study in Okayama, Japan.<br> Participants We retrospectively analysed consecutive patients who underwent AF ablation under deep propofol sedation with adaptive servo-ventilation. A total of 686 patients were included. Patients were managed using a standardised sedation protocol with or without low-dose pentazocine. Patients treated with conventional manual compression for haemostasis (n=383) were compared with those treated using a venous access-site closure device (n=303).<br> Interventions Postprocedural bed rest duration and the incidence and timing of PONV were compared between groups. Associations between closure device use and PONV were evaluated using logistic regression analysis.<br> Primary outcome measure The primary outcome was the occurrence of PONV following AF ablation.<br> Results All procedures were completed under propofol sedation without conversion to general anaesthesia. The duration of postprocedural bed rest was shorter in the device group than in the conventional-compression group (mean difference �|14.7 hours, 95% CI �|15.2 to �|14.0).<br> PONV occurred in 6/303 patients (2.0%) in the device group and 20/383 patients (5.2%) in the conventional-compression group, corresponding to a relative risk of 0.38 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.93), an OR 0.25 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.62) and a risk difference of �|3.2% (95% CI �|6.0% to �|0.5%).<br> In multivariable analysis, use of a venous closure device was associated with a lower likelihood of PONV.<br> Conclusions In this single-centre observational study, use of a venous access-site closure device was associated with a lower occurrence of PONV after AF ablation under propofol sedation. These findings suggest that postprocedural management strategies enabling earlier mobilisation may be associated with improved patient comfort; however, causal inference is limited by the observational design. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1345-2630 2026 Macroscopic and microscopic visualization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci infection using complementary bioluminescent and fluorescent reporter systems EN Kana Kuroe Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Nanami Sakata Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yasuhiro Ishiga Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba Yoshiteru Noutoshi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuhiro Toyoda Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuki Ichinose Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hidenori Matsui Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University The development of bioluminescent and fluorescent reporter systems has enabled visualization of plant-pathogenic bacterial infection dynamics, providing insights into detailed mechanisms of infection and potential applications for disease control. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 (Pta) possesses quorum sensing systems and produces fluorescent pigments, which make it difficult to directly apply commonly used reporter systems. In this study, we first constructed a homologous recombination-based genomic insertion system for stable chromosomal integration of reporter genes in Pta. Using this system, we established a LuxCDABE bioluminescent system driven by the nptII promoter, which successfully enabled macroscale tracking of bacterial populations during infection. We then attempted to construct an sGFP fluorescent reporter using the same nptII promoter. However, the endogenous autofluorescence of Pta masked the sGFP signal, making quantitative detection difficult. To overcome this autofluorescence problem, we screened constitutively highly expression promoters based on transcriptome data and identified two effective promoters suitable for fluorescent monitoring of Pta infection. Together with the LuxCDABE system, this integrated platform provides comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of virulence mechanisms and plant defense responses in the Pta pathosystem, with potential applicability to other plant-pathogenic bacteria. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Society for Microbiology Acta Medica Okayama 2576-098X 2026 Complete genome sequence of Helicobacter pylori strain NY43 harboring bacteriophage KHP30 e00747-26 EN Michiko Takahashi Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Hiromichi Maeda Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Satoru Seo Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Hiroaki Takeuchi Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health and Science, International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School Jumpei Uchiyama Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Shigenobu Matsuzaki Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University The Helicobacter pylori NY43 strain spontaneously releases the bacteriophage (phage) KHP30. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of H. pylori NY43. In addition to the chromosome of H. pylori NY43, we successfully obtained the complete sequence of the episomal prophage KHP30. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 8756-758X 2026 Fatigue Life Evaluation Using the Damage�]Equivalent Strain for 7075�]T6 Aluminum Alloy Under Bending and Torsion Bending Vibrations EN Junji Sakamoto Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Naoya Tada Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takeshi Uemori Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University The vibrations caused by external factors (such as fluids) or internal factors often pose strength-related problems in mechanical and structural components. Although several studies have investigated the material fatigue characteristics during vibration, reports on complex vibration modes such as torsion bending are limited. In this study, we addressed this gap by conducting experiments and finite element analyses on I- and L-shaped aluminum alloy specimens under bending and torsion bending vibrations, respectively. We established a reliable method to estimate the strain at the notch by utilizing the strain measured at a position outside the notch and a ratio derived from finite element analysis. This method allows for accurate assessment of the critical strain history without interfering with crack observation. Using the strain range at the crack initiation site effectively unified the fatigue life evaluation for both specimens. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2168-8184 18 6 2026 Routine Generative AI Use and Acceptance of Medical AI: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Healthcare Workers and the Public in Japan e110118 EN Toshiharu Mitsuhashi Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Medical Development Field, Okayama University Background<br> Acceptance of medical artificial intelligence (AI) is critical for successful implementation, yet its acceptance may vary by clinical application and stakeholder group. Whether routine use of generative AI (GAI) is associated with acceptance of medical AI remains unclear.<br> Methods<br> A cross-sectional web survey was conducted in Japan in November 2025 using web-panel convenience sampling from an online research panel. The small analytic sample comprised 200 participants aged 20-69 years, including 100 healthcare workers and 100 non-healthcare workers. GAI use was assessed using two five-point items (GAI use at work and in daily life) and dichotomized as at least monthly use in either daily life or work versus less than monthly use in both settings, based on prespecified criteria. Acceptance of medical AI was measured for five scenario-based applications - AI-assisted imaging interpretation, AI-based health risk prediction, AI-based treatment recommendations, AI-enabled triage guidance, and AI-assisted robotic surgery - using a four-point acceptability scale; responses were dichotomized as acceptable versus not acceptable. Calibration weights were constructed to approximate Japanese internet users by raking on sex-by-age group and household income, normalized to the analytic sample size, and truncated at prespecified bounds. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) were estimated using modified Poisson regression with robust standard errors, stratified by occupation; covariates were selected a priori using a modified disjunctive cause criterion. This study was exploratory; therefore, adjustments for multiple comparisons were not performed.<br> Results<br> Among healthcare workers, the lower-use group had a higher prevalence of non-acceptance of AI-based health risk prediction (aPR 6.980, 95% CI 1.412-34.506) and AI-based treatment recommendations (aPR 4.364, 95% CI 1.331-14.305), whereas estimates for imaging interpretation, triage guidance, and robotic surgery remained statistically uncertain. Among non-healthcare workers, the lower-use group had a higher prevalence of non-acceptance of AI-assisted imaging interpretation (aPR 13.906, 95% CI 1.624-119.052), AI-based health risk prediction (aPR 4.861, 95% CI 1.133-20.862), AI-based treatment recommendations (aPR 6.288, 95% CI 1.386-28.530), and AI-assisted robotic surgery (aPR 6.173, 95% CI 1.435-26.561); the adjusted estimate for AI-enabled triage guidance was not statistically supported (aPR 1.840, 95% CI 0.521-6.505). Several estimates had wide confidence intervals, indicating substantial imprecision.<br> Conclusions<br> In this small exploratory web-panel convenience sample, lower-frequency GAI use was associated with higher non-acceptance of several medical AI applications. Associations were observed across more applications among non-healthcare workers than among healthcare workers. Because the study was cross-sectional, used convenience sampling, and included imprecise estimates with wide confidence intervals, the findings should not be interpreted causally. Larger studies using longitudinal or interventional designs are needed to clarify temporality and mechanisms. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0969-806X 251 2027 A rule-based calculation approach to derive bone-suppressed chest X-ray images using photon-counting techniques 114493 EN Natsumi Kimoto Department of Radiological Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Junshin Gakuen University Rina Nishigami Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University Takashi Asahara Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University Mana Mitani Division of Radiology, Medical Support Department, Okayama University Hospital Daiki Kobayashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University Noriaki Akagi Division of Radiology, Medical Support Department, Okayama University Hospital Toshihiro Iguchi Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University Takao Hiraki Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Hiroaki Hayashi College of Transdisciplinary Sciences for Innovation, Kanazawa University Improving the visibility of lung nodules, which are often hidden by bone shadows and difficult to identify, remains a challenge in chest radiography. This study aims to develop an algorithm for generating novel bone-suppressed images using photon-counting techniques. The core idea of our algorithm is to fit photon interaction cross-sections to X-ray attenuation data measured with photon-counting detectors. Based on further calculations using the derived fitting coefficients, both density (ƒÏ) and amount-of-substance concentration (mol) were determined. The product of these values produced a ƒÏ�~mol image exhibiting a clear bone-suppression effect. We conducted a virtual chest imaging simulation using 10 patient datasets acquired via clinical photon-counting computed tomography (PC-CT). The CT images were converted into ƒÏ�~mol images following the proposed processing procedure, and two-dimensional chest images were generated through projection. Quantitative evaluations confirmed that the proposed images achieved sufficient bone suppression. Furthermore, commercial software provided by a vendor was used to generate bone-suppressed images from conventional images projected from CT data. A comparable bone-suppression effect on the ribs was observed between the vendor-generated images and our proposed images, while lesion visibility (e.g., lung nodules) was preserved. Additionally, bone-suppression effects in our images were observed in the vertebrae and clavicles located outside the lung fields. Our research demonstrates the value of constructing general X-ray imaging systems using photon-counting detectors. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

AIP Publishing Acta Medica Okayama 0021-9606 165 10 2026 Scaled-charge ion force field optimized for individual ion partial molar volumes in water 104508 EN Aoi Taira Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Hiroyuki Katsuto Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Kanon Nakao Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Tomonari Sumi Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology Kenichiro Koga Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University We present an ion partial molar volume force field for common monovalent and divalent ionic species, including Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F�|, Cl�|, Br�|, I�|, OH�|, and H3O+. When combined with the TIP4P/2005 water model, the force field enables quantitative investigations of ion-specific effects in both bulk and interfacial properties. The iPMV force field is developed based on a single guiding principle: the ion–water interaction parameters are optimized such that the experimental partial molar volume of each individual ion at infinite dilution�\determined via the ultrasonic vibrational potential method�\is reproduced by construction. An exception is made for the hydronium ion, for which we also provide an alternative interface-optimized model. The force field employs a charge scaling factor of 0.75 and adopts the Lorentz–Berthelot combining rules for cross-Lennard-Jones interactions, with specific modifications for divalent cations. A distinctive feature of the iPMV force field is that, despite its straightforward design, a single set of ion parameters consistently reproduces a wide range of experimental properties�\from volumetric and interfacial properties to salting-out/in effects and transport coefficients. This robust performance suggests a fundamental correlation between the partial molar volumes of individual ions and the broader physical properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0739-7240 98 2027 Transcriptional remodeling of local thyroid hormone metabolism is associated with feather growth termination in chicken wing feathers 107057 EN Masamichi Shinohara Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuri Nozawa Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hibiki Fukuchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yu Takeuchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Sayaka Aizawa Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Sakae Takeuchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Feather elongation is sustained by continuous cell proliferation within the feather follicle; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for feather growth termination remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated molecular changes associated with feather growth termination by comparing two chicken wing feather types with contrasting growth characteristics: primary wing feathers and primary coverts. Histological and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation analyses demonstrated that primary wing feathers remained in an active growth phase, whereas primary coverts exhibited pulp regression, reduced cell proliferation, and characteristics of growth termination. Gene expression analyses showed that primary coverts exhibited reduced expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR), type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2), and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), together with marked induction of the thyroid hormone (TH)-inactivating enzyme type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3). In contrast, primary wing feathers exhibited relatively higher expression of PRLR, DIO2, and IGF2 than primary coverts, while maintaining consistently low DIO3 expression. Reporter assays showed increased IGF2 promoter activity following triiodothyronine (T3) treatment in all three independent experiments, although the increase did not reach statistical significance. Thus, the reporter assay provides only tentative support for T3 responsiveness of the IGF2 promoter, consistent with our previous in vivo and primary-culture findings showing T3-dependent increases in IGF2 expression. These coordinated transcriptional changes are consistent with remodeling of local TH metabolism during the transition from active feather growth to growth termination. While local TH concentrations and direct deiodinase activities remain to be quantified, and the causal relationship between PRL/PRLR signaling and DIO3 induction remains unresolved, this study provides a molecular framework for understanding how local endocrine regulation translates systemic hormonal signals into feather type-specific growth responses during avian feather development. Graphical abstract No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 1010-6030 478 2026 Deep-blue solid-state emission from Ternaphthalene: Photophysical tuning via multi-chromophore architectures 117156 EN Minoru Yamaji Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Gunma University Kengo Suzuki Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hideki Okamoto Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environment, Life, Natural Sciences and Technology, Okayama University We report the synthesis and photophysical characterization of a series of �gall-naphthalene�h multi-chromophore systems, ternaphthalenes (TNps), designed for efficient deep-blue solid-state emission. Unlike planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that suffer from aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), the twisted molecular architecture of TNps effectively inhibits ƒÎ-ƒÎ stacking interactions. Consequently, several TNps exhibit crystallization-induced emission enhancement (CIEE) or retain high quantum yields (up to 0.94) in the solid state. Kinetic analysis revealed that this efficiency stems from the significant suppression of non-radiative rates (knr) due to the restricted intramolecular rotation in the rigid crystal lattice. Furthermore, a decisive topological effect on the radiative rate (kf) was demonstrated. The 1,4-, 1,5- and 2,6-linked isomers display allowed transitions with large oscillator strengths (f) and fast radiative rate (kf = ca. 5 �~ 108 s�|1), whereas the 2,7-linked isomers exhibit forbidden-like character with prolonged lifetimes. A distinct linear correlation between the experimental and calculated values empirically supports the applicability of the Strickler-Berg relationship in both solution and solid states. These findings demonstrate that controlling the chromophore connectivity is a powerful strategy to tune excited-state dynamics for developing high-performance deep-blue organic emitters. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 2367-0932 10 3 2026 Substitution�]Dependent Modulation of Photophysical Properties of 2,7�] and 3,6�]Dinaphthyl�]9�]phenylcarbazoles in Solution and Solid State e202500335 EN Minoru Yamaji Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Gunma University Tadashi Mori Research Center for Environmental Preservation and Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Osaka Hideki Okamoto Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environment, Life, Natural Sciences and Technology, Okayama University The photophysical properties of two positional isomers of dinaphthyl-9-phenylcarbazoles (2,7-DNpPCz and 3,6-DNpPCz) were systematically investigated in solution and solid states. Experimental measurements revealed a pronounced positional dependence, although both compounds exhibit fluorescence in solution and the solid state. On average, the 2,7-isomers exhibit larger fluorescence rate values than the 3,6-isomers, although the magnitude of this difference varies among individual compounds. To gain mechanistic insight, density function theory (DFT) and time-dependence DFT calculations were performed at the (TD)-B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level. The results show that 2,7-DNpPCz derivatives possess delocalized frontier orbitals and large oscillator strengths for the S1 �© S0 transition, whereas 3,6-DNpPCz derivatives exhibit smaller oscillator strengths with mixed orbital contributions, leading to weaker transition probabilities. These combined findings demonstrate that substitution geometry critically governs radiative decay dynamics in carbazole-based luminophores and provide valuable guidelines for the molecular design of efficient solid-state organic emitters. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2238-7854 45 2026 Enhancement of mechanical properties in a cast hypereutectic Al–Si alloy via rapid cooling in heated mold continuous casting 485 494 EN Shuhei Takeuchi Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shota Nakagawa UACJ Corporation Yoshifumi Shinzato UACJ Corporation Tadashi Minoda UACJ Corporation Naotaka Ohtsuka UACJ Corporation Mitsuhiro Okayasu Department of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Okayama University To enhance mechanical properties in cast hypereutectic Al–Si alloys, Al–14.5Si samples were produced by the heated mold continuous casting (HMC). The HMC process was conducted under unidirectional solidification at cooling rates (CRs) ranging from 4.6 �~ 10�|1 to 1.3 �~ 103 K/s, which were obtained by controlling the casting speed (CS). The microstructure basically consisted of ƒ¿-Al dendrite, Al–Si eutectic and primary Si, while their area fractions (fƒ¿-Al, fe, and fp-Si) varied depending on the CR. At the low CR of 4.6 �~ 10�|1 K/s, their area fractions were as follows: fƒ¿-Al = 0.2%, fe = 97.3%, and fp-Si = 2.5%, which is the typical microstructural morphology of a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy. In contrast, at the high CR of 1.3 �~ 103 K/s, those area fractions were altered to fƒ¿-Al = 32.3% and fe = 67.7%, while primary Si was strongly suppressed (fp-Si ≈ 0%) despite the hypereutectic Al–14.5Si alloy. Moreover, at the high CR, the aluminum matrix appears to exhibit a nearly uniform crystal orientation along <101>. These microstructural changes may be related not only to high CR but also the difference in growth kinetics between primary Si and ƒ¿-Al dendrites. Accordingly, an apparent eutectic composition shifted from 12.6 to 19.7 wt% Si. The atypical microstructural formation led to a significant improvement in the tensile properties: the ultimate tensile strength of 400 MPa and fracture strain of 17%. These tensile properties are more than twice those of the conventional cast hypereutectic Al–14.5Si alloy. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1866-6299 85 13 2026 Intensity of chemical weathering and its implications for soil erosion across lithological and climatic gradients in the Chemoga watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin 317 EN Alebachew Tareke Kehali The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University Hiroshi Kitagawa Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Nigussie Haregeweyn International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University Mitsuru Tsubo International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University Zelalem Leyew Anteneh Department of Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Bahir Dar University Belay Tesfa Ayalew Department of Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Bahir Dar University Zena Tessema Terefe The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University Ashebir Sewale Belay Department of Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Bahir Dar University Ayele Almaw Fenta Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Atsushi Tsunekawa Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University The geochemistry of rocks, regolith/soil, surficial and core sediments, and clay mineral assemblages from these sediments was analyzed to elucidate the transition from fresh to chemically altered materials. These data were used to evaluate the intensity of chemical weathering and its implications for erosion across contrasting lithological and climatic gradients in the Chemoga watershed of the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Our findings show depletion of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+, and enrichment of Al3+, Fe3+, Ti4+, and Mn2+ in the regolith/soil, upper part of surficial sediment, and upper layer of the core sediment (10 m). Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values are rocks 35–47, regolith/soil 75–96, surficial river sediments 45–96, and core sediments 50–90. River sediments in the highland area are dominated by kaolinite (39%), illite (34%), and chlorite (27%), while the lower study area has illite (76%), chlorite (11%), and kaolinite (12%). Geochemistry, ternary plots, and clay mineralogy show that the highland region underwent intensive chemical weathering, while the midland experienced intermediate to high weathering, and the lowland had weak weathering. The highlands experience severe weathering due to a humid, bimodal precipitation climate; despite having younger, weathering-resistant rocks (basalt, andesite, trachyte), the lower regions consist of older, more mafic rocks (basalt and trachybasalt). Like the surficial river sediment, core sediment showed intense chemical weathering and kaolinite dominance in the upper layers (0–10 m depth, CIA > 80). Weathering intensity decreased with depth, suggesting changes in weathering and in clay mineral formation that reflect past climate. The high weathering gradient from highland to lowland correlates with erosion, indicating that weathering strongly influences soil erosion variability in the watershed. This work provides a reasonable basis for improving our understanding of the degree of weathering across contrasting environments and its implications for soil erosion by connecting the relationship between parent materials and chemically altered samples with the degree of soil erosion. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0005-2728 1868 1 2027 Structural and functional analysis of a photosystem II mutant PsbA3-S264V 149607 EN Songbo Fan Advanced Research Field, Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yoshiki Nakajima Advanced Research Field, Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Koji Kato Advanced Research Field, Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Haowei Jiang Advanced Research Field, Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Pi-Cheng Tsai Advanced Research Field, Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Anqi Jia Advanced Research Field, Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Miwa Sugiura Proteo-Science Research Center, Ehime University Jian-Ren Shen Advanced Research Field, Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes water oxidation and oxygen evolution by a light-induced electron transfer chain, leading to the generation of electrons, protons and dioxygen. D1-S264 is a residue located close to the QB-binding site, and mutation of this residue has been shown to bring significant effects on the electron transfer and oxygen-evolving activities. Here we analyzed the structure of a Thermosynechococcus elongatus mutant PsbA3-S264V by cryo-electron microscopy at 1.96 Å resolution, which showed significant changes in the structure surrounding the bicarbonate and QB-binding region. Due to change of Ser to Val, the hydrogen-bond between the QB carbonyl oxygen and S264 is altered, which changed the protonation pathway of QB from the original route of D1-H252 through D1-S264 to QB, to a new, longer and less efficient route of D1-H252 through D1-F265 to QB. Two residues, D1-E244 and D2-E242, changed their side chain orientations significantly. Among them, D2-E242 adopted two conformations, and both are largely deviated from the original structure. All these changes led to alterations in hydrogen-bonding networks of two channels, channel A and channel B, that connect the stromal surface to QB and may function to transport protons to protonate QB. Furthermore, isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed a diminished 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU) binding affinity of the mutated PSII, which may be explained by a structural rotation of D1-F255 in the mutant based on structural analysis of DCMU-bound PSII. These findings offer valuable insights into the functions of D1-S264 in QB protonation and function, as well as in the DCMU-binding. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 2577-171X 9 4 2026 Varicocelectomy Restores Spermatogenesis in Fontan�]Associated Varicocele: A Two�]Case Series e70206 EN Yusuke Tominaga Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tomoko Kobayashi Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yuko Matsumoto Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Takatoshi Moriwake Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Nariaki Ozaki Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Takuya Sadahira Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Satoshi Katayama Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Shingo Nishimura Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kensuke Bekku Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Motoo Araki Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Introduction: Fontan circulation may cause chronic venous hypertension and predispose patients to varicocele and infertility,but the clinical significance of surgical treatment remains unclear.<br> Case Presentation: We describe two patients with Fontan circulation who developed Fontan-associated varicocele (FAVC). A42-year-old man presented with secondary infertility, bilateral varicocele, and progression to azoospermia after Fontan surgery.A 28-year-old man had asthenozoospermia, bilateral varicocele, and repeated failure of assisted reproductive technology. Bothunderwent bilateral microsurgical varicocelectomy with perioperative heparin bridging. Postoperative semen parameters im-proved in both patients, with sperm reappearing in the first case.<br> Conclusion: Varicocelectomy for FAVC may restore spermatogenesis in selected cases, but the risk of postoperative recurrencemay be increased. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Acta Medica Okayama 1477-0520 2026 Stereoselective synthesis of ƒÀ,ƒÀ-diborylalanine (AlaBB) and its incorporation into oligopeptides EN Naoyuki Nitta Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kenshin Nakai Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Haruki Mizoguchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Akira Sakakura Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University We report the stereoselective synthesis of ƒÀ,ƒÀ-diborylalanine (AlaBB), a compact amino acid scaffold designed to introduce a gem-diboronic acid motif as a branched connector in peptides. Pinacol-protected AlaBB derivatives, denoted as AlaBB(pin)2, were prepared from an Ellman imine, incorporated into short peptides, and converted to the corresponding gem-diboronic acid form. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Acta Medica Okayama 1477-0520 2026 Stereoselective synthesis of ƒÀ,ƒÀ-diborylalanine (AlaBB) and its incorporation into oligopeptides EN Naoyuki Nitta Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kenshin Nakai Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Haruki Mizoguchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Akira Sakakura Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University We report the stereoselective synthesis of ƒÀ,ƒÀ-diborylalanine (AlaBB), a compact amino acid scaffold designed to introduce a gem-diboronic acid motif as a branched connector in peptides. Pinacol-protected AlaBB derivatives, denoted as AlaBB(pin)2, were prepared from an Ellman imine, incorporated into short peptides, and converted to the corresponding gem-diboronic acid form. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2590-1230 32 2026 Prediction of tool-path and cycle time errors of CNC machining using a transformer-based deep learning model 112872 EN Kazuki Kaneko Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Tech, Okayama University Zongze Li Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University The prediction of tool-path and cycle time errors of computer numerical control (CNC) machining is important in manufacturing field. In this study, these errors are considered as sequential data corresponding to the lines of G-code, i.e., the error prediction is a sequence-to-sequence task, and a Transformer-based deep learning model was constructed to predict the tool-path and cycle time errors simultaneously, taking the positional increments and feed rate as the input. The training datasets were created by running a randomly generated G-code on a real CNC machine tool and subsequently tracking the actual errors, where the motion and feed rate are stochastically defined. The model is validated by conducting the error prediction on six sets of G-code. In addition, the comparison with a Bi-LSTM-based deep learning model is conducted. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the Transformer model can achieve the mean prediction accuracies of �}1 ƒÊm and �}1 ms in tool-path and cycle time error predictions, respectively. Furthermore, the Transformer model has a smaller prediction uncertainty than the Bi-LSTM model. Compared with conventional methods only analyzing tool-path errors or cycle-time errors, the utilized model has an advantage in its ability to simultaneously predict tool-path errors and cycle time errors. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press (OUP) Acta Medica Okayama 0366-7022 54 6 2025 Vesicle-combined PtBi/C catalyst for base-free conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid upaf104 EN Toshinori Shimanouchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Koji Deguchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuma Yasuhara Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) Yukitaka Kimura Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University A conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-frandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) was catalyzed by using a catalyst of PtBi-activated carbon (PtBi/C) combined with vesicles made of phospholipid. No alteration of the electron state of the PtBi/C by vesicles was observed. However, FDCA was obtained under mild-temperature and base-free conditions. The yield of FDCA depended on the hydration nature of vesicles. It was therefore suggested that vesicles gave bound water as a novel driving force for the reaction. The present finding would explore an application of vesicles to new catalytic reactions that are different from conventional biochemical reactions. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0376-7388 757 2026 Multi-criteria evaluation of graphene oxide nanofiltration membranes for decaffeination 125992 EN Yihan Tian School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Tongxi Lin School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Yuta Nishina Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Xiaojun Ren School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Rakesh Joshi School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Nanofiltration (NF) offers a promising low-energy approach for producing decaffeinated instant coffee, while requires membranes that balance caffeine removal, water permeance, and retention of key coffee matrix compounds. Here, graphene oxide membranes (GOMs) were modified by sodium alginate (SA) intercalation, Ca2+ crosslinking, and their combined strategy to tune nanochannel structure and separation performance. The results show that membrane modification does not follow a simple monotonic trend; instead, small structural and chemical changes generate competing effects on permeance and selectivity through coupled transport, adsorption, and confinement mechanisms. To identify the most suitable membrane, a multi-criteria evaluation framework (MCEF) combining entropy weighting and TOPSIS was established using five key performance indicators: caffeine removal, flavour-related marker retention index, choline retention, water permeance, and concentration increase. This framework identified CGSM-1 as the best-performing flat membrane, which also showed promising performance in hollow-fibre form. In coffee filtration tests, CGSM-1 reduced caffeine concentration from 24.64 to 12.95 ƒÊg/mg, corresponding to a 47.4% reduction, while retaining measurable levels of HMF, trigonelline, NMP, and choline. These findings demonstrate the potential of engineered GOMs for selective caffeine reduction in coffee liquor and provide a practical evaluation strategy for membrane-based decaffeination. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) Acta Medica Okayama 2471-254X 10 3 2026 Hepatocellular carcinoma in Fontan-associated liver disease: Incidence, risk stratification, and surveillance implications e0910 EN Hideki Onishi Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Development Field, Okayama University Norihisa Toh Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical Development Field, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan Kenji Baba Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Fields of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Yasuhiro Kotani Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Academic Fields of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Shingo Kasahara Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Academic Fields of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Motoyuki Otsuka Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Fields of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious complication of Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD). However, data on its incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in this rare population are limited. We aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of HCC and evaluate the utility of surveillance in patients with FALD.<br> Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study on patients with FALD who were referred to our gastroenterology department. The cumulative incidence of HCC after FALD diagnosis was calculated, and multivariate analysis was used to identify independent risk factors. Overall survival after FALD diagnosis was compared between patients who developed HCC and those who did not.<br> Results: A total of 120 patients with FALD were followed up for a median period of 50.0 months. The cumulative incidence rates of HCC at 1, 2, and 3 years after FALD diagnosis were 0.9%, 2.7%, and 3.9%, respectively. Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) at FALD diagnosis was independently associated with HCC development (hazard ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.60; p=0.01). There was no significant difference in overall survival between patients with and without HCC in this cohort (log-rank test, p=0.50).<br> Conclusions: Patients with FALD face a non-negligible risk of developing HCC, thus supporting the need for surveillance. Elevated AFP levels at the time of FALD diagnosis may aid in risk stratification, which enables the targeted monitoring and early detection of HCC. Furthermore, routine surveillance contributes to the excellent prognosis of patients with FALD who develop HCC, thus making their prognosis comparable to that of patients without HCC. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) Acta Medica Okayama 2047-9980 15 3 2026 Long�]Term Outcomes and Risk Factors for Mortality After Single Ventricle Palliation for Asplenia Syndrome e044756 EN Yasuyuki Kobayashi Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital Shunji Sano Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Showa Medical University Toyosu Hospital Yuhei Tokuda Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital Ayari Kimura Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital Steven J. Staffa Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children�fs Hospital, Boston Harvard Medical School David Zurakowski Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children�fs Hospital, Boston Harvard Medical School Shingo Kasahara Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital Yasuhiro Kotani Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital Background: This study evaluated the long�]term outcomes of asplenia syndrome with single ventricle palliation, hypothesizing that total anomalous pulmonary vein connection (TAPVC), pulmonary atresia (PA), and greater than or equal to moderate atrioventricular valve regurgitation increase mortality risk.<br> Methods: This retrospective review analyzed 151 patients with asplenia syndrome who underwent single ventricle palliation between 1990 and 2024. The primary end point was mortality, with risk factors assessed by Cox regression analysis over a mean follow�]up of 9.3 years.<br> Results: The median age at initial operation was 35 days, including 70 neonates (46%). Overall, 62 (41%) patients died, whereas 66 (44%) patients are alive post�]Fontan completion. Survival probabilities at 1 and 20 years were 75.7% (95% CI, 67.9–81.8) and 53.7% (95% CI, 44.5–62.0), respectively. TAPVC (P=0.014), PA (P=0.007), and greater than or equal to moderate atrioventricular valve regurgitation (P=0.040) emerged as independent risk factors for mortality in the overall cohort. In the TAPVC cohort, independent risk factors for mortality included PA (P=0.019), infracardiac TAPVC (P=0.045), and neonatal TAPVC repair (P=0.018). When stratified by the risk factors of TAPVC, PA, or greater than or equal to moderate atrioventricular valve regurgitation, survival probabilities did not differ between patients with none or 1 of these conditions (P=0.181) but were significantly lower in those with ≥2 risk factors (P<0.001, at 15 years: 0, 72.9%; 1, 59.1%; ≥2, 32.8%).<br> Conclusions: Survival after single ventricle palliation for asplenia syndrome remains suboptimal, particularly when TAPVC, PA, and greater than or equal to moderate atrioventricular valve regurgitation are present in combination rather than in isolation. Improved strategies or surgical techniques are required for this complex asplenia syndrome cohort. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 1660-3397 24 9 2026 A Marine Brevibacillus-Derived Membrane-Lytic Peptide: Molecular Insight and Biophysical Characterization of a Novel AMP, FNL62-AMP 309 EN Namfa Sermkaew School of Pharmacy, Walailak University Apichart Atipairin School of Pharmacy, Walailak University Sucheewin Krobthong Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry (CENP), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Chanat Aonbangkhen Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry (CENP), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Yodying Yingchutrakul National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency Jumpei Uchiyama Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Nuttapon Songnaka School of Pharmacy, Walailak University This study characterizes the genomic identity, functional efficacy, and computational biophysics of FNL62-AMP, a novel antimicrobial peptide isolated from a phylogenomically distinct, newly identified Brevibacillus species. Production kinetics revealed a late-exponential phase onset of antibacterial activity with sustained potency against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). LC-MS/MS analysis identified the peptide sequence as NH2-LLLLFR-COOH. FNL62-AMP demonstrated excellent formulation resilience, retaining full anti-MRSA activity under high thermal stress (80 �‹C for 6 h) and showing robust resistance to generic trypsin and proteinase K proteolysis. Formulative co-incubation assays demonstrated charge-dependent compatibility, where nonionic Triton X-100 preserved baseline efficacy while ionic surfactants induced antagonism. In vitro time-kill kinetics, scanning electron microscopy, and SYTOX Green assays confirmed rapid, concentration-dependent bactericidal action driven by immediate membrane permeabilization. Molecular dynamics simulations successfully captured the spontaneous self-assembly of 64 FNL62-AMP monomers into a stable macro-aggregate. This consolidation process was quantitatively characterized by a simultaneous contraction in the radius of gyration (Rg), a sharp drop in solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), and a transitional plateau in mean squared displacement (MSD). Ultimately, the high thermal stability, structural resilience, and predictable surfactant compatibility of FNL62-AMP propose ways to be developed for lead optimization and druggability. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Fuji Technology Press Ltd. Acta Medica Okayama 1883-8022 20 5 2026 Real-Time Estimation of Temperature Field and Thermal Displacement in Machine Tool Linear Motion Systems Using Servo Data 466 477 EN Ryoji Kondo YASDA PRECISION TOOLS K.K. Kazuhito Ohashi Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Heat generated in machine tools during operation causes thermal deformation and deteriorates machining accuracy. To suppress thermal deformation and the resulting displacement, strategies such as reducing heat generation, cooling machine elements that generate heat, and compensating for thermal displacement are generally adopted. However, existing methods for estimating and compensating for thermal deformation and displacement can only be adopted in limited situations. In particular, there are few reports on real-time estimation methods that take into account moving parts and actual machine operating conditions. For high-accuracy machining, it is important to understand the temperature field and the associated displacement. In this study, real-time estimation of the temperature field and displacement is carried out on a test apparatus equipped with a ball screw drive system and a linear guideway system. In the estimation process, heat generation values are first calculated from servo data corresponding to the machine operation. Using these calculated values, the temperature field is then derived through the finite volume method. Finally, the thermal displacement is obtained from the temperature field using a simplified estimation method. The results are validated by comparison with experimental data and with results from commercial finite element method software, demonstrating the effectiveness and real-time performance of the proposed approach. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2045-2322 16 1 2026 Cold SiO2-rich slabs reaching the CMB revealed by the seifertite phase boundary 26394 EN Ryosuke Sinmyo Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University Saori Kawaguchi-Imada Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute Rei Sato Department of Earth and Planetary Science, School of Science, The University of Tokyo Keisuke Otsuru Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute Kenji Kawai Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute Hiroshi Sakuma Environmental Circulation Composite Materials Group, National Institute for Materials Science Shigeru Suehara Environmental Circulation Composite Materials Group, National Institute for Materials Science Takayuki Ishii Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Shuhou Maitani Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University A cold silica (SiO2)-rich subducted slab creates notable heterogeneity above the core-mantle boundary (CMB), influencing the evolution of the Earth�fs mantle. This slab may exhibit characteristic anomalies in the longitudinal and shear wave seismic velocity above the CMB, attributed to the SiO2 phase transition into its dense polymorph, seifertite. However, the transition depth remains unclear due to the often-observed metastable phases in experiments. To address this long-standing challenge, we conducted laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments with synchronised rapid X-ray diffraction measurements alongside theoretical calculations. The slope of the seifertite phase boundary was less steep than previously estimated, and consequently, the temperature profile of the slab crosses the boundary twice, like the post-perovskite transition. We observed a decrease in shear wave velocity beneath Hawaii and Central America, and we found anti-correlation in seismic wave velocities matching the depth range of the seifertite transition in a cold slab beneath Central America. This may provide evidence that a cold SiO2-rich slab descends towards the CMB. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1340-6868 33 5 2026 Breast ultrasound screening in young adult women undergoing infertility treatment at an infertility clinic: a retrospective observational study 1093 1101 EN Kanako Nakano Department of Radiology, Okayama Couple�fs Clinic Women�fs Health Checkup Center Tadahiko Shien Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Okayama University Hospital Hiroyoshi Doihara Yuko Takahashi Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Okayama University Hospital Reina Maeda Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Okayama University Hospital Marie Saji Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Okayama University Hospital Rei Hirata Department of Senior Embryologist, Okayama Couple�fs Clinic Motomi Yukawa Department of Radiology, Okayama Couple�fs Clinic Women�fs Health Checkup Center Shizuka Okuda Department of Radiology, Okayama Couple�fs Clinic Women�fs Health Checkup Center Miyu Hirano Department of Medical Technology, Okayama Couple�fs Clinic Toshihiro Habara Department of Reproductive Medicine, Okayama Couple�fs Clinic Nobuyoshi Hayashi Department of Reproductive Medicine, Okayama Couple�fs Clinic Background Young adult women are increasingly undergoing infertility treatment; however, evidence regarding breast cancer screening in this population remains limited. Given that most women in this age group have dense breast tissue, for which mammography has limited sensitivity, breast ultrasound (US) is often used as a screening modality. A diagnosis of breast cancer during infertility treatment may affect both oncologic management and reproductive planning. This study aimed to examine the clinical relevance of breast US in women in their 30s undergoing infertility treatment at an infertility clinic.<br> Methods We retrospectively analyzed 1,336 women aged 30–39 years who underwent screening breast US between November 1, 2018, and June 30, 2025. Analyses were performed on a per-woman basis, including only the first screening examination for each participant. Breast composition was categorized according to the BI-RADS 5th edition Atlas. Screening outcomes�\including recall rate, positive predictive value (PPV), cancer detection rate, and US findings (mass and non-mass findings)�\were assessed using medical records. The continuation of infertility treatment, defined as ongoing or resumed treatment during the diagnostic evaluation period, was descriptively evaluated as part of the clinical context.<br> Results Of the 1,336 women, 1,277 (95.6%) were classified as having dense breasts. A total of 140 (10.5%) women were recalled for further evaluation. In these recalled cases, 147 findings were identified, comprising 113 mass lesions (76.8%) and 34 non-mass findings (23.1%). Four breast cancers were identified, corresponding to a cancer detection rate of 0.30% and a PPV of 2.86%. Histological diagnoses included one mucinous carcinoma, two invasive carcinomas of no special type (NST), and one ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Following diagnostic evaluation, 124 recalled women (88.6%) continued infertility treatment.<br> Conclusions Breast US screening in women in their 30s undergoing infertility treatment provides descriptive findings within a specific clinical setting. The observed cancer detection rate appears to be within the range reported in previous studies; however, direct comparisons are limited due to differences in study populations and clinical contexts. The clinical course following recall was described as part of the screening pathway. Further prospective and multicenter studies are required to clarify the clinical significance of breast US screening in this population. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2667-2421 19 2025 Chronic fluoxetine modulates perineuronal nets and inhibitory neuronal function in relation to behavioral outcomes 781 791 EN Hiroshi Ueno Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Eriko Kitano Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Sachiko Mori Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Yu Takahashi Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Shinji Murakami Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Kenta Wani Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Yosuke Matsumoto Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Motoi Okamoto Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Takeshi Ishihara Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Chronic fluoxetine administration has been reported to enhance neural plasticity in the adult brain, but the underlying structural correlates remain incompletely understood. In particular, the impact of fluoxetine on aggrecan-positive perineuronal nets (PNNs)�\critical regulators of plasticity�\is largely unknown. We investigated whether chronic fluoxetine treatment (20 mg/kg/day, i.p., 21 days) alters behavior and PNN expression in adult male C57BL/6 N mice. Behavioral assessments included grip strength, hot plate, light/dark transition, elevated plus-maze, open field, Y-maze, social interaction, tail suspension, Porsolt forced swim, and passive avoidance tests. To evaluate structural plasticity, we performed immunohistochemical analyses of parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons and PNNs using aggrecan-specific antibodies (Cat-315, AB1031) in the primary somatosensory cortex and hippocampus. Fluoxetine-treated mice exhibited increased exploration and reduced anxiety-like behavior in light/dark transition and elevated plus-maze tests, with no significant changes in grip strength or nociception. They also showed increased locomotor activity (distance and entries) in the Y-maze, but did not significantly alter spontaneous alternation performance, and increased social interaction, the latter possibly reflecting abnormal social behavior. No significant differences were observed in depression-like behavior as assessed by tail suspension and forced swim tests. Passive avoidance performance was impaired, suggesting a decline in cognitive function. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significant reduction in aggrecan-positive PNN density, particularly in layer 4 of the primary somatosensory cortex and in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Our results indicate that chronic fluoxetine administration induces behavioral and structural changes indicative of reactivated neuroplasticity. Importantly, these changes are associated with a region- and layer-specific reduction of aggrecan-positive PNNs, underscoring their critical role in modulating adult cortical plasticity. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1341-9625 30 7 2025 Guidance on the short hydration method for cisplatin administration 1287 1293 EN Kiichiro Ninomiya Center for Comprehensive Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Kei Kunimasa Department of Thoracic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute Yasuko Kurata Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital Yuki Sato Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital Yasuhito Fujisaka Department of Medical Oncology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hitoshi Ishikawa QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology Katsuyuki Hotta Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Cisplatin is currently used as the central agent in several cancer chemotherapy protocols because of its broad antitumor spectrum and potent antitumor effects; however, preventing cisplatin-induced renal damage and other adverse events is challenging. Recently, several clinical studies have shown that a short hydration method could prevent cisplatin-induced renal damage. In addition, appropriate magnesium supplementation and administration of forced diuretics have been shown to be renoprotective. The Japanese Lung Cancer Society Guidelines Committee has summarized the evidence of renal protection regarding cisplatin administration to provide optimal administration guidance for the cisplatin short hydration method. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1086-9379 61 4 2026 The effects of pressure on immiscibility in metallic, core�]forming liquids: Implications for protoplanetary differentiation 720 738 EN Geoffrey David Bromiley School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute Hidenori Terasaki Department of Earth Sciences, Okayama University Matthew Varnam School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute Mechanisms for metal core formation in rocky planetesimals and planetary embryos remain poorly constrained, in part due to complexities arising from immiscibility in core-forming liquids at low pressures. To assess the pressure dependence of immiscibility and its role in protoplanetary differentiation, we performed experiments at 3 and 5 GPa in the system Fe0.9Ni0.1 + S, P, C. Immiscibility arises due to the highly non-ideal nature of light element mixing in Fe liquids, and results in separation of Fe-rich (S-depleted, C-rich, P-rich) and FeS-rich (S-rich, C-rich, P-depleted) liquids. For a broad range of core-forming liquid compositions, a miscibility gap is only present at pressures <5 GPa. With increasing pressure, the behavior of complex systems converges on that of the Fe-S-C ternary, although S-P-C interactions continue to influence metal liquid compositions and stability. Comparison with planetary core compositions derived from meteorite data suggests that immiscibility can play a significant role during melting in planetesimals, and up to medium-sized planetary embryos. In turn, the importance of immiscibility during differentiation depends on the extent of melting, mechanisms for core formation, and corollary degree of light element loss from planetary bodies. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 0953-8194 38 9 2026 Marine flatworms as windows into the evolution of bilaterian neuropeptide signalling e70259 EN Ryo Nakamura Ushimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Mayuko Hamada Ushimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Xavier Bailly Multicellular Marine Models Team, CNRS – Sorbonne University – Station Biologique de Roscoff Hirotaka Sakamoto Department of Biology, Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tatsuya Sakamoto Ushimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University The evolutionary origin(s) of neuropeptide signalling is still largely unknown. It has been hypothesised that signal transmission via neuropeptides played a crucial role in the regulation of nervous systems in the bilaterian ancestor. Identification, expression and functional analyses of neuropeptides and their receptors across different taxonomic groups are important for better understanding the origin(s) of bilaterian neuropeptide signalling. An example is flatworms belonging to the Platyhelminthes (spiralian protostomes) and Xenacoelomorpha (sister to all Bilateria or sister to Ambulacraria). Despite their simple morphology (i.e., a body plan lacking a coelom and circulatory system), they often possess brain-like central nervous systems and a number of bilaterian-conserved neuropeptides. This feature makes them useful models for analyses of neuropeptides and their links to nervous systems. Although previous studies have revealed orthologous relationships between vertebrate neuropeptides and those found in both marine Platyhelminthes and Xenacoelomorpha, our work suggests possible ancestral functions of vasopressin/oxytocin (VP/OT) peptides (platytocin) in these groups. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 1738-5733 59 1 2027 Impact of correcting beam hardening and detector response function in photon-counting X-ray imaging when using anti-coincidence mode 104678 EN Hiroaki Hayashi College of Transdisciplinary Sciences for Innovation, Kanazawa University Rina Nishigami Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University Daiki Kobayashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University Takuya Kasue Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University Natsumi Kimoto Department of Radiological Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Junshin Gakuen University Takashi Asahara Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University X-ray imaging using photon-counting detectors (PCDs) allows for the calculation of quantitative images such as the effective atomic number (𝑍eff). However, physical phenomena such as characteristic X-ray emission and charge sharing can cause incomplete total absorption events during signal generation, which reduces the accuracy of X-ray penetration analysis. To solve the problem, an anti-coincidence mode (ACM) has been developed, but complete correction has not been established. We aimed to investigate the accuracy of 𝑍eff image when the proposed software-based corrections, namely beam hardening and response function corrections, are added to the hardware-based correction of the ACM. The response function was calculated using the Monte-Carlo simulation code. In a simulation study, we analyzed a phantom composed of virtual materials with 𝑍eff values of 4–16. While sufficient accuracy cannot be achieved by applying only the ACM, it was demonstrated that low-noise 𝑍eff images can be obtained by applying our correction. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that 𝑍eff images of food samples can be generated by using actual non-destructive testing equipment with a 10 m/min transportation speed. In conclusion, our correction procedure can maximize the performance of PCDs, and our findings are essential for promoting imaging techniques concerning quantitative images. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Ceramic Society of Japan Acta Medica Okayama 1348-6535 134 9 2026 Preparation of chitosan/apatite composite particles with core–shell structure 676 681 EN Takuya Kataoka Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Ryo Ikeda Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Eiji Fujii Industrial Technology Center of Okayama Prefecture Tomohiko Yoshioka Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Satoshi Hayakawa Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University In this study, a novel sequential preparation process of core–shell particles with chitosan (CS) cores and hydroxyapatite (HAp) shells is presented. This process involved the formation of phosphorylated CS particles, followed by HAp precipitation. Importantly, the precipitation of HAp on the surface of phosphorylated CS was confirmed. Different CaCl2 concentrations during the HAp precipitation step resulted in different HAp contents in the particles. To confirm the formation of the core–shell structure, the particles were immersed in hydrochloric acid (pH 2) for 5, 10, and 30 min. Notably, samples with higher HAp content (59 wt % and 84 wt %) retained their core morphology after 30 min of immersion, whereas samples with lower HAp content (28 wt %) rapidly lost their morphology. These results indicate that higher HAp content contributes to improved morphological stability under acidic conditions, leading to the formation of more stable core–shell particles. Overall, these findings clarify the role of phosphorylated CS in inducing HAp precipitation and show that the proposed preparation process leads to the formation of CS/HAp core–shell structures. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2041-1723 17 1 2026 Water exchange process and bulk composition regulate slab dynamics and deep earthquakes 8291 EN Jintao Zhu Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Renbiao Tao Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR) Lifei Zhang SKLab-DeepMinE, MOEKLab-OBCE, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University Takayuki Ishii Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Water strongly influences deep mantle processes, including geochemical cycles, slab dynamics, and deep-focus earthquakes. Yet the stability and interactions of hydrous minerals with nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) under the water-undersaturated conditions of subducting slabs remain unclear. Here we show, using high-pressure and high-temperature experiments on MgO–SiO2–H2O systems (~2 wt% H2O), that hydrous minerals progressively dehydrate in the mantle transition zone, transferring water to NAMs such as wadsleyite and ringwoodite, while the cold slab core stays nearly dry. Rapid dehydration near the top of the lower mantle may generate fluids linked to the deepest earthquakes. Our results indicate that dry olivine transformations, rather than dehydration embrittlement, likely trigger most deep-focus earthquakes, and that hydration variations in NAMs influence slab deformation and stagnation above 660 km. The bulk Mg/Si ratio controls hydrous mineral stability, suggesting harzburgite transports water more efficiently than peridotite. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2198-4034 12 1 2026 Development of a preoperative accuracy prediction model using machine learning for implant placement in static-guided surgery: retrospective observational study 44 EN Takuya Mino Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University Yurina Matsuoka Department of Semiconductor, Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University Ken�fichi Morooka Division of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University Kana Tokumoto Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University Hiroaki Shimizu Shimizu Dental Clinic Yoko Kurosaki Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University Aya Kimura-Ono Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Hiromitsu Kishimoto Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University Takuo Kuboki Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kenji Maekawa Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University Purpose This study aimed to develop a machine learning model capable of preoperatively predicting three-dimensional implant placement errors at the implant apex in static-guided surgery and to identify the clinical features associated with placement accuracy.<br> Methods Clinical data partially derived from a previous observational study were analyzed. In total, 181 patients and 480 implants placed using fully static-guided surgery were included in this study. The outcome variable was defined as three-dimensional implant placement error at the implant apex relative to the preoperative simulation, dichotomized as less than 0.5 mm or ≥ 0.5 mm. Twenty-one clinical and radiographic factors previously suggested to influence the placement accuracy were used as explanatory variables. The feature importance was evaluated using three gradient boosting decision tree models. Furthermore, a stacking model combining multiple classifiers was constructed, and the classification performance was assessed using ten-fold cross-validation.<br> Results The feature importance analysis identified 12 features associated with implant placement errors. The stacking model demonstrated superior classification performance compared to individual classifiers. The true positive rate was 0.73, false negative rate was 0.27, false positive rate was 0.14, and true negative rate was 0.86.<br> Conclusions The proposed stacking model correctly classified 86% of cases with implant placement error less than 0.5 mm and 73% of cases with implant placement error of ≥ 0.5 mm. These findings suggest that the proposed model may support the preoperative evaluation of implant placement accuracy in static-guided surgeries. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2212-8778 112 2026 Adaptive oligodendrogenesis regulates blood-hypothalamus barrier permeability, hypothalamic glucose sensing and systemic glucose homeostasis in male mice 102428 EN Sophie Buller Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Emily O. Staricoff Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Christine Riches Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Anthony Tsang Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Giada Giavara Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Masa Josipovic Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Kentaro Ikemura Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Gabriel Opoku Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Ikumi Sato Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Satoshi Hirohata Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Saskia Stenzel Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Stuart G. Nayar Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London Marta Ramos Vega GUBRA Jacob Hecksher-Sørensen GUBRA Sebastian Timmler Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge Georgina K.C. Dowsett Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Brian Y.H. Lam Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Giles S.H. Yeo Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Kimberly M. Alonge Diabetes Institute, University of Washington Huiliang Li Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London William D. Richardson Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London Mark L. Evans Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Clemence Blouet Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge Objective: Brain glucose sensing is critical for survival during hypoglycaemia, yet how glucose-sensing neurons access circulating glucose concentrations to maintain glucose homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that adult oligodendrogenesis in the median eminence (ME) is responsive to changes in blood glucose levels and contributes to hypothalamic glucose sensing through regulation of the blood-hypothalamus barrier.<br> Methods: We used glycemic challenges and hypoinsulinaemic clamp studies to identify the effect of systemic changes in glycaemia on hypothalamic oligodendrocyte lineage cells. We used conditional knockout mouse models to dissect the respective contributions of adult oligodendrogenesis and new myelin formation to glucose homeostasis in adult male mice. Analyses combined immunofluorescence, serial electron microscopy, whole-brain tissue clearing, and transcriptomic analyses.<br> Results: We found that adult oligodendrogenesis in the median eminence (ME) is modulated by changes in circulating glucose levels and rapidly upregulated by hypoglycaemia. Genetic blockade of new oligodendrocyte production in adult male mice impairs the regulation of glucose homeostasis, the integrity of the ME blood-hypothalamus barrier, and hypothalamic glucose sensing. Unexpectedly, functional integrity of adult-formed myelin is not required for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Instead, we show that blockade of adult oligodendrogenesis disrupts hypothalamic expression of A disintegrin and metallopeptidase with thrombospondin motifs 4 (ADAMTS4), a metallopeptidase whose brain expression is restricted to the oligodendrocyte lineage and whose ME expression requires ongoing adult oligodendrogenesis. We show that ADAMTS4 regulates hypothalamic perineuronal net deposition, vascular permeability and glucose sensing. Finally, we show that ME ADAMTS4 expression is regulated by changes in peripheral glycaemia and is dysregulated in diabetes, providing a mechanism by which ME oligodendrocytes contribute to the regulation of glucose homeostasis. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1474-9718 25 5 2026 UNC45B Reduction With Aging: A Myofiber-Intrinsic Promoting Factor for Sarcopenia e70502 EN Taiga Mishima Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Taiga Nagamune Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Saori Tada Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Daiki Watanabe Graduate School of Sport and Health Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences Nao Tokuda Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University Takashi Yamada Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University Akiko Hashimoto�]Hachiya Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Sayaka Higo�]Yamamoto Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Kohei Kido Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Noriyuki Nagaoka Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University Aoi Ikedo Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo�]Science Center, PIAS, Ehime University Yuuki Imai Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo�]Science Center, PIAS, Ehime University Ryo Fujita Division of Regenerative Medicine, Transborder Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba Seiya Mizuno Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba Satoru Takahashi Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba Katsutaka Oishi Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Satoru Ato Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University Riki Ogasawara Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Skeletal muscle mass and force decline with age, and the loss of muscle force precedes muscle atrophy. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the myosin co-chaperone, uncoordinated mutant number-45 myosin chaperone B (UNC45B), in regulating muscle mass and force. UNC45B expression decreased in mouse gastrocnemius muscle with age, particularly at 24 months old, and adeno-associated virus vector-mediated knockdown of Unc45b in 3-month-old mouse triceps surae muscle first reduced plantar flexor torque and then decreased gastrocnemius muscle mass. In addition, Unc45b knockdown in the triceps surae muscle resulted in lower bone mineral density. While maximum Ca2+-activated force in mechanically skinned fibers was not affected by Unc45b knockdown, Unc45b knockdown decreased the ratio of depolarization-induced force to the maximum Ca2+-activated force. We established tamoxifen-inducible skeletal muscle-specific Unc45b knockout (Unc45b imKO) mice to investigate whether the muscle atrophy and weakness due to the loss of Unc45b impacts metabolism and behavior. We found that Unc45b imKO reduced muscle mass and force at a whole-body level, but did not influence systemic glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, or the respiratory exchange ratio. However, Unc45b imKO mice reduced the amount of deeper non-rapid eye movement sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature during the sleep phase. We conclude that UNC45B is essential for maintaining fast-twitch muscle mass and muscle force. In addition, Unc45b deficiency-mediated muscle loss is also associated with bone fragility, decreased body temperature, and impaired sleep quality. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 1422-0067 27 3 2026 Chloride-Transporting OsHKT1;1 Splice Variants and Their Expression Profiles Under Salinity Stress in Rice 1178 EN Shahin Imran Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Shuntaro Ono Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Okayama, Japan Rie Horie Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University Maki Katsuhara Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Tomoaki Horie Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University OsHKT1;1, a member of the high-affinity K+ transporter (HKT) family, plays a key role in Na+ homeostasis and salinity tolerance in rice. In our previous study, multiple potential OsHKT1;1 splicing variants were identified, as well as the full-length (FL) OsHKT1;1 transcript from the salt-tolerant rice Pokkali. However, most previous studies focused solely on the full-length protein, leaving the transport functions of splice variants largely unexamined. In this study, we focused on the splice variant OsHKT1;1-V2 and compared its function and gene expression with those of OsHKT1;1-FL. Two-electrode voltage clamp experiments using Xenopus laevis oocytes revealed that the 1st start codon of OsHKT1;1-V2 is functional to exhibit bidirectional currents in bath solutions containing NaCl. Unlike the Na+-selective feature of OsHKT1;1-FL, OsHKT1;1-V2 primarily mediated Cl�| transport with weak Na+ selectivity, which was supported by the higher Cl�| accumulation in OsHKT1;1-V2–expressing oocytes. Subcellular localization analyses using oocytes and Arabidopsis mesophyll cells indicated plasma membrane localization of OsHKT1;1-V2, similar to OsHKT1;1-FL. Functional assays using a yeast mutant further indicated that OsHKT1;1-FL, but not OsHKT1;1-V2, mediates Na+ uptake. The same OsHKT1;1 variants were identified in the japonica cultivar Nipponbare, and OsHKT1;1-V2 of the cultivar showed Cl�| transport properties similar to the one from Pokkali. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed higher abundance of OsHKT1;1-FL transcripts in Nipponbare than in Pokkali with markedly lower OsHKT1;1-V2 levels in Pokkali under salt stress. This study provides a new insight into HKT-mediated ion homeostasis under salinity stress. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1873-9601 20 2 2026 Species�]specific roles of cellular communication network proteins in cartilage development: A comparative study using in vitro chondrogenic models e70089 EN Zhangzheng Wang Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Judit Vágó Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Roland Takács Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Szilárd Póliska Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatics Core Facility Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Ee Hyun Kim Department of Biomedical Materials Science Graduate School of JABA, Wonkwang University Eun�]Jung Jin Department of Biomedical Materials Science Graduate School of JABA, Wonkwang University Satoshi Kubota Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science Celina G Kleer Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School Bernard Perbal International CCN Society Csaba Matta Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Cellular communication network (CCN) proteins are key matricellular regulators of cartilage development, yet their species-specific roles and network-level context remain unclear. This study integrated bulk RNA sequencing from chicken and mouse embryonic limb bud micromass cultures and human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis with co-expression, protein–protein interaction, and ortholog analyses to construct CCN-centered regulatory networks across models. CCN1 and CCN2 emerged as dominant, conserved hubs enriched in collagen-containing extracellular matrix, cartilage development, and growth factor signaling modules, whereas CCN3–CCN6 showed lower context-dependent expression and connectivity. Functional and ortholog analyses revealed moderate pathway conservation, with high conservation of IGF, EGFR, and HIF-1 signaling, but reduced overlap in hypoxia and mechanosensing/Hippo categories, indicating species-specific tuning of environmental sensing. A focused ortholog screen identified multifunctional conserved hubs, including COL2A1, TGFBR1, SMAD3, RUNX2, HIF1A, IGF1, SPP1, and CD44. Single-cell RNA-seq meta-analysis of human iPSC-derived chondrogenesis and embryonic limb datasets showed CCN1/2 expression and homologous network activity peaking in mesenchymal and early chondrocyte populations, consistent with model-dependent persistence into hypertrophic and ossification stages in vivo. Overall, this work defines a conserved CCN1/2-centered axis integrating extracellular matrix formation with growth factor and mechanical cues, providing a framework for model selection and CCN-targeted cartilage regeneration strategies. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 1078-8174 32 7 2026 Patient-centred communication in radiographer education: A five-country comparative document analysis of curriculum and competency standards 103553 EN Y. Komatsu Division of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Y. Chikamoto Independent Researcher K. Tsukano Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Yokohama Rosai Hospital S. Abe Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Jikei University of Health Care Sciences S. Tsudou Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Jikei University of Health Care Sciences Y. Yamamoto Division of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Y. Tanabe Division of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Introduction: Patient-centred communication is fundamental to radiographic practice, particularly when patients experience anxiety or uncertainty during imaging or treatment. However, it remains unclear whether broad communication expectations in radiography education and professional standards are translated into explicit, observable behaviours and integrated into education and assessment. This comparative document analysis examined the representation of patient-centred communication in selected national-level documents from five countries, using listening-related behaviours as an illustrative example.<br> Methods: Selected national-level curriculum, accreditation, registration, capability, and competency documents from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Japan were analysed deductively using a predefined extraction framework. The framework assessed communication competence, listening-related behaviours, patient-centred care, patient/family relationships, interprofessional collaboration, education, and assessment.<br> Results: Communication was addressed in all five selected national-level document sets, although institutional framing differed. It was framed as a professional competency or capability in the United Kingdom and Australia, a role-based competency framework in Canada, clinical competency and accreditation requirements in the United States, and primarily as curriculum content in Japan. Explicit observable behavioural expectations, such as listening-related behaviours, were uncommon. Listening was explicitly defined only in the Australian capability standards; elsewhere, it was represented indirectly through broader concepts, such as patient interaction, information gathering, and interpersonal communication.<br> Conclusion: The selected documents differed in the explicitness, structure, and educational integration of communication-related standards, without implying differences in education quality or clinical outcomes. Defining patient-centred communication through observable behaviours may strengthen alignment among professional expectations, learning outcomes, feedback, and assessment.<br> Implications for practice: Operationalising patient-centred communication as observable behaviours may enhance curriculum mapping, feedback, and assessment in radiographer education. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1939-8425 19 1 2026 GWAS and Candidate Gene Prediction of Elemental Accumulation Traits in Rice Using a Multiparental Population 44 EN Qian Zhang Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Tomoyuki Furuta Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Kazunari Kashihara Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Daisuke Ogawa Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Junichi Yonemaru Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Jian Feng Ma Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Toshio Yamamoto Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Rice plants accumulate essential elements to sustain physiological processes during growth and development and to ensure the nutritional quality of the grain as a food source. However, the genetic basis of elemental accumulation and the interrelationships among elemental concentrations across different tissues remain poorly understood. To conduct breeding aimed at improving the absorption characteristics of multiple interrelated elements, genetic analysis using experimental populations that retain diversity while sharing the genetic background of cultivated varieties is effective. Here we show genetic variations in the concentrations of 13 elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Mn, Ni, and Zn) in rice straw at the flowering stage and grain at the mature stage using a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population that derived from eight cultivars including both Japonica and Indica. Comprehensive evaluation of the correlation coefficients revealed divergences in the association between grain and straw for several combinations of elements. Haplotype-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified 51 and 53 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in straw and grain, respectively. In total, the 104 QTLs were grouped into 19 clusters and 60 independent QTLs. By leveraging the haplotype information from the MAGIC population, 52 candidate genes associated with the accumulation of Ca, Mg, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Mo were efficiently predicted from these QTLs, including both previously reported and novel genes. Among them, OsMOT1;1 encoding a molybdenum transporter, was predicted to be within a QTL associated with Mo accumulation in grain on chromosome 8. OsACA9, a homolog of autoinhibited Ca²⁺-ATPases, was predicted within a QTL related to Ca accumulation in straw on chromosome 2. In addition, an unidentified gene, OsCML6, which is presumed to be involved in calcium signaling, was predicted to be a candidate for a Ca-accumulation QTL on chromosome 11. These findings offer insights into haplotypes and putative genes associated with element accumulation and trait interrelationships, providing valuable information for optimizing plant growth and enhancing grain nutritional quality in rice breeding programs. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 0918-9440 139 2 2026 Knockout of a single aquaporin, OsPIP2;4, decreases root water permeability in rice 255 265 EN Aya Onishi Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Tomoaki Horie Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University Ryo Ishitsuka Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Shizuka Sasano Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Rie Horie Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University Yunosuke Mito Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University Shigeko Utsugi Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Junko Ishikawa Institute of Crop Science, NARO Majid Mahdieh Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Maki Katsuhara Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane proteins that facilitate water transport and are present in nearly all bacterial, animal, and plant cells. In plants, AQPs are classified into four or more subfamilies, with plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) playing a key role in root water uptake and cellular water regulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that PIPs contribute to root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr) in various plant species. In this study, we examined the specific role of OsPIP2;4, one of the PIP-type aquaporins among 11 rice (Oryza sativa) PIP2s, in regulating Lpr. Transgenic rice plants, including OsPIP2;4-knockout (KO) and overexpressing (Ox) lines, were used for this investigation. Two independent KO lines, generated via the CRISPR-Cas9 system and T-DNA insertion mutagenesis, respectively, showed significantly lower Lpr compared to wild-type rice plants. The decrease in Lpr in the T-DNA KO line was associated with reduced OsPIP2;4 transcript levels, measured by real-time PCR, and lower OsPIP2;4 protein levels, as shown by immunohistochemical analysis. Conversely, no notable increase in Lpr was observed in the Ox lines. These results suggest that OsPIP2;4 is expressed in appropriate tissues in rice roots and is a key factor influencing Lpr. This research represents a significant step toward further understanding the physiological functions of OsPIP2;4 in rice. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

ˆê”ÊŽÐ’c–@�l “d‹CŠw‰ï Acta Medica Okayama 0385-4221 146 9 2026 ‘½—l‚È“d—Í�Á”ïŒ`‘Ô‚ð�l—¶‚µ‚½ƒXƒ}�[ƒgƒOƒŠƒbƒh‰^—p‚Ì�Å“K‰» 864 876 EN Takaki Kawamoto Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuriko Toda School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University Takashi Hasuike School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University �@This study examines an optimal operation model for a smart grid composed of multiple microgrids to promote renewable energy use in Japan. In Japan, about 70% of electricity is still supplied by fossil fuel power, while renewables account for only 18% despite a 36–38% target for 2030. Using demand and photovoltaic data from Setagaya Ward, we construct a system model with factory/office and residential microgrids and formulate a mathematical optimization model that considers power interchange, batteries and heat storage. Numerical experiments based on several case studies show the effectiveness of smart grid operation designed according to the proposed model in promoting renewable energy utilization and reducing total generation cost. In particular, the results show that increasing photovoltaic capacity, increasing the number of microgrids, and considering heat demand are all effective measures. However, these benefits depend on the season. Future work should extend the system model to account for seasonal variability and associated investment costs. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Chemical Society (ACS) Acta Medica Okayama 1523-7060 28 1 2025 Optimization of the External Directing Group Depending on the Substrates for the Regioselective C–H Alkenylation of Phenyl Ethers 94 99 EN Koki Yano Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Daisuke Sawada Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Using an external directing group (externalDG), we have succeeded in ortho-selective C–H alkenylation of various DG-free phenyl ethers, including bulky silyl ethers. Also, we demonstrated a strategy to develop regioselective C–H activation by optimizing externalDG depending on the substrate. The means for optimizing externalDG include the selection of the precursor, the addition of a Lewis acid, and changing the ratio of the precursor/Pd, to control the reactivity and regioselectivity. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0005-2728 1867 4 2026 Cryo-EM structure of photosystem II D1-V185T mutant from Thermosynechococcus vestitus 149598 EN Haowei Jiang Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Advanced Research Field and Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yoshiki Nakajima Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Advanced Research Field and Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Fusamichi Akita Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Advanced Research Field and Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hongjie Li Center for Transformative Science, School of Life Science and Technology and Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University Koji Kato Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Advanced Research Field and Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Miwa Sugiura Proteo-Science Research Center, Ehime University Jian-Ren Shen Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Advanced Research Field and Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes water oxidation into electrons, protons and dioxygen at its catalytic center, a Mn4CaO5 cluster, utilizing light energy. An amino acid residue D1-V185 in the D1 protein is located close to the Mn4CaO5 cluster, and plays a critical role in its catalytic function. In this research we purified PSII dimers from a D1-V185T mutant of Thermosynechococcus vestitus and analyzed its structure using low-damage cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) at a resolution of 1.88 Å. The results revealed the presence of multi-conformations at the mutation site. Unlike the wild-type valine, which does not allow water molecules to be able to form hydrogen-bonds with it, both conformations of the mutant formed hydrogen bonds with nearby water molecules, which leads to rearrangement of the hydrogen bond networks in the O1 and Cl-1 channels. In conformation-A, the mutated Thr residue forms a hydrogen bond with a water molecule W6, which creates a new channel that bypasses the original O1 channel. Due to the hydrophilic OH group of Thr, the side-chain of D1-Glu189 was attracted and shifted toward the mutant Thr residue. In conformation-B, it forms a hydrogen bond with a water molecule W9 in the Cl-1 channel, bringing W9 closer and thereby disrupting the hydrogen bond network of the Cl-1 channel. In addition, multi-conformations of D2-K317, which is a ligand of Cl-1, were found in the mutant. These changes alter the environment surrounding the Cl-1 ion and Mn4CaO5, thereby affecting the PSII water-oxidation activity. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Chemical Society (ACS) Acta Medica Okayama 2643-6728 7 4 2026 Graphene Oxide: Designing a Functional Smarter Material for Advanced Biomedicine 399 409 EN Cécilia Ménard-Moyon CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS Yuta Nishina Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Alberto Bianco Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as one of the most extensively studied two-dimensional (2D) materials, thanks to its large surface area and abundance of functional groups, which enable applications across energy, catalysis, electronics, construction, and mobility. Its exceptional dispersibility in water further expands its use in the biomedical field. However, researchers have consistently expressed concerns about the limited control over GO chemical composition and structural heterogeneity. These factors are often overlooked, strongly affecting the reproducibility in both synthesis and applications. Because GO is considered a promising platform for advanced drug delivery, achieving reproducible preparation and precise structural control is essential to make it a reliable alternative to the many nanomaterials currently being explored for nanomedicine.<br> Motivated by these challenges, we have focused our work on identifying and controlling the key parameters that govern GO structure and surface chemistry. Over the past decade, we have developed methods to produce GO with controlled and tunable chemical structures, clarified the reactivity of its major functional groups, and developed robust strategies for postfunctionalizing GO with therapeutic agents, targeting ligands, and imaging dyes. In parallel, we have established systematic approaches to evaluate GO biocompatibility and biodegradability, revealing how specific physicochemical features influence biological responses and clearance pathways.<br> Together, these findings provide a unified framework linking GO synthesis, chemical modification, and biological behavior. By integrating chemical control, functional performance, and safety assessment, our work outlines a coherent strategy for the rational design of GO-based biomedical materials. We believe that this Account offers a solid foundation for the targeted exploitation of GO in nanomedicine and will help facilitate its eventual clinical translation. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2045-2322 16 1 2026 Microstructural changes in irradiated teeth revealed by swept-source optical coherence tomography 22258 EN Kumiko Matsuzaki Division of Hospital Dentistry, Central Clinical Department, Okayama University Hospital Hidenobu Matsuzaki Department of Oral Diagnosis and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Okayama University Hospital Tomoko Tabata Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo Hideki Aoyama Central Division of Radiology, Okayama University Hospital Kotaro Yoshio Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Hirotaka Kosaki Division of Hospital Dentistry, Central Clinical Department, Okayama University Hospital Naoko Ohara Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Alireza Sadr Biomimetics Biomaterials Biophotonics Biomechanics & Technology Laboratory, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Magnuson Health Sciences Center, University of Washington Yoshihiko Soga Division of Hospital Dentistry, Central Clinical Department, Okayama University Hospital Yasushi Shimada Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo Radiation-induced caries is a late complication of radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Although direct irradiation-induced changes in tooth structure may contribute to its development, these changes have not been fully characterized. This study evaluated irradiation-associated microstructural alterations and tissue density changes in human teeth using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Eight extracted fully impacted human third molars were assigned to irradiated and non-irradiated groups (n = 4 each). The irradiated group received X-rays at a total dose of 70 Gy, a clinically relevant dose in definitive radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. A total of 64 SS-OCT cross-sectional images were obtained and analyzed, with 32 images from each group, including 16 from the coronal area on the occlusal side and 16 from the cervical area. Microcrack-like features were observed in 100% (16/16) of irradiated and 31.3% (5/16) of non-irradiated images in the coronal area on the occlusal side, and in 43.8% (7/16) and 0% (0/16) of images in the cervical area, respectively. Attenuation coefficients were significantly higher in irradiated enamel and dentin. These findings suggest that irradiation-induced microstructural changes in extracted human teeth in vitro may contribute to increased susceptibility to radiation-induced caries. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0360-3199 270 2026 The effect of end-gas auto-ignition flame properties on the knocking intensity of a dual-fuel hydrogen engine 157103 EN Riku Okamoto Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Nobuyuki Kawahara Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yoshimitsu Kobashi Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University This study sought to elucidate the mechanism governing PRE-mixed mixture ignition in end-gas region (PREMIER) combustion in a dual-fuel hydrogen engine. Both knocking and PREMIER combustion are induced by end-gas auto-ignition, but differ in terms of the subsequent development of pressure waves. Knocking is accompanied by strong waves, whereas PREMIER combustion is characterized by the absence of, or very few, such waves. End-gas auto-ignition of hydrogen–air mixtures was visualized while in-cylinder pressure was measured using an optical compression and expansion machine. The visualization data indicate that KI increased as the spread velocity of the end-gas auto-ignition front rose. That velocity remained below 100 m/s during PREMIER combustion, but attained approximately 400 m/s in severe knocking cycles. The theory proposed by Bradley was used to evaluate the experimental results, and two dimensionless parameters, ƒÌ and ƒÃ, were estimated. The ƒÌ-ƒÃ diagram showed a distinct transition from PREMIER combustion to knocking. (150 words). No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0360-3199 270 2026 Synergistic effects of gas-to-liquid pilot ignition and high rates of nitrogen-based simulated EGR on PREMIER combustion in dual-fuel hydrogen engines 157237 EN Nirendra Nath Mustafi Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Nobuyuki Kawahara Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yoshimitsu Kobashi Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hydrogen-fueled compression-ignition engines offer a pathway to decarbonize heavy-duty propulsion but face a trade-off between thermal efficiency, NOx emissions, and narrow knock-free windows. Although EGR dilution and pilot-fuel reactivity control have each been studied independently, their combined effect on hydrogen PREMIER (PREmixed Mixture Ignition in the End-gas Region) combustion has not been systematically characterized. This study addresses that gap by comparing diesel and high-cetane Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) pilot fuels in a supercharged hydrogen dual-fuel engine, while varying nitrogen addition to isolate the inert dilution effect of simulated EGR (0–50%). GTL's superior ignitability shortened ignition delay and enhanced combustion stability versus diesel. Increasing inert EGR (nitrogen) dilution suppressed NOx by over 90% (360 to 30 ppm) via reduced peak temperatures, while sustaining knock-free PREMIER combustion and achieving a peak indicated thermal efficiency of 43.55% at ∼0.80 MPa IMEP. Coupling pilot-fuel reactivity control with EGR dilution enables safe, clean, high-efficiency hydrogen dual-fuel. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1616-301X 2026 Biomineral-Inspired Organic/Inorganic Colloidal Liquid-Crystalline Hybrids for Photoresponsive Adhesion e77420 EN Junya Uchida Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Ryuta Kiguchi Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Riki Kato Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Yuta Nishina Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Takashi Kato Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Bioinspired hybrid nanostructures offer a promising strategy for developing dynamic functional materials. Herein, we report a new class of photoresponsive liquid-crystalline (LC) adhesives based on organic/inorganic nanostructured colloidal hybrids. These LC materials are composed of a biomineral-inspired hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanorod and azobenzene-based forklike molecules. The organic/inorganic LC hybrids exhibit unusual photo-enhanced adhesion upon photoinduced order–disorder phase transitions of these LC materials. The photoresponsive adhesion functions of the colloidal LC hybrids are tuned by spacer moieties of the forklike molecules as well as mixing of the hybrids with the forklike molecules. The reversible photo-enhanced adhesion of the LC hybrids is achieved when the forklike molecule having oligooxyethylene spacers is hybridized with the HAp nanorod. The flexible oligooxyethylene spacers of the forklike molecule are effective for the formation of less ordered packing of the azobenzene units in the LC hybrids, which enables the dynamic photoresponsive functions. We propose an approach to the development of bioinspired photoresponsive LC materials through self-assembly of functional organic molecules and biomineral-based colloidal hybrids. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Acta Medica Okayama 1759-9954 17 29 2026 Effect of graphene oxide sheet size on pickering miniemulsion polymerization of styrene 3226 3236 EN Yue Zhang Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales Yasemin Fadil Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales Yuta Nishina Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University Vipul Agarwal Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales Per B. Zetterlund Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales The effect of graphene oxide (GO) sheet size on the progression of Pickering miniemulsion polymerization of styrene was systematically investigated using two GO samples with lateral dimensions (∼500 nm and 5–10 µm). Key parameters, including the presence of the conventional surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), GO loading, and initiator concentration, were investigated individually. Miniemulsion polymerization with GO was successfully conducted both in the absence and presence of SDS, with the addition of SDS leading to a significant rate enhancement attributed to SDS-induced secondary nucleation. In the presence of SDS, GO sheet size influenced polymerization behavior, and its effect on polymerization rate and monomer conversion exhibited opposite trends at different GO loadings. Small GO (∼500 nm) led to higher conversion and faster rates at high GO loading (5 wt%), whereas large GO (5–10 µm) resulted in higher conversion and faster rates at low GO loading (0.5 wt%). This size-dependent effect became more pronounced at lower initiator concentration. Overall, while GO sheet size exhibited a measurable influence on polymerization behavior, the overall kinetics were primarily governed by SDS-induced secondary nucleation. These findings provide new insights into the role of GO lateral dimensions in miniemulsion polymerization and offer guidance for the design and synthesis of polymer/graphene (oxide) nanocomposites with tunable properties. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 2076-2615 16 15 2026 The Impact of Cold Storage and Seasonality on Raw Cow Milk Microbiota, Assessed by Conventional and Viability PCR 2302 EN Phong Dinh Tran Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takeshi Tsuruta Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Naoki Nishino Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University The microbiota of healthy Holstein cow�fs milk was analyzed to evaluate the effects of immediate (freezing at the farm: on-site workflow) and delayed processing (freezing after cool transport: laboratory workflow) and to investigate seasonal changes in September, November, and January. Propidium monoazide (PMA) was also used to distinguish between viable and non-viable cells. Microbiota composition differed between the laboratory and the on-site workflow. After cool transport, the abundances of Lactobacillus and Turicibacter increased, while those of Streptococcus, Bradyrhizobium, and Acinetobacter decreased. Based on the ƒÀ-diversity assessment, the difference between viable and non-viable cells was marginal compared with the difference between on-site and laboratory workflows. In the subsequent on-site workflow experiment, seasonal variation was clearly demonstrated. The relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Turicibacter, and Bacillus were high in September; Staphylococcus, Phenylobacterium, and Bradyrhizobium in November; and Phyllobacterium in January. The seasonal effect was greater than the PMA treatment effect. Despite the study�fs limitations, such as a limited number of milk samples and data from only one farm with a single management system, our findings indicate that storage and transport at low temperatures could lead to inaccurate assessments, particularly of opportunistic environmental microbiota. Viability PCR could help improve our understanding of the factors involved but would not substantially alter the raw milk microbiota. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 1386-1425 359 2026 Discrimination of nanovesicles using two-color laser-induced fluorescence detection 127928 EN Shunsuke Asahi Department of Chemistry, Okayama University Takashi Kaneta Department of Chemistry, Okayama University A two-color fluorescence-detection system was developed to distinguish between two types of nanovesicles labeled with different fluorescent dyes. This system employs two lasers emitting at distinct wavelengths (488 and 635 nm). These lasers are reshaped into sheet-like beams and focused at separate positions within a square capillary. As vesicles flow through the capillary, they pass through the laser beams and emit fluorescence when excited by the corresponding wavelength. This technique allows for the counting of vesicles and identification of the specific fluorophores on the vesicles based on their emission positions. The system was validated using liposomes labeled with fluorophores excited by the 488 and 635 nm lasers. It was then applied to differentiate CD63-positive extracellular vesicles (EVs) from other types of EVs in a culture media consisting of HeLa and A549 cells. Additionally, the system was used to study the effect of the anticancer drug doxorubicin on EV secretion in these cancer cells. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2096-241X 10 2 2026 A Microcontroller-Integrated Multichannel Time Detector for Paper-Based Analytical Devices �\ Applications to Viscosity Measurements in Saliva Analysis and Protease-Activity Assays 527 535 EN Jianchao Ren Department of Chemistry, Okayama University Kaewta Danchana Department of Chemistry, Okayama University Takashi Kaneta Department of Chemistry, Okayama University We designed and developed a microcontroller-integrated multichannel time detection system that uses a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) to measure liquid viscosity. This detection system is equipped with ten detectors to enhance the throughput of the measurements. The µPAD utilizes capillary action to determine viscosity based on the flow time of a liquid sample. A conductivity detection system begins counting the flow time when a sample is introduced and stops the count when the sample reaches the detection electrode. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was pre-deposited in the detection channel of the µPAD to enhance the conductivity of non-conductive samples, and Grade 1 CHR chromatography paper was selected as the optimal vehicle for substrates after comparing various channel widths, paper types, and channel lengths. The device demonstrated a linear correlation between flow time and viscosity for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glucose solutions, which validates the theoretical model. The time readout measured protease activity when gelatin was used as a substrate and revealed an activity order of bromelain > papain > trypsin. The practical applicability of this system was further confirmed by testing real saliva samples, which demonstrated that the viscosity of saliva decreases rapidly after collection. Moreover, the results indicate that saliva viscosity was increased during extended durations of exercise. Overall, this µPAD system provides a simple, low-cost, and portable solution for viscosity measurement, with potential applications in clinical diagnostics and field measurements. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1356-9597 31 5 2026 Transforming Life Science Through Chromosome�]Level Genome Assemblies e70145 EN Tetsuo Kon Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna Kosuke Kataoka Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Yi�]Jyun Luo Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica Johannes Nicolaus Wibisana Genomics and Regulatory Systems Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Kouhei Toga Laboratory of BioDX, PtBio Co�]Creation Research Center, Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University Narumi Uno Laboratory of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Yuki Monden Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Mayuko Hamada Ushimado Marine Institute, Okayama University Advances in long-read sequencing and Hi–C scaffolding have made chromosome-level genome assembly increasingly accessible to individual laboratories, shifting genome research from large consortium-led projects toward investigator-driven studies across diverse taxa. This transition allows researchers to select organisms based on biological questions rather than the prior availability of genomic resources. In this review, we summarize the core experimental and computational steps for generating, evaluating, and annotating chromosome-level assemblies, and examine how they have advanced research in non-model organisms and genetically complex systems. Representative case studies illustrate four major contributions: resolving structural variation and lineage-specific genome architecture, linking genome organization to phenotypic innovation and plasticity, reconstructing deep chromosome evolution and macrosynteny, and distinguishing homologous and homoeologous chromosomes in polyploid genomes. These examples show that chromosome-level assemblies provide more than complete reference sequences. They establish a continuous genomic coordinate system through which genes, regulatory elements, transposable element insertions, sequence variants, and cellular states can be interpreted within broader chromosomal, population, and evolutionary contexts. We describe this integrative perspective as �gglocal biology.�h Future progress will require pangenomic, population-scale, and haplotype-resolved resources integrated with multi-omics and functional analyses. Collectively, chromosome-level genomics is reshaping life science by embedding molecular functions within chromosomal and evolutionary contexts. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 2699-9307 6 6 2026 NUAK2 Inhibition Enhances Macromolecular Drug Delivery in a 3D Fibrotic Model of the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment e202500237 EN Misaki Nakamura Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Hiroyoshi Y. Tanaka Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Mayu Ohira Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Haruko Ohta�]Okano Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Reika Nakamura Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Yu Seno Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Saaya Yara Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Sakura Fujita Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Daichi Shibata Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Masaya Yamamoto Department of Materials Processing Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University Shinichi Toyooka Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Kensuke Osada Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Sciences and Technology (QST) Horacio Cabral Department of Bioengineering Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Atsushi Masamune Division of Gastroenterology Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University Mitsunobu R. Kano Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) features a fibrotic tumor microenvironment that impedes drug delivery and significantly limits the successful clinical application of nanomedicines. Targeting signaling in pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), which drive fibrosis via excessive secretion of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen I, may be useful in overcoming this fibrotic barrier. The AMPK-related kinases NUAK1/2 have recently gained interest as promoters of fibrosis, but whether they play a profibrotic role in PSCs remains unknown. Here, patient PSCs are used to assess NUAK1/2 involvement in the PDAC fibrotic barrier. Leveraging a 3D cell culture model of PDAC fibrosis, the effect of targeting NUAK1/2 on the permeability of macromolecular dextrans of various sizes, as well as physiologically relevant macromolecules, albumin and IgG, and clinical nanomedicines, Doxil and Abraxane, is investigated. NUAK1/2 inhibition is shown to diminish collagen I to enhance macromolecular permeability, via a mechanism independent of established pathways involving transforming growth factor-ƒÀ (TGFƒÀ) and yes-associated protein (YAP). Through isoform-specific knockdown, predominant NUAK2 involvement is demonstrated. Mechanistically, actin stress fiber regulation by NUAK2 is shown to be important. Altogether, these results show in vitro that NUAK2 promotes fibrotic signaling in PSCs and may be targeted to enhance macromolecular drug delivery in PDAC. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2589-0042 29 6 2026 Posterior shift of Shh-Fgf signaling in axolotl limb regeneration drives sequential digit formation 116256 EN Saya Furukawa Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Sakiya Yamamoto Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Haruki Nakayama Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Ayaka Ohashi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Akira Satoh Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Do conserved morphogen modules generate a given form only via a single spatiotemporal deployment, or can alternative deployments yield the same morphology? Axolotl limb regeneration provides a tractable test bed. SHH and FGF8, universally used in limb formation across vertebrates, also operate in axolotl, although the spatial domain of Fgf8 differs markedly from that in amniotes. A mutual Shh/Fgf feedback loop is likewise conserved. Here, we show that, in axolotl, the active domain of this loop shifts progressively posterior as digit formation proceeds. In step with this anterior-to-posterior displacement, digit-forming regions are sequentially induced posteriorly, explaining the axolotl�fs reversed order relative to the amniote posterior-to-anterior sequence. These findings indicate that conserved molecular toolkits can overcome differences in spatial deployment to produce equivalent final limb architectures, demonstrating that there is not a single route to a target morphology. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2589-0042 29 8 2026 Brain circadian clock neurons drive fitness advantages in Drosophila 117125 EN Sae Aikawa Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shoichiro Tamura Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Makiko Mimura Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Taishi Yoshii Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University The adaptive significance of circadian clocks is widely assumed due to their ubiquity; yet, direct empirical evidence remains scarce. Evaluating these benefits is often confounded by pleiotropic effects in conventional circadian null mutants. To address this, we selectively altered the circadian period exclusively within brain clock neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. Multi-generational competition assays revealed that flies with aberrant rhythms exhibit a significant fitness disadvantage under standard light-dark (LD 12:12) cycles. This disadvantage was abolished under constant light, confirming that the selection pressure is specifically mediated by the circadian clock. Furthermore, paternity assays conducted under LD 12:12 indicated that the timing of brain clock neurons influences male reproductive success, providing a potential mechanistic link between clock-controlled behavior and fitness. Intriguingly, we found that these fitness costs are highly photoperiod-dependent. Under short-day conditions (LD 8:16), the short-period strain (dbtS) maintained a significantly higher overall frequency than the long-period strain (dbtL). Our behavioral observations suggest that this difference may be associated with the quality of activity rhythms; specifically, dbtS lacked defined morning peaks and showed suppressed nocturnal activity, potentially narrowing its window for reproductive interactions compared to dbtL. These findings illustrate that the circadian system does not merely track a 24-h cycle but functions as a flexible feature that enables flies to cope with changing day lengths by aligning their mating behavior with the most favorable time of day. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2056-306X 12 1 2026 Knockout analysis of period and timeless and EGFP-based visualization of per-expressing clock cells in the cricket circadian clock 12 EN Kenji Tomioka Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shintaro Inoue Bio-Innovation Research Center, Tokushima University Taro Mito Bio-Innovation Research Center, Tokushima University Yoshiyuki Moriyama Department of Natural Sciences, Kawasaki Medical School Taishi Yoshii Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University In the present study, we generated crickets with knockout of either period (per) or timeless (tim) gene by CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. We also identified a naturally occurring per- mutant lacking a large coding region including PAS domains. To examine possible synergistic effects, a per- and timKO double mutant was generated by applying genome editing to the per- crickets. Under constant darkness (DD), timKO crickets exhibited a locomotor rhythm with a free-running period of 23.06 �} 0.20 h (mean �} SD), which was significantly shorter than that of the parental strain (23.78 �} 0.12 h). By contrast, perKO and per- crickets showed basically similar phenotype of locomotor rhythm: they exhibited an arrhythmic pattern during the first two to three weeks after transfer to DD but subsequently showed a complex rhythmic pattern with one or multiple components with significantly longer free-running periods (33.35 �} 10.72 h). In the per-;timKO double mutants, approximately 60% of individuals became arrhythmic, while the remaining 40% exhibited complex rhythms with extremely longer free-running periods (37.0 �} 9.17 h) under DD. These results suggest the existence of an underlying oscillatory mechanism that is responsible for regulating locomotor rhythms independently of the canonical per/tim feedback loop. Furthermore, we generated a reporter line on a per�| background by knocking egfp into exon 1 of the per gene, allowing egfp expression to report per transcription. EGFP expression was detected in three distinct clusters of cells within the optic lobe: two located along the dorsal and ventral boundaries between the lamina and medulla neuropils, and one situated near the accessory medulla. These findings raise the possibility that these form part of the circadian clock network that governs circadian locomotor rhythms. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1939-5981 2026 Micro-segregation of Primary Si in ADC14 (Al–17Si–4Cu) Alloy Produced by Unidirectional Continuous Casting EN Shuhei Takeuchi Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shota Nakagawa UACJ Corporation Yoshifumi Shinzato UACJ Corporation Tadashi Minoda UACJ Corporation Naotaka Ohtsuka UACJ Corporation Mitsuhiro Okayasu Department of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Okayama University An upgrading approach for hypereutectic Al–Si alloys was investigated through controlled segregation of Si using a unidirectional casting process. The precipitation behavior and spatial distribution of primary Si in the hypereutectic ADC14 (Al–17Si–4Cu) alloy were systematically examined at different casting speeds (0.06, 1.9, and 10 mm/s). Microstructural observations revealed that high casting speed suppresses primary Si formation due to rapid solidification, whereas intermediate speed leads to a relatively uniform distribution of primary Si. In contrast, low casting speed combined with a holding period for 2 min promotes pronounced segregation and coarsening of primary Si in localized regions. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed significant fluctuations in Si concentration along the casting direction, particularly after process interruption. Based on these results, a preliminary upgrading process was proposed, involving the selective removal of Si-enriched regions followed by remelting. This approach resulted in a reduction of Si content to approximately 13.9 wt.%, corresponding to a decrease of about 3%. The results demonstrate that controlling solidification behavior to induce phase separation provides a promising and energy-efficient strategy for upgrading recycled Al–Si alloys. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Œö‰vŽÐ’c–@�l “ú–{•úŽË�ü‹Z�pŠw‰ï Acta Medica Okayama 0369-4305 82 10 2026 ƒxƒCƒY�„’è‚ð—p‚¢‚½ƒ‰ƒWƒIƒNƒ�ƒ~ƒbƒNƒtƒBƒ‹ƒ€‚ÌADC’l–�ü—Ê•ÏŠ·–@ 26-1707 EN Yuki Tanimoto Department of Radiology, NHO Iwakuni Clinical Center Kohei Sugimoto Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Masahide Tamori Department of Radiology, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center Miho Yatsuki Department of Radiology, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center Shohei Yoshida Department of Radiology, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center Kazuma Sugahara Department of Radiology, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center Masataka Oita Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University �y–Ú“I�zƒ‰ƒWƒIƒNƒ�ƒ~ƒbƒNƒtƒBƒ‹ƒ€‚Í�‚‚¢‹óŠÔ•ª‰ð”\‚ð—L‚·‚邱‚Æ‚©‚ç�CŠ³ŽÒ•ÊIMRT•iŽ¿•Û�Ø�iIMRT QA�j‚É�L‚­—˜—p‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é�Dˆê•û�CƒsƒNƒZƒ‹’l‚ð�ü—Ê‚Ö•ÏŠ·‚·‚邽‚߂̃LƒƒƒŠƒuƒŒ�[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“‚É‚Í�C•¡�”‚ÌŠù’m�ü—Ê‚Å�ÆŽË‚µ‚½ƒtƒBƒ‹ƒ€‚ª•K—v‚Å‚ ‚è�C�ì‹Æ•‰’S‚ª‘å‚«‚¢‚±‚Æ‚©‚ç�CŽ{�Ý‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ă̓tƒBƒ‹ƒ€ƒ�ƒbƒg•Ï�XŽž‚È‚Ç‚ÉŒÀ’肵‚ÄŽÀŽ{‚³‚ê‚é�ê�‡‚ª‚ ‚é�D–{Œ¤‹†‚Å‚Í�C‰ß‹Ž‚̃LƒƒƒŠƒuƒŒ�[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“ƒf�[ƒ^ƒZƒbƒg‚Æ‘Î�ÛƒtƒBƒ‹ƒ€‚Ì–¢�ÆŽËŽžƒsƒNƒZƒ‹’l‚ð—p‚¢‚ăLƒƒƒŠƒuƒŒ�[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“‹È�ü‚ð�„’è‚·‚éƒxƒCƒY�„’胂ƒfƒ‹‚ð�\’z‚µ�CƒLƒƒƒŠƒuƒŒ�[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“�ì‹Æ‚ÌŒø—¦‰»‚ð–Ú“I‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚»‚Ì—L—p�«‚ðŒŸ�Ø‚µ‚½�D�y•û–@�zTomoHD‚ð—p‚¢‚Ď擾‚µ‚½93‘g‚̃LƒƒƒŠƒuƒŒ�[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“ƒf�[ƒ^ƒZƒbƒg‚ð‰ð�Í‘Î�Û‚Æ‚µ‚½�D�ü—Ê‚¨‚æ‚Ñ�ÆŽË‚©‚çƒXƒLƒƒƒ“‚Ü‚Å‚ÌŒo‰ßŽžŠÔ‚ð�à–¾•Ï�”‚Æ‚·‚é“ñŽŸ‘½�€Ž®‰ñ‹Aƒ‚ƒfƒ‹‚ð�\’z‚µ‚½�Dƒ‚ƒfƒ‹‚̓XƒLƒƒƒi‚Ì“Ç‚ÝŽæ‚è•ûŒü�i�c•ûŒü�E‰¡•ûŒü�j‚²‚Æ‚É�ì�¬‚µ�C‘Î�ÛƒtƒBƒ‹ƒ€‚Ì–¢�ÆŽËŽžƒsƒNƒZƒ‹’l‚ð�Ø•Ð�€‚Æ‚µ‚Ä�„’肵‚½�DƒxƒCƒY�„’è‚É‚ÍStan‚ð—p‚¢�CƒgƒŒ�[ƒXƒvƒ�ƒbƒg‚¨‚æ‚ÑRhat“�Œv—Ê‚É‚æ‚èŽû‘©�«‚ð•]‰¿‚µ‚½�D�X‚Ƀ‚ƒfƒ‹�«”\‚Ì•]‰¿‚É‚Í�CˆÙ‚È‚éƒ�ƒbƒg‚ÌEBT4ƒtƒBƒ‹ƒ€10–‡‚ð—p‚¢‚Ä—\‘ªƒsƒNƒZƒ‹’l‚ÆŽÀ‘ª’l‚ð”äŠr‚·‚é‚Æ‚Æ‚à‚É�C�ü—ÊŒë�·‚ð•]‰¿‚µ‚½�D�yŒ‹‰Ê�z‚·‚ׂẴ‚ƒfƒ‹‚ÅRhat‚Í1.01–¢–ž‚ðŽ¦‚µ�C—Ç�D‚ÈŽû‘©�«‚ªŠm”F‚³‚ꂽ�DŒŸ�Ø—pƒtƒBƒ‹ƒ€‚Å‚Í�CƒsƒNƒZƒ‹’l‚ÌŒë�·‚Í3.6%–¢–ž�CŒˆ’èŒW�”�iR2�j‚Í0.99ˆÈ�ã‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½�D‚Ü‚½�C�ü—ÊŒë�·‚Í24 cGy‚Å•½‹Ï2.7 cGy�iSD 1.3�j�C868.2 cGy‚Å•½‹Ï37.5 cGy�iSD 12.8�j‚Å‚ ‚è�C�Å‘å�ü—ÊŒë�·‚Í710.6 cGy‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä66.6 cGy‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½�D�yŒ‹Œê�z–{Žè–@‚Í�C‰ß‹Ž‚̃LƒƒƒŠƒuƒŒ�[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“ƒf�[ƒ^ƒZƒbƒg‚Æ‘Î�ÛƒtƒBƒ‹ƒ€‚Ì–¢�ÆŽËŽžƒsƒNƒZƒ‹’l‚ð—p‚¢‚ăLƒƒƒŠƒuƒŒ�[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“‹È�ü‚ð�„’è‚Å‚«‚é‰Â”\�«‚ðŽ¦‚µ‚½�D‚Ü‚½�Cƒ‰ƒWƒIƒNƒ�ƒ~ƒbƒNƒtƒBƒ‹ƒ€‚̃LƒƒƒŠƒuƒŒ�[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“�ì‹Æ‚ÌŒø—¦‰»‚ÉŠñ—^‚·‚é‰Â”\�«‚ªŽ¦�´‚³‚ꂽ�D�¡Œã‚ÍŠ³ŽÒ•ÊIMRT QA‚É“K—p‚µ�C�ü—Ê•ª•z•]‰¿‚ւ̉e‹¿‚ðŒŸ�Ø‚·‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚é�D No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 0960-7412 127 3 2026 AHG1–AFP interaction as a regulatory node in the ABA response during seed germination e71081 EN Noriyuki Nishimura Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Sho Ushiyama Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Masato Otagiri Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Kouji Satoh Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Nahomi Suzuki Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tomoko Irisa Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Nobutaka Mitsuda Biomanufacturing Process Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Taishi Umezawa Graduate School of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Hideki Nishimura Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Keiichirou Nemoto Proteo-Science Center, PIAS, Ehime University Wataru Tsuchiya Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Ryoichi Yano Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tatsuya Sawasaki Proteo-Science Center, PIAS, Ehime University Toshimasa Yamazaki Research Center for Advanced Analysis National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305�]8518 Japan Takashi Hirayama Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Seed dormancy and germination are tightly regulated by complex signaling networks that integrate internal and external cues, including the endogenous phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). ABA HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION 1 (AHG1), a group A type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C), is thought to modulate the activity of transcription factors such as ABA INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) in seeds and during germination. AHG1 is regulated by DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1), a key regulator of seed dormancy, through physical interaction. We previously reported that AHG1 also interacts with ABI FIVE BINDING PROTEIN 2 (AFP2), a member of the AFP family; however, the molecular basis of AHG1–AFP coordination has remained unclear. In this study, we show that AHG1 interacts with all AFP family members and that AFP3 binds AHG1 and ABI5 through adjacent but distinct amino acid residues within its C-domain, allowing simultaneous association with both proteins. In addition, AHG1 modulates the phosphorylation status of AFP3 at Ser60 in a DOG1-dependent manner, suggesting that DOG1–AHG1 regulates AFP3 post-translationally. Transcriptomic analyses of AHG1- or AFP3-overexpressing lines revealed that these factors are associated with the regulation of a shared set of ABA-responsive genes, including AFPs, and that AFP3 overexpression is predominantly associated with altered expression of genes involved in transcriptional regulation. Large-scale protein interaction analyses showed that AFPs interact with multiple classes of transcription factors, suggesting their involvement in diverse regulatory pathways, including ABA signaling. Together, these findings demonstrate that DOG1 regulates ABI5 function and modulates ABA responses, at least in part, by controlling AHG1-mediated dephosphorylation of AFPs. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0016-6480 384 2026 Alternative transcription of the mouse Gh gene identifies an immune-associated transcript with species-specific structural divergence 114996 EN Ai Fukushima Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yu Takeuchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hibiki Fukuchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Sakura Egoshi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hirotaka Sakamoto Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Sayaka Aizawa Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Sakae Takeuchi Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Growth hormone (GH) in mice is primarily expressed in the anterior pituitary, although Gh expression has been reported in extrapituitary tissues, including immune organs. However, the structure of immune-associated Gh transcripts remains poorly characterized. To determine whether splenic Gh transcripts differ from pituitary Gh mRNA, 5�Œ- and 3�Œ-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) analyses were performed. While 3�Œ RACE showed a shared polyadenylation site, 5�Œ RACE identified a novel exon located approximately 2 kb upstream of the conventional exon 1, generating a transcript (spl-Gh mRNA) with a distinct first exon but shared downstream exons with pituitary Gh mRNA (pit-Gh mRNA). RT-PCR analysis revealed that spl-Gh mRNA is predominantly expressed in immune tissues such as spleen and bone marrow, and its distribution did not correlate with Pit-1 mRNA expression. Quantitative RT-PCR further demonstrated that spl-Gh mRNA was expressed at levels comparable to those of pit-Gh mRNA in the mouse spleen, indicating that spl-Gh is one of the major Gh transcript forms in this tissue. Sequence analysis indicated that spl-Gh mRNA is predicted to retain coding potential for a GH protein. Comparative genomic analyses further demonstrated that genomic features associated with the spl-Gh transcriptional unit are conserved only in a subset of closely related Mus species. In contrast, although a spl-Gh–related transcript was detected in rat spleen, no properly spliced mouse-like transcript was identified under the present experimental conditions. The detected transcript exhibited intron retention and an in-frame stop codon, suggesting that it is unlikely to produce a functional GH protein. These findings identify a distinct immune-associated Gh transcript generated through alternative transcription of the mouse Gh gene and suggest that immune-associated Gh transcriptional mechanisms have undergone species-specific divergence among rodents. Together, these findings reveal previously unrecognized complexity in Gh gene regulation and highlight species-specific differences in immune-associated Gh transcripts. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) Acta Medica Okayama 2226-7190 13 3 2024 Hormonal changes revealed by selective arterial calcium injection tests in patients with insulinoma treated with EUS–guided ethanol injection 193 195 EN Kazuyuki Matsumoto Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Hospital Motoshi Komatsubara Department of Endocrinology, Okayama City Hospital Kenichi Inagaki Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hironari Kato Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Hospital Motoyuki Otuka Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Hospital No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1356-9597 30 3 2025 Polished Rice Regulates Maturation but Not Survival of Secondary Cells in Drosophila Male Accessory Gland e70025 EN Shinichi Otsune Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Mirai Matsuka Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Chisato Shirakashi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Xuanshuo Zhang Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hideki Nakagoshi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University In Drosophila males, the accessory gland is responsive to nutrient signal-dependent regulation of fertility/fecundity. The accessory gland is composed of two types of binucleated epithelial cells, about 1000 main cells and 60 secondary cells (SCs). The transcription factors Defective proventriculus (Dve), Abdominal-B, and Ecdysone receptors (EcRs) are strongly expressed in adult SCs. In response to nutrient conditions during development, coordinated action between Dve and ecdysone signaling determines the optimal number of SCs and regulates their maturation. A downstream effector of ecdysone signaling, Ftz-F1, is crucial in this process. Another downstream effector, Polished rice (Pri), is small peptides of 11 or 32 amino acids. Here we show that pri is required for maturation of SCs and for male fecundity, whereas it is not involved in determination of the number of SCs. We provide evidence that Pri acts downstream of Ftz-F1 to regulate maturation but not survival of SCs. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0001-8686 358 2026 Revisiting particle formation beyond classical nucleation: A unified classification framework for nonclassical pathways 104018 EN Yuya Iida Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Satoshi Watanabe Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kyoto University Particle formation is pervasive in both nature and technology, shaping environmental and biological phenomena while underpinning a broad range of industrial products. A mechanistic understanding of particle formation is therefore important both for fundamental science and for the design of particle properties. It is now well established that particle formation can proceed through diverse pathways beyond classical one-step nucleation. At the same time, the proliferation of reported nonclassical pathways has blurred the distinctions among mechanistic categories and obscured their underlying relationships. In this review, we revisit the development of concepts in particle formation pathways and present a unified perspective on this increasingly complex mechanistic landscape. To this end, we classify the nonclassical features of particle formation along three conceptual axes: stepwise transitions between phases or phase-like fluctuations, chemically driven formation of structural units, and aggregation-dominant nucleation and growth processes. This framework places diverse pathways within a common three-dimensional space referenced to classical nucleation, providing a basis for comparing apparently distinct mechanisms within a single picture. We further discuss representative theoretical descriptions in relation to these axes and outline future challenges. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Acta Medica Okayama 2169-3536 14 2026 A Novel Approximate Solution Method for Euclidean Steiner Tree Problem Based on Genetic Algorithm 122947 122962 EN Liping Zhang Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tsuyoshi Migita Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Norikazu Takahashi Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University A novel approximate solution method for the Euclidean Steiner tree problem is proposed and its performance is demonstrated through experiments using 195 benchmark problem instances from the OR-Library. Given a finite number of terminal points, the proposed method first generates non-terminal points around each terminal point and at the same location as the Steiner point for each triangle obtained by the Delaunay triangulation for all terminal points. It next runs a genetic algorithm to select a subset of the generated non-terminal points, aiming to minimize the total edge length of a minimum spanning tree for all the terminal points and the selected non-terminal points. It then optimizes the locations of the non-terminal points in the tree using Weiszfeld�fs method, while preserving the topology. It finally refines the tree by adding new non-terminal points, adding and removing edges, and optimizing the locations of all non-terminal points. The experimental results show that, among 150 benchmark problem instances with known optimal solutions, the proposed method successfully constructs a Euclidean Steiner tree for 61 instances. For the remaining 89 instances, it produces an approximate solution whose total edge lengths is less than 100.7% of the optimal. The experimental results also show that the proposed method obtains approximate solutions efficiently: within 1.5 seconds for instances with up to 100 terminal points and within 61 seconds for instances with up to 1,000 terminal points. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Copernicus GmbH Acta Medica Okayama 1816-3459 35 2 2026 An interdisciplinary approach to sampling hard rock cores of the oceanic crust for microbiological and biogeochemical research 159 169 EN William J. Brazelton School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah Oscar Cavazos International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University Jordyn A. Robare School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University Gordon Southam School of the Environment and Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland Johanna Suhonen International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University Fengping Wang School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Susan Q. Lang Dept. of Geol. and Geophys., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Andrew McCaig School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds Peter Blum International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University Natsue Abe Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Rémi Coltat ISTO, UMR 7327, Univ. Orleans, CNRS, BRGM, OSUC Jeremy R. Deans School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi Kristin L. Dickerson Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Marguerite Godard Geosciences Montpellier, CNRS, University of Montpellier Barbara E. John Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie Frieder Klein Dept. of Geol. and Geophys., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Rebecca Kuehn Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Kuan-Yu Lin Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Purdue University C. Johan Lissenberg School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University Haiyang Liu Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ethan L. Lopes Dept. of Geophysics, Stanford University Toshio Nozaka Dept. Earth Sciences, Okayama University Andrew J. Parsons School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth Vamdev Pathak Dept. Geology, Central University of Punjab Mark K. Reagan Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa C. Geoffrey Wheat Global Undersea Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks Studying life in the deep, rocky subseafloor involves many layers of technological and methodological challenges, and each drilling project or expedition must make a series of choices to address these challenges. We report on the workflow for sampling hard rock cores for microbiological and biogeochemical research that was developed and optimized during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 399. All steps of the workflow, including selection of the sample and its shipboard homogenization and subsampling for specific analyses, were designed to maximize the potential for interdisciplinary collaborations and syntheses of results. Furthermore, multiple strategies to minimize and detect potential microbial and organic chemical contamination of the core samples were employed, including the shipboard detection of a fluorescent chemical tracer pumped into the drill fluid. Contamination tracer levels were detectable on the exterior surfaces of the core but absent in the homogenized interiors of most core samples. Based on the experiences and preliminary results of this expedition, recommendations for processing samples on future expeditions are presented. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Geophysical Union (AGU) Acta Medica Okayama 2169-9313 131 8 2026 Spin Transition of Ferric Iron in Silicate Glasses Inferred by High�]Pressure Electrical Conductivity Measurements e2026JB034225 EN Izumi Mashino Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Takashi Yoshino Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Shinji Kitao Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University Takaya Mitsui Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Kansai Photon Science Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology Ryo Masuda Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University Makoto Seto Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University Silicate melt has been proposed to exist near the base of the mantle and has been invoked to explain seismic and electrical conductivity anomalies observed near the core-mantle boundary; however, its presence and stability under lowermost-mantle conditions remain uncertain. Here we report high-pressure electrical conductivity measurements of Fe2+- and Fe3+-bearing pyroxene glasses (Fe3+/ƒ°Fe ≈ 0.5), used as analogs of silicate melts, up to megabar pressures at room temperature. At lower pressures, conductivity increases with pressure and iron content, consistent with electron-hole hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+. Above 77–85 GPa, all samples show a marked conductivity decrease, suggesting a pressure-induced spin transition of Fe3+. Previous studies have suggested that lower-mantle silicate melts may be enriched in Fe3+, and iron spin-state changes may modify iron partitioning between silicate melts and coexisting crystalline phases. Therefore, the Fe3+ spin transition inferred here may affect the evolution of deep-mantle melts through pressure-dependent changes in iron partitioning behavior. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2168-8184 18 8 2026 Incidence and Time to Onset of Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema (Irvine-Gass Syndrome) After 1,325 Consecutive Cataract Surgeries Performed by a Single Surgeon Over Four Years e114802 EN Toshihiko Matsuo Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems Chie Nakago-Matsuo Orthodontics, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Objectives<br> Macular edema after cataract surgery is known as pseudophakic cystoid macular edema or Irvine-Gass syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and time to onset of cystoid macular edema after uncomplicated cataract surgery.<br> Methods <br> A retrospective review was conducted of 1,325 consecutive cataract surgeries performed by a single surgeon at a single institution over four years, from January 2022 to December 2025.<br> Results<br> Among 1,325 eyes, one or more macular cysts were detected by optical coherence tomography in 27 eyes (2.0%) of 22 patients who complained of blurred vision or decreased visual acuity after having no symptoms immediately after surgery. The 22 patients (27 eyes: 12 right and 15 left) comprised 12 men and 10 women. Their ages at the time of surgery ranged from 57 to 82 years, with a median of 75.5 years. Of the 27 eyes that developed macular cysts, 13 eyes with no preoperative or intraoperative risk factors for inflammation received topical 0.1% bromfenac twice daily as the only postoperative anti-inflammatory treatment, together with topical antibacterial 0.5% moxifloxacin four times daily. In contrast, the remaining 14 eyes, which had risk factors for inflammation, such as exfoliation, floppy iris, poor mydriasis, extracapsular cataract extraction, or diabetes mellitus, received topical bromfenac twice daily and 0.1% betamethasone (or 0.1% fluorometholone in two eyes) four times daily, as well as topical moxifloxacin. The time from surgery to the diagnosis of macular cysts ranged from one week to eight months, with a median of two weeks, in the 13 eyes treated with topical bromfenac only. In the 14 eyes treated with the combination of topical bromfenac and betamethasone, the time to diagnosis ranged from two weeks to 13 months, with a median of two months. In 26 of the 27 eyes, the macular cysts disappeared and visual acuity returned to normal without residual symptoms within two weeks to seven months, with a median of one month, after topical betamethasone four times daily was initiated or resumed.<br> Conclusions <br> Pseudophakic macular cysts developed during the postoperative course in eyes with no preoperative or intraoperative risk factors that received topical bromfenac alone. They also developed later in the postoperative course after the combination of topical bromfenac and betamethasone was discontinued in eyes with risk factors for inflammation. The macular cysts disappeared following the initiation or resumption of topical betamethasone, accompanied by recovery of visual acuity and resolution of symptoms. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Acta Medica Okayama 0885-8993 41 11 2026 Structural Design of Litz Wires for Reducing AC Transport Current Loss Using an Equivalent Circuit Model Considering the Path of All Strands 19516 19529 EN Ryota Inoue Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Hiroshi Ueda Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University SeokBeom Kim Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Litz wires are generally fabricated based on the proprietary know-how of wire manufacturers. Therefore, the design guidelines for the conductor structure of low-loss Litz wires have not been clearly established. In this study, we investigated the effect of differences in the conductor structure on the AC resistance using the equivalent circuit model considering the path of all strands. Moreover, we proposed design guidelines for the conductor structure of Litz wires to reduce AC resistance originating from strand paths. Furthermore, we prototyped Litz wires according to the proposed design guidelines and compared the AC resistance of the proposed Litz wires with that of commercial Litz wires. As a result, the AC resistance of the prototyped Litz wires according to the proposed design guidelines was reduced compared to that of the commercial Litz wires. Moreover, the quality factor of the spiral coil using the proposed Litz wire was higher than that using the commercial Litz wire. From the above results, we experimentally clarified that the proposed design guidelines for the conductor structure of Litz wires are effective in reducing the AC resistance originating from strand paths. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Public Library of Science (PLoS) Acta Medica Okayama 1932-6203 21 8 2026 Study protocol: Effect of inulin supplementation on gut microbiota in patients with oral lichen planus �\ A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled parallel-group trial e0356180 EN Koki Nambu Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University Naoki Kaneko Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University Shiho Yokomizo Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University Hu Chen Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University Lijing Yan Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University Wang Shiyao Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University Ryusei Shizuma Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University Eiji Iwata Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Yukiko Ohyama Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University Shohei Akagawa Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University Soichiro Ibaragi Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Shintaro Kawano Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University Masafumi Moriyama Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa characterised by immune dysregulation, but its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood and no curative treatment has been established. Our previous work showed that patients with oral lichen planus exhibit gut dysbiosis, including reduced microbial diversity and depletion of butyrate-producing bacteria. Because butyrate promotes regulatory T-cell differentiation and supports immune homeostasis, targeting this dysbiosis may represent a microbiota-directed approach for immune modulation in oral lichen planus. This study aims to investigate the effects of inulin supplementation on the gut microbiota and related immune markers in patients with oral lichen planus. This multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled parallel-group trial will enrol 80 patients with oral lichen planus. Participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either inulin (8 g/day) or a maltose placebo for 4 weeks, in addition to standard care. The primary outcome is the change in the relative abundance of prespecified butyrate-producing gut bacteria from baseline to the end of intervention at Week 6. Secondary outcomes include changes in gut microbiota diversity, salivary microbiota composition, faecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, peripheral blood regulatory T-cell counts, blood test parameters, and clinical symptoms of oral lichen planus. Analyses will follow the intention-to-treat principle, and between-group differences will be assessed using appropriate statistical methods. This trial is designed to evaluate, in a randomised placebo-controlled setting, whether a microbiota-directed intervention can modify gut microbial profiles and related immune markers in patients with oral lichen planus. The findings are expected to clarify whether inulin supplementation can modify gut microbial profiles and related immunological markers in patients with oral lichen planus. Trial registration: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), UMIN000060840, registered on 1 April 2026 (https://rctportal.mhlw.go.jp/detail/um?trial_id=UMIN000060840#). No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Society for Horticultural Science Acta Medica Okayama 0018-5345 61 9 2026 Stomatal Traits in Strawberry Cultivars: Variation among Plant Parts and Associations with Growth and Yield 1988 1991 EN Minori Hikawa-Endo Okayama University, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology Ryosuke Yamanaka Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO Takayoshi Yano Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO Stomatal traits are important determinants of photosynthesis and water use; however, their variation among plant parts and cultivars and their relationships with growth and yield in strawberry remain unclear. This study characterized stomatal density and guard cell length among plant parts and across 34 cultivars and examined their associations with growth and yield. Stomata were found not only on the abaxial leaf surface but also on petioles and calyces and occasionally on the adaxial surface of leaves. Both traits varied widely among cultivars and decreased between November and May. Stomatal density was significantly negatively correlated with plant height, estimated leaf area, and total yield in both seasons, whereas guard cell length showed no significant association with these traits. These results suggest that stomatal density may be a more relevant indicator of growth and yield in strawberries and that characterizing stomatal traits across plant parts and cultivars may support breeding and cultivation research. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Chemical Society (ACS) Acta Medica Okayama 1523-7060 2026 Cathodic AziridinationUsing Dichloramine-Tas a Nitrogen Source EN Eisuke Sato Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kanon Nagamine Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Koichi Mitsudo Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Seiji Suga Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Aziridines are valuable motifs in organic synthesis due to their biological activities and their utility as synthetic intermediates. Although electrochemical methods have been developed for aziridine synthesis, these approaches rely on anodic oxidation. This study reports the first cathodic reduction-promoted aziridine formation using dichloramine-T as a nitrogen source. The reaction conditions were optimized via Gaussian process regression. Overall, this strategy enables aziridine formation with broad substrate scope, providing a practical platform that expands the electrochemical synthesis toolbox. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1526-9914 27 7 2026 Potential of quantitative X�]ray imaging from photon�]counting CT: A novel analysis based on effective atomic number and physical density e70673 EN Takashi Asahara Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University Rina Nishigami Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University Natsumi Kimoto Department of Radiological Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Junshin Gakuen University Mana Mitani Division of Radiological Technology, Medical Support Department, Okayama University Hospital Yusuke Morimitsu Division of Radiological Technology, Medical Support Department, Okayama University Hospital Noriaki Akagi Division of Radiological Technology, Medical Support Department, Okayama University Hospital Fumiyo Higaki Department of Radiology, Medical Development Field, Okayama University Toshihiro Iguchi Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University Takao Hiraki Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Hiroaki Hayashi College of Transdisciplinary Sciences for Innovation Kanazawa University Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan Background: Conventional CT assessment of lung lesions is based mainly on morphological features. CT values represent relative X-ray attenuation that does not directly reflect tissue composition and/or physical density. Quantitative imaging using photon-counting CT (PC-CT) has the potential to provide quantitative parameters, such as effective atomic number (Zeff) and effective physical density (ƒÏeff).<br> Purpose: The purpose is to develop and demonstrate the potential of an algorithm that generates both the Zeff and ƒÏeff images, derived directly from virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) acquired with a clinical PC-CT system.<br> Methods: The ƒÏeff image was generated by fitting a database of mass attenuation coefficients (ƒÊ/ƒÏ) to the measured linear attenuation coefficients (ƒÊ), which were obtained from two VMIs at 70 and 100 keV. As an effective material, Zeff information was also determined and fed back into the ƒÏeff calculation. An in-house low-density phantom was scanned for quantitative evaluation of ƒÏeff. In addition, to demonstrate the applicability of our procedure to actual clinical imaging, representative chest PC-CT images from patients were analyzed.<br> Results: In experiments using low-density phantoms, the CT values did not necessarily correlate with Zeff values, but they showed a very good correlation with the ƒÏeff values. The ƒÏeff values calculated using our procedure correlated well with the correct values of ƒÏ. A relative root mean square error of ƒÏeff calculation was 5.5%. Furthermore, we found that in pulmonary diagnosis, image contrast information from ƒÏeff makes it easier to identify and distinguish lesions compared to that from Zeff.<br> Conclusions: The proposed procedure directly generated Zeff and ƒÏeff images from PC-CT data and enabled quantitative interpretation of CT value in terms of elemental composition and physical density. In this study, the feasibility of generating Zeff and ƒÏeff images was demonstrated. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0021-9258 302 8 2026 Proton pump rhodopsins for optogenetic manipulation of biological activities and beyond 113318 EN Keiichi Kojima Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Miyu Inokuchi Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Yuki Sudo Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Water (H2O), the principal component of living organisms including humans, dissociates into H+ and OH- in aqueous environments, and the resulting H+ concentration determines both cellular pH and the proton motive force (PMF) across cellular membranes. These physicochemical parameters are fundamental regulators of a wide range of biological processes. Optogenetics enables the manipulation of biological and cellular functions using light, typically through the ectopic expression of microbial rhodopsins as photoreceptive proteins in target cells or organs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of optogenetic studies employing H+ pump rhodopsins in diverse biological systems and highlights their growing relevance to neuroscience, cell biology, bioengineering, and therapeutic research. Notably, optical control of H+ concentration allows the precise modulation of neural and non-neural activities in animals and bacteria, highlighting the broad applicability and significant potential of H+ pump rhodopsins for optogenetics. Based on previous and current studies, we discuss how further expansion of the molecular toolkit of H+ pump rhodopsins could enable increasingly fine-tuned manipulation of intracellular pH dynamics and PMF for probing cellular physiology and designing next-generation therapeutic strategies and consider emerging directions that extend beyond classical optogenetics toward the optical control of bioenergetic and chemical processes. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 2367-0932 10 7 2026 Photochemical Oxidative Esterification of Aldehydes with Radical-Sensitive Alcohols via CH Bromination e70221 EN Nova Alfian Hariyanto Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Haru Ando Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Atsuya Miyamoto Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hiroyoshi Takamura Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Isao Kadota Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kenta Tanaka Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Photochemical esterification is an attractive strategy for the synthesis of multifunctionalized esters, and the use of aldehydes as substrates offers an alternative to conventional carboxylic acid–based approaches. In particular, reactions via acyl halide intermediates are useful for accessing functionalized esters; however, examples of such transformations remain limited so far, and their compatibility with radical-sensitive alcohols remains relatively unexplored. Here, we report a photochemical oxidative esterification of aldehydes with radical-sensitive alcohols enabled by CH bromination. This reaction proceeds without stoichiometric additives, such as bases, and enables the incorporation of a broad range of radical-sensitive functional groups into esters. Thus, it represents a promising platform for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and functional materials. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 0024-6093 58 8 2026 On Nielsen equivalence classes of two�]element generators of mapping class groups e70454 EN Susumu Hirose Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science Naoyuki Monden Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Okayama University We show that there are infinitely many Nielsen equivalence classes of the mapping class group of a closed oriented surface of genus at least eight. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 0947-6539 2026 Synthesis of Tris(indol-3-yl)methanes From Indoles, CO2, and Dimethylphenylsilane With BPh3: Two-Step Construction of ƒÎ-Conjugated Systems e71464 EN Sha Li Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University So Saibara Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Reito Yasui Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuto Takaishi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Natsumi Nitta Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tadashi Ema Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tris(indol-3-yl)methanes were synthesized from indoles, CO2, and PhMe2SiH in the presence of BPh3 in acetonitrile at 50�‹C. This is the first CO2 fixation reaction forming the aliphatic methine (>CH„Ÿ) group. The isotope-labeling experiments clearly demonstrated that the carbon and hydrogen atoms of the methine group originated from carbon dioxide and dimethylphenylsilane, respectively. The mechanism for the multicomponent cascade reaction was elucidated by DFT calculations. One of the CO2-derived products, tris(4-bromo-1-methylindol-3-yl)methane, underwent palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cascade reactions for the selective formation of two novel polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds, where the methine C(sp3) atom originating from CO2 was converted into aromatic C(sp2) atoms. One is formally produced via double direct C„ŸH arylation, Wacker-type oxidation, dehydrogenation, and debromination, while the other seems to be produced via the intramolecular homocoupling of aryl bromide, direct C„ŸH arylation, Wacker-type oxidation, and dehydrogenation. Both of them are new intramolecular cascade reactions that are useful for the short-step construction of nitrogen-doped nanographenes. On the other hand, one of the CO2-derived products, tris(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methane, was converted into tris(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methylium methanesulfonate, which is a potential antitumor drug. This is the first derivatization of CO2 to a cationic C(sp2) center. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Acta Medica Okayama 2187-0136 15 7 2026 Ultra-Low Input Power Drivable IoT Wireless Sensor using Energy Harvesting from 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi 286 289 EN Masato Wadahama Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuhiro Fujimori Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University This letter implements an ultra-low-power IoT wireless sensor driven by energy harvesting (EH) from 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi and verifies its performance. First, a planar Yagi-Uda antenna was used to extend transmission distance, and its maximum gain was 12.2 dBi. Next, a high-conversion-efficiency rectifier was implemented using surface-mount components to achieve ultra-low input power operation and achieved 15.7% conversion efficiency at �|20 dBm input power. Finally, connecting these components to the sensor module enabled sensor operation at a distance of 3.0 m from the Wi-Fi router. This shows that the proposed IoT wireless sensor offers high flexibility and enables semi-permanent operation. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 0170-0839 83 10 2026 Osmotic pressure, correlation lengths and viscosity of aqueous pullulan solutions beyond the overlap concentration 565 EN Lingzi Meng Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University Rene Iwato Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Takaichi Watanabe Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Carlos G. Lopez Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University We investigate the thermodynamic, scattering, and flow properties of pullulan, a flexible non-ionic polysaccharide in aqueous solution, focusing on semidilute and concentrated solutions. We review dilute solution data for the intrinsic viscosity and radius of gyration and hydrodynamic radius of aqueous pullulan and find the Kuhn length and thermal blob size, below which the polymer chain is nearly ideal, to be 3 nm and 20 nm, respectively. We establish the scaling laws for static correlation length, specific viscosity, osmotic pressure, and osmotic compressibility across dilute, semidilute, and concentrated regions, finding that the scaling exponents align well with theoretical predictions but the crossover concentrations obtained from different methods are not consistent. The ratio between the osmotic and Ornstein–Zernike correlation lengths ƒÌƒ®/ƒÌOZ is approximately 2.5 for aqueous solutions, similar to that observed in polystyrene in a theta solvent. This similarity may arise because the crossover concentration between the semidilute and concentrated regions c∗∗ is close to the overlap concentration c∗. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Society for Horticultural Science Acta Medica Okayama 1063-0198 36 5 2026 Effects of Transplanting Date and Photoperiod on Flowering of Everbearing Strawberries 789 797 EN Minori Hikawa-Endo Okayama University, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology Ryosuke Yamanaka Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO Takayoshi Yano Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO Everbearing strawberries have the potential to produce fruit year-round if transplanted early. However, temperature and plant physiological status limit the continuous flowering. Herein, we aimed to investigate whether promoting flowering through long-day phototreatment enables earlier transplanting. The interaction between transplanting date and photoperiod in two everbearing strawberry cultivars was examined. In the 04 cultivar, which exhibited strong everbearing characteristics, rapid and continuous flowering occurred largely independent of long-day treatment, and early transplanting alone increased inflorescence number and early yield. However, excessive flowering was associated with reduced average fruit weight, soluble solid concentration, and firmness. Conversely, in Yotsuboshi, a cultivar with weak everbearing characteristics, earlier transplanting combined with extended photoperiods advanced the emergence of the first and second inflorescences. However, gains in total early yield were small, and the average fruit weight decreased compared with that in the control, indicating physiological stress. Across the cultivars, earlier inflorescence emergence was negatively correlated with days to flowering and positively associated with cumulative yield. For practical applications, cultivars with strong everbearing characteristics can be managed with early transplanting and minimal long-day supplementation to ensure early production. In contrast, cultivars with weak everbearing characteristics require extended photoperiods following early transplanting along with stress-mitigation strategies to maintain fruit size and quality. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 1746-8094 127 2026 Outcome-aware and interpretable subtyping of chronic kidney disease: an analysis of the FROM-J study 111090 EN Tianyi Shi Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba Xiucai Ye Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba Wenyu Xi Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba Akira Imakura Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba Kaori Mase Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba Ryoya Tsunoda Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba Chie Saito Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba Akihiko Kato Blood Purification Unit, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Jun Wada Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Shoichi Maruyama Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Takashi Wada Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kanazawa University Ichiei Narita Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kunihiro Yamagata Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba Tetsuya Sakurai Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 10% of the global population and exhibits substantial heterogeneity in disease progression and clinical outcomes. Despite ongoing efforts to develop new therapeutic strategies, the number of patients progressing to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) continue to rise. Although severity classification systems for CKD are well established and refined, they remain insufficient to capture prognostically relevant patient subtypes. In this study, we developed an outcome-aware and interpretable clustering framework for CKD subtyping using data from the FROM-J cohort with prognostic follow-up. A supervised XGBoost model was first trained to predict a ≥ 30% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a surrogate marker of CKD progression. SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values derived from this model were then used to quantify outcome-relevant feature contributions. Based on these feature attributions, a similarity graph was constructed, and spectral clustering was performed to identify patient subtypes driven by prognostic relevance. The proposed framework identified four CKD subtypes with distinct baseline clinical characteristics and significantly different risks of renal replacement therapy (RRT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and smoking status consistently emerged as key features defining subtype structure and prognosis. Robust risk stratification was preserved even when clustering was restricted to these three routinely measured variables. Overall, our findings demonstrate that integrating outcome-driven feature attribution into clustering enables interpretable and clinically relevant CKD subtyping, providing a practical approach for characterizing disease heterogeneity and supporting risk stratification and personalized management. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2949-6780 8 2026 Immersion is not enough: Design quality as the key determinant of perceived effectiveness and usage intention in educational virtual reality 100152 EN Achmad Samsudin Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Muhammad Zahran Okayama University Eki Nugraha Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Hadi Nasbey Universitas Negeri Jakarta Mustafa Sozbilir Atatürk University Nor Farahwahidah Abdul Rahman Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Takashi Irie Okayama University Immersive technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) are increasingly used to support conceptual understanding in science education, yet perceived learning benefits depend on the quality of system design rather than immersion alone. This study investigates how four design-quality dimensions�\Visual and Technological Design (VT), Aesthetic Quality (AQ), Curriculum Alignment (CA), and Digital Feasibility (DF)�\influence learners' Perceived Effectiveness (PE) and Intention to Use (IU) the VARIASI VR simulation, which visualizes particle behavior across phase states of matter. Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, quantitative data from 60 participants were analyzed using PLS-SEM, followed by reflexive thematic analysis of open-ended responses. Results show that VT, AQ, CA, and DF each significantly predict PE, demonstrating that learners' perception of effectiveness depends on the coordinated alignment of conceptual clarity, emotional resonance, and system reliability. However, none of these dimensions directly predicted IU, and the PE �¨ IU relationship was positive but marginal, reflecting learners�f need for procedural guidance and comfort to sustain voluntary adoption. Qualitative findings reveal that while VR enhanced conceptual clarity and engagement, continued use depended on familiarity, scaffolding, and physical comfort. The study highlights that effective VR-based science learning experiences emerge when immersive environments are not only well-designed but pedagogically framed to support confidence and sustained use. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0024-4937 542-543 2026 Serpentinization parageneses controlled by lithological variations among olivine gabbro and peridotite from the Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 108716 EN Toshio Nozaka Department of Earth Sciences, Okayama University Shun Kazumata Department of Earth Sciences, Okayama University Frieder Klein Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Serpentinization of olivine impacts the geochemical and ecological environment via molecular hydrogen production, promoted by iron oxidation to form magnetite and ferric iron in serpentine. Previous studies suggested that serpentinization proceeds with various reactions and the extent of iron oxidation is variable depending on the reaction pathways. To examine the effect of lithological variation on reactions at an incipient stage of serpentinization, we carried out microscopic observations, electron-probe analyses, and Raman spectroscopy of serpentine veins cutting olivine in gabbroic rocks and peridotites from the Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The results indicate that the serpentine veins in the proximity of olivine dominantly comprise lizardite mixed with variable minor phases or components depending on igneous lithology: brucite in peridotites, troctolites, and primitive olivine gabbros; cronstedtite-bearing serpentine, commonly without brucite, in some troctolites and slightly evolved olivine gabbros; and neither brucite nor cronstedtite component in evolved olivine gabbros. This suggests that incipient-stage serpentinization paragenesis is dominantly controlled by silica activity reflecting lithological variation. In addition to magnetite, the formation of cronstedtite in gabbroic rocks has the potential to produce hydrogen. The presence or absence of brucite and cronstedtite could affect the timing and magnitude of iron oxidation and hydrogen production during serpentinization. Considering the predominance of gabbroic rocks in the lower oceanic crust, the variation in incipient-stage serpentinization paragenesis in gabbroic rocks may have an impact on the redox state and ecological environment around the (sub)seafloor. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Society for Horticultural Science Acta Medica Okayama 0018-5345 61 8 2024 Shoot-to-Root Ratio Serves as an Early Practical Indicator of Tipburn Risk in Lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.] Seedlings 1884 1891 EN Nethone Samba Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University Kureha Iki Fukushima Prefectural Iwaki Agriculture and Forestry Office Tanjuro Goto Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Minori Hikawa-Endo Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Ken-ichiro Yasuba Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yoko Miyama Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan; and The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University Tipburn is a calcium-related physiological disorder that reduces lisianthus seedling quality, yet the factors underlying cultivar differences remain unclear. This study evaluated 10 lisianthus cultivars to determine whether the shoot-to-root (S/R) ratio and key physiological traits influence tipburn susceptibility. Seedlings were grown in a closed production system with restricted root volume and once-daily irrigation to enhance symptom expression. The S/R ratio varied significantly among cultivars (2.82–4.02) and was strongly correlated with tipburn incidence (r = 0.744, P < 0.05) and severity (r = 0.706, P < 0.05). Cultivars with higher S/R ratios exhibited greater tipburn, whereas those with lower ratios showed little to no symptoms. Diurnal measurements of transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and electron transport rate revealed cultivar-specific physiological patterns; however, midday transpiration showed only a weak association with tipburn. These results indicate that biomass allocation, rather than physiological activity alone, is the primary factor governing tipburn susceptibility. The S/R ratio represents a simple and practical indicator for identifying high-risk cultivars in nursery production. Future studies should investigate the roles of calcium transport, developmental stage, and irrigation management in mitigating tipburn occurrence. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Frontiers Media SA Acta Medica Okayama 2296-4185 14 2026 High horizontal force and lateral force transmission induced by the twist of the Achilles tendon 1874501 EN Shota Enomoto Graduate School of Education, Okayama University Kohta Ito Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) The Achilles tendon�\the largest and strongest of the many tendons in the human body�\consists of subtendons arising from each head of the triceps surae. These subtendons run helically and intertwine to form a twisted three-dimensional structure. More than a century has passed since the twisted structure of the Achilles tendon was first described, and numerous studies have investigated its functional morphology. However, it remains unclear how the presence or degree of twist affects the mechanical function of the lower limbs. Here, using finite element models of the Achilles tendon with and without twist, we show that the presence and degree of twist can modulate the forces transmitted from muscle to skeleton in a complex manner. In contrast to the model without twist, the twisted models clearly exhibit anterolaterally directed horizontal forces at the distal end under a simple proximal tensile load. The lateral and anterior components reach approximately 101 N and 63 N, respectively. Furthermore, the twisted structure induces inter-subtendon force transmission, and the magnitude of the transmitted force increases with increasing degree of twist. These results indicate that the uniaxial contractile force generated by the triceps surae is transformed into triaxial forces by the twisted Achilles tendon and is redistributed in a complex three-dimensional manner through inter-subtendon interactions. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Acta Medica Okayama 1463-9262 28 29 2026 Terpolymerization of epoxide, oxetane, and CO2 for the synthesis of polycarbonates with high CO2 contents, physical tunability, and enzymatic degradability 12214 12224 EN Kaito Niki Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Chihiro Maeda Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tadashi Ema Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Although poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) synthesized by the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2 is a promising material, the physical properties of this material need to be altered and tuned for its wider applications. To this end, we employed a terpolymerization strategy increasing the CO2 content in the resulting polymers. Terpolymerization of CHO, oxetane, and CO2 using AlIII porphyrin catalysts with quaternary ammonium halides afforded polycarbonates with high CO2 contents, physical tunability, and enzymatic degradability. The counter anions of the catalysts were crucial factors in the formation of the poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) unit. 1a with bromide ions preferentially produced trimethylene carbonate (TMC) over PTMC, while 1d with chloride ions suppressed the formation of TMC and produced PCHC–PTMC directly. PCHC–PTMC showed glass transition temperatures (Tg) between 69 �‹C and �|9 �‹C, depending on the PCHC/PTMC ratio. The tensile test revealed that the PTMC unit contributed to the softening of the film materials. For example, a film material with a CO2 content of 38 wt% showed 505% elongation at break with an elastic character, which contrasted starkly with the 1.3% elongation at break of PCHC with a CO2 content of 31 wt%. Moreover, the selective degradation of the PTMC unit in PCHC–PTMC was achieved with lipases, and a gradient character in the sequence structure was suggested. Overall, PCHC–PTMC is an environmentally benign and sustainable CO2-based polycarbonate. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Geophysical Union (AGU) Acta Medica Okayama 0094-8276 53 14 2026 Electrical Conductivity of Hydrous Ultramafic Melts With Implications for Origin of Low Velocity Layer Atop of the 410 km Seismic Discontinuity e2026GL122472 EN Takashi Yoshino Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Longjian Xie Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research Low-velocity layers (LVLs) above the 410-km discontinuity are commonly attributed to partial melt generated by dehydration melting when hydrous mantle transition-zone material rises into the upper mantle, where water solubility in nominally anhydrous minerals decreases. Interpreting coexisting high-conductivity anomalies requires constraints on the intrinsic conductivity of the melt phase at pressures just above the transition zone. We measured electrical conductivity of hydrous ultramafic melts representative of incipient melts, ranging from 6.3 to 18.6 wt% H2O at 13 GPa using impedance spectroscopy in a Kawai-type multi-anvil apparatus. Hydrous ultramafic melts are extremely conductive, and conductivity increases systematically with H2O content to values comparable to alkali-carbonate melts. The high conductivity implies that even small fractions of interconnected hydrous melt can dominate bulk mantle conductivity. Combining our measurements with geophysical conductance estimates indicates that <1 vol% melt can produce conductive layers thicker than 10 km, consistent with seismological constraints on LVL structure. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 1078-8174 32 6 2026 Students�f perceptions of an electronic one-minute paper in a radiography training programme: An exploratory cross-sectional questionnaire study 103486 EN Y. Komatsu Division of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University S. Abe Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Jikei University of Health Care Sciences S. Tsudou Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Jikei University of Health Care Sciences Y. Yamamoto Division of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Y. Tanabe Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Radiological Technology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama University Introduction: Formative assessment can support health professions education; however, reports on electronic 1-min papers as classroom feedback and engagement tools in radiography programmes remain limited. This study explored radiography students�f perceptions of an electronic 1-min paper, focusing on in-class reflection, ease of asking questions, and instructor feedback.<br> Methods: An electronic 1-min paper was used in a radiotherapy course across 45 class sessions in the 2024 academic year for third-year students enrolled in a 4-year radiography programme. Each 90-min class comprised a 60-min lecture, 10-min completion of the paper, and 20-min instructor feedback. After the course, a de-identified online questionnaire was administered. Eleven 5-point Likert-scale items were analysed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's rank correlations. Free-text responses were analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis.<br> Results: Of the 77 eligible students, 74 responded (96.1%). Ease of use received the highest rating (mean, 4.76; standard deviation [SD], 0.52), followed by ease of asking questions (mean, 4.32), question resolution (mean, 4.16), and usefulness of instructor feedback (mean, 4.08). Motivation to review after class was lowest (mean, 3.04; SD, 1.16). Active participation showed a strong positive association with in-class concentration (rs = 0.815; P < 0.001). Free-text responses indicated reflection and improved understanding, anonymous sharing of questions, active listening and concentration, and suggestions for improvement.<br> Conclusion: The electronic 1-min paper was widely accepted and perceived to support in-class reflection, question expression, and immediate feedback. However, students�f perceptions of its influence on out-of-class review motivation were limited. The findings indicate perceived value and engagement rather than demonstrated educational effectiveness.<br> Implications for practice: Electronic 1-min papers may help instructors identify students�f questions and respond during class, providing a practical approach to in-class feedback. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0016-2361 429 2027 Mechanism of Enhanced Heat Release in Spray Combustion of a Methanol–DME Blended Fuel 140693 EN Yoshimitsu Kobashi Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shodai Makino Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Masakuni Namba Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Nobuyuki Kawahara Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Katsuyoshi Asaka Technical Management Division, Carbon Neutral Technology Department, DAIHATSU INFINEARTH MFG. CO., LTD. Kazuyuki Kobayashi Technical Management Division, Carbon Neutral Technology Department, DAIHATSU INFINEARTH MFG. CO., LTD. This paper investigates the spray combustion characteristics of a methanol–DME blended fuel with a DME mole fraction of 0.57 in a constant volume vessel. The rate of heat release (ROHR) was evaluated using pressure-based heat release analysis. The results show that the methanol–DME blended fuel requires a longer injection duration due to the lower LHV (lower heating value), but it exhibits a shorter combustion duration than conventional diesel fuel, together with a higher ROHR normalized by the injection LHV rate and a shorter afterburning duration. To elucidate the relationship between the spray combustion processes and the ROHR characteristics, the spray flame was visualized using schlieren and OH chemiluminescence imaging techniques. In addition, a one-dimensional simulation based on a diesel jet model was conducted to evaluate the distributions of the equivalence ratio. These analyses reveal that the lower theoretical air–fuel ratio, attributed to the oxygenated nature of the methanol–DME blended fuel, reduces the equivalence ratio within the spray, promoting earlier formation of near-stoichiometric mixtures. As a result, the ROHR reaches and sustains its maximum earlier during mixing-controlled combustion, and fuel consumption is enhanced during afterburning. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Ceramic Society of Japan Acta Medica Okayama 1348-6535 134 7 2026 Dielectric response modulation in relaxor (Sr,Ba)Nb2O6 via engineered defect 455 460 EN Ryusei Shiota Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takashi Teranishi Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shinya Kondo Department of Energy Engineering, Nagoya University Akira Kishimoto Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Defect engineering provides an effective pathway to tune the dielectric response of relaxor ferroelectrics, yet the roles of individual defect species in tungsten bronze (TTB) systems remain unclear. Here, we investigated how engineered Ti–VO•• defect dipoles and native oxygen vacancies introduced through reduction annealing modify the dielectric properties of relaxor (Sr0.5,Ba0.5)Nb2O6 (0.5-SBN). Ti loading forms stable defect dipoles that generate smaller polar nanoregions (PNRs), suppress their overgrowth, and increase the number of dynamically active PNRs at room temperature, leading to enhanced permittivity ƒÃ�Œ while preserving DC-bias stability and breakdown strength (EB). Reduction annealing generates Nb4+-related local polarizations aligned with the external electric field, which strengthen dipole fluctuations and slightly increase ƒÃ�Œ. Electron localization further relaxes the TTB-A2 site disorder–induced random fields, yielding a sharper dielectric peak and promoting more uniform PNR growth. Microwave dielectric spectroscopy combined with electromagnetic simulations revealed that the increases in ƒÃ�Œ for both Ti-loaded and reduced samples (0.5-SBNT and Reduced 0.5-SBN, respectively) originate predominantly from enhanced dipole polarization. Despite grain coarsening in 0.5-SBNT, the EB remained unchanged, indicating that defect dipoles act as pinning centers that inhibit field-induced PNR aggregation. In reduced 0.5-SBN, EB increased up to pO0 = 4.3 �~ 10�|3 atm owing to relaxed random fields, whereas excessive reduction reduced EB through carrier-driven space-charge effects. These results demonstrate that precise control of defect species enables simultaneous optimization of ƒÃ�Œ, DC-bias stability, and EB in TTB-type relaxor ferroelectrics. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Frontiers Media SA Acta Medica Okayama 1664-462X 17 2026 Quantitative resistance to Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 develops independently in leaves and roots of Brachypodium distachyon 1875734 EN Rozi Fernanda Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Niranjan Mahadevan Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Natsuka Kohno School of Agriculture, Okayama University Reiko Nagao School of Agriculture, Okayama University Megumi Watanabe Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Nanami Sakata Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hidenori Matsui Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuhiro Toyoda Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuki Ichinose Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yusuke Kouzai Crop Stress Management Group, Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Keiichi Mochida RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Yoshiteru Noutoshi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Rhizoctonia solani is a soil-borne phytopathogen with a broad host range, classified into multiple anastomosis groups (AGs). While the rice sheath blight pathogen AG-1 IA is well-studied, defense mechanisms against AG-4, which infects diverse monocots and dicots, remain unclear. Here, we screened 153 Brachypodium distachyon accessions for resistance to AG-4 HG-I+II using both leaf and soil inoculation assays. The accessions exhibited a quantitative resistance spectrum in both assays. Some accessions were resistant to both methods, while others showed resistance in only one, indicating that leaf and root defenses operate independently. Unlike the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent resistance observed in several accessions against AG-1 IA, AG-4 leaf resistance appears to be largely SA-independent. Among 22 resistant accessions, only eight induced the SA marker BdWRKY38, whereas twelve induced the jasmonic acid (JA) marker BdAOS. Additionally, resistance in Bd3–1 was unaffected by expression of the SA hydroxylase NahG. These results are consistent with previous findings that exogenous application of SA, JA, or ethylene fails to confer AG-4 resistance. Instead, most AG-4-resistant accessions showed common upregulation of cell wall biosynthesis-related genes following leaf infection, suggesting that cell wall fortification may contribute to defense against AG-4. These findings establish B. distachyon as a valuable model for dissecting resistance mechanisms against R. solani AG-4. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Japan Atherosclerosis Society Acta Medica Okayama 1340-3478 33 2 2026 A Case of Acquired LCAT Deficiency with the Discrepancy between Spontaneous Resolution of Proteinuria and Continually Low HDL Cholesterol Levels 228 236 EN Miki Matsuo Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Masatsune Ogura Department of Clinical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Science, Juntendo University Masayuki Kuroda Center for Advanced Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba University Tetsuya Arisato Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Masatsugu Kishida Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Mariko Harada-Shiba Cardiovascular Center, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Jun Wada Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Koutaro Yokote Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Fumiki Yoshihara Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center A 79-year-old Chinese man was referred for nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria 4.4 g/day). In blood tests, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was undetectable, and the esterified cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio was very low. Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was also undetectable. Since he had neither corneal opacity nor pathological mutations in the LCAT gene and anti-LCAT antibodies were detected in serum, a diagnosis of acquired LCAT deficiency was made. Renal biopsy revealed glomerulopathy associated with LCAT deficiency and membranous nephropathy (MN). Since the patient�fs proteinuria did not improve despite prescribing an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), we suggested the prescription of prednisolone, but he returned to China due to the expiration of his residence visa for Japan. One year after the initial visit, his proteinuria had improved to 0.9 g/day without immunosuppressive therapy. However, his HDL cholesterol level was still low at around 3 mg/dL, indicating a discrepancy between remission of nephrotic syndrome and lack of improvement in lipid levels.<br> Of the 11 patients with acquired LCAT deficiency reported to date, 4 with undetectable LCAT activity and MN on renal biopsy required immunosuppressive therapy to alleviate proteinuria. The present patient was prescribed only an ARB according to his preference, which happened to be consistent with the MN treatment guideline that states, �gWait 6 months for spontaneous remission while using maximal antiproteinuric therapy.�h The clinical course of acquired LCAT deficiency varies, and further case reports are needed to determine the necessity of immunosuppressive therapy. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 1323-8930 75 3 2026 Outcomes following the discontinuation of biologic therapy in patients with severe asthma 400 408 EN Tadao Nagasaki Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Nara Hospital Hisako Matsumoto Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine Takashi Iwanaga Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine Kazuto Matsunaga Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University Kiyoshi Sekiya Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital Tomoya Harada Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University Shogo Sakurai Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shizuoka General Hospital Norihiro Harada Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Toshiyuki Koya Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Koichi Fukunaga Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine Takeshi Kaneko Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Kazuhisa Asai Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Yuko Komase Department of Respiratory Medicine, St.Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital Yasuhiro Gon Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine Akihiko Tanaka Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa Medical University, School of Medicine Hironori Sagara Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa Medical University, School of Medicine Hironobu Sunadome Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Tatsuya Nagano Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Yoichi Nakamura Medical Center for Allergic and Immune Diseases, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital Akio Niimi Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Noboru Hattori Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University Takashi Hajiro Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tenri Hospital Hajime Fujimoto Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Masayuki Hojo Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Nobuaki Miyahara Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences Masafumi Yamaguchi Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science Kimiko Tsuji Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Akiko Sano Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine Ryuta Haraguchi Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine Hiroyuki Sano Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine Masato Muraki Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Nara Hospital Yuji Tohda Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine Background: Biologic therapies are pivotal in managing severe asthma. Despite their efficacy, some patients discontinue biologics, with varying outcomes. Predictors of successful versus unsuccessful discontinuation remain poorly defined. This study aimed to identify clinical factors associated with post-discontinuation outcomes in a real-world practice.<br> Methods: This retrospective cohort included adults with severe asthma who had received biologics for at least 12 months and subsequently discontinued therapy for a minimum of three consecutive months. We assessed the effects of baseline blood eosinophilia (≥300 cells/ƒÊL), residual sputum symptoms during biologic therapy, treatment responsiveness, biologic class, and discontinuation reasons on post-discontinuation asthma exacerbation rates using multivariable Cox models.<br> Results: A total of 118 patients were analyzed. The Kaplan–Meier analysis estimated a 65 % exacerbation-free probability at 12 months after discontinuation. Factors associated with successful discontinuation included a robust clinical response and absence of exacerbations before cessation. Conversely, baseline eosinophilia, residual sputum symptoms during biologics, and discontinuation due to inadequate therapeutic response or financial burden were associated with post-discontinuation exacerbations. In class-stratified restricted models, persistent sputum remained significantly associated with post-discontinuation exacerbations after stopping anti-IL-5 therapies, while baseline eosinophilia was associated with post-discontinuation exacerbations after stopping anti-IgE or anti-IL-4Rƒ¿. Among patients with sputum symptoms or poor-response discontinuation, the overall frequency of exacerbations declined after discontinuation.<br> Conclusions: Baseline eosinophilia, persistent sputum during therapy, and discontinuation prompted by poor response or cost may serve as risk factors for post-discontinuation exacerbations; however, risk is phenotype- and class-dependent. Careful patient selection and monitoring are essential when considering the discontinuation of biologic treatment. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1756-0500 19 1 2025 Plasma expression levels of microRNA-101 are downregulated in patients with Parkinson�fs disease 19 EN Tomohiro Omura Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital Hiroki Nishiguchi Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital Haruka Kaneda Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital Yumi Kitahiro Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital Kotaro Itohara Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital Kazuhiro Yamamoto Department of Integrated Clinical and Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Toshiyasu Sakane Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Ikuko Yano Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital Objective Parkinson�fs disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to PD pathogenesis, with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) system playing a protective role. HRD1, an ER-resident ubiquitin ligase, and its stabilizer SEL1L are involved in ERAD and neuronal survival. This study investigated alterations in the plasma levels of microRNA-101 (miR-101), which targets SEL1L, in patients with PD, and its potential role as a biomarker.<br> Results Plasma miR-101 levels in patients with PD significantly decreased compared with those in healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that miR-101 could moderately discriminate patients with PD from healthy individuals (area under the curve = 0.781, 95% confidence interval = 0.547–1.00). The optimal cutoff, as determined by the Youden index, was 0.737 (expression ratio relative to that in the healthy control group), yielding a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 100%. These results suggested that reduced plasma miR-101 expression may reflect the pathophysiological state of PD, and miR-101 has potential as minimally invasive biomarker for PD. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 0289-0771 2026 Sex differences and contest experience shape walking patterns in the broad-horned flour beetle EN Kentarou Matsumura Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Sora Hashioka Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Naohisa Nagaya Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University Ryusuke Fujisawa Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu, Takahisa Miyatake Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Animal movement patterns vary widely across species, and sex differences are often expected because males typically need to encounter multiple females and acquire resources. In species where males engage in male–male combat using exaggerated weapons, variation in weapon size and contest outcomes is known to influence male reproductive strategies, and may therefore also affect movement behavior. However, sex-specific and male-specific differences in locomotor behavior, particularly in relation to weapon size and social interactions, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated walking trajectories in the broad-horned flour beetle (Gnatocerus cornutus) to test for (1) sex differences, (2) associations between male weapon size and movement behavior, and (3) the effects of male–male combat. Males exhibited more tortuous and localized movement, whereas females showed straighter and more spatially extensive trajectories. Following contests, all males showed a reduction in activity regardless of contest outcome; however, winners and losers exhibited divergent changes in movement patterns, with winners showing straighter and more spatially extensive trajectories and losers showing more tortuous and localized trajectories. In contrast, body-size-corrected weapon size was not associated with any aspect of walking behavior. These results indicate that locomotor behavior in G. cornutus varies with sex and contest experience, and that variation in walking behavior is more closely associated with social experience than with weapon morphology. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Fuji Technology Press Ltd. Acta Medica Okayama 1883-8030 21 1 2026 Developing and Implementing a Disaster Prevention Game to Enhance Local Understanding 128 135 EN Miri Shirokane Okayama University Airi Yamada Okayama University Ryo Misawa Okayama University Nobuhisa Matta Okayama University This study developed and implemented a local disaster prevention sugoroku-style game to address challenges in preserving and transmitting regional knowledge in areas with high population mobility. Many Japanese communities face both natural and social vulnerabilities, and effective disaster education requires linking hazard knowledge with local characteristics. Conducted at Sonan Junior High School in Okayama, the project combined lectures, workshops, and a community engagement event. Students learned about regional topography, land use, and disaster history and used this knowledge to design quizzes, rules, and disaster scenarios for the game. The final sugoroku set included a map-based board, thematic quiz areas, and preparedness item cards, enabling players to predict damage and consider appropriate actions. After creating the game, students shifted from identifying familiar landmarks to describing concrete disaster impacts such as liquefaction or infrastructure collapse. Interaction with local residents further enriched learning through shared experiences. The model proved feasible in terms of time and cost, and its structure is easily adaptable to other regions by incorporating local information. The findings suggest that this participatory, place-based approach enhances imagination, self-efficacy, and intergenerational knowledge transfer, contributing to community-wide disaster preparedness. Future studies will examine long-term educational impacts and broader regional applications. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2041-1723 17 1 2026 Atomic imaging for hydrogen and boron aggregates in boron-doped diamond by spectro-photoelectron holography 3482 EN Hiroto Tomita Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology Wataru Hosoda Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Takumi Taniguchi Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Hirokazu Fujiwara Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo Noriyuki Kataoka Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Taisuke Kageura Sensing Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Yoshihiko Takano Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science Hiroshi Kawarada Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University Tamio Oguchi Center for Spintronics Research Network, The University of Osaka Takayoshi Yokoya Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Tomohiro Matsushita Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology The electrical properties of diamond are modulated by impurity doping. Isolated substitutional boron atoms introduce holes; however, the fraction of electrically inactive boron atoms increases at higher doping concentrations. This has been attributed to boron aggregation and hydrogen passivation, although their structural identification based on atomic arrangement has yet to be experimentally verified. Here we show the origin of multiple chemical states in homoepitaxially grown boron-doped diamond thin films by analyzing the atomic environment of boron using spectro-photoelectron holography. Our analysis identifies boron dimers and boron-hydrogen complexes, with hydrogen occupying different atomic sites that give rise to distinct chemical shifts. These results suggest that hydrogen incorporation during growth leads to passivation of boron acceptors. We demonstrate that photoelectron holography serves as a promising tool for imaging hydrogen as well as determining the atomic sites of dopants. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press (OUP) Acta Medica Okayama 0032-0781 2026 NIMA-related kinases redundantly regulate vegetative and reproductive development in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> pcag056 EN Shogo Takatani Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Mai Kanazawa Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Kotaro Sakamoto Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Yuki Tomita Graduate School of Biostudies, Division of Integrated Life Science, Kyoto University Nozomi Kawamoto Graduate School of Biostudies, Division of Integrated Life Science, Kyoto University Tatsuya Sakai Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University Takashi Araki Graduate School of Biostudies, Division of Integrated Life Science, Kyoto University Hiroyasu Motose Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Never-in-mitosis A-related kinases (NEKs) are conserved protein kinases in eukaryotes that regulate cell division and elongation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, NEK6 has been shown to control anisotropic growth through cortical microtubule depolymerization, but the functions of other NEK family members remain largely unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis NEKs redundantly regulate organ growth and flowering through phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms. Expression analyses revealed overlapping promoter activities of NEK genes in meristems, vascular tissues, and floral organs. While most single mutants showed no obvious phenotype, multiple mutants exhibited defects in root growth direction, leaf elongation, vascular formation, and floral transition. Biochemical analysis showed that NEK3 and NEK6 phosphorylate both ƒÀ-tubulin and ƒÁ-tubulin, indicating a conserved role in microtubule regulation. In addition, several NEKs interacted with the florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), and NEK3 phosphorylated FT in vitro and inhibited the FT–FD interaction in transient assays, suggesting a role in flowering regulation. These findings show that Arabidopsis NEKs redundantly coordinate vegetative and reproductive development through phosphorylation-dependent regulation of microtubules and the flowering pathway. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) Acta Medica Okayama 2047-9980 15 9 2026 Insomnia and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide, Real�]World Cohort Study e045149 EN Takuro Masuda Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kentaro Ejiri Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hidehiro Kaneko Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Yuta Suzuki Department of Advanced Cardiology, The University of Tokyo Toru Miyoshi Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Satoshi Taya Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Keiichiro Iwasaki Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Koji Nakagawa Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Nobuhiro Nishii Department of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hiroshi Morita Department of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Akira Okada Department of Prevention of Diabetes and Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Katsuhito Fujiu Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Norifumi Takeda Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hiroyuki Morita Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hideo Yasunaga Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Norihiko Takeda Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Shinsuke Yuasa Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Background: Insomnia is one of the most prevalent diseases observed in clinical practice, contributing to increased death and a range of chronic diseases. While numerous studies have explored the relationship between insomnia and cardiovascular disease, research on its association with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between insomnia and incident AF in the general population by comprehensive, nationwide, real�]world data in Japan.<br> Methods: A total of 1 780 764 individuals without prior cardiovascular disease including AF from the DeSC database were included between April 2014 and August 2023. Insomnia was defined by International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD�]10) codes (F510, G470) before the baseline health checkup. The primary outcome was incident AF (I480–I482 and I489). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios of AF according to present insomnia (versus absent).<br> Results: Insomnia was observed in 216 919 individuals (12.2%), showing a significant association with incident AF after adjusting for potential confounding factors (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.10–1.18]). Among subgroups, a similar pattern in the association between insomnia and incident AF was seen, while the association was stronger in younger individuals aged <65 years (versus ≥65 years) and women (versus men) (P for interaction=0.01 and 0.03, respectively).<br> Conclusions: Insomnia was significantly associated with the risk of AF. It highlighted the importance of recognizing insomnia as a risk factor for AF, given its high prevalence in the general population and the substantial impact of AF on quality of life and prognosis. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press (OUP) Acta Medica Okayama 0278-0372 46 3 2026 Estimating the distributional expansion of the invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) (Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae) in South Korea using environmental DNA analysis ruag033 EN Seong-Nam Ham Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kaito Moriuchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Mayuko Hamada Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuyoshi Nakata Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University The red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) is a globally invasive species that poses serious threats to native biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In South Korea, established populations of P. clarkii have been documented from the Jiseokcheon River in the Yeongsangang River basin since 2018; however, information on its current nationwide distribution remains limited. We conducted environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys at 19 sites across 11 river systems in South Korea, including sites with no prior distributional records, to evaluate the current distribution and potential range expansion of P. clarkii. Water samples collected during July-August 2024 were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) with two species-specific primer-probe sets targeting the mitochondrial COI gene. Procambarus clarkii eDNA was detected at three sites in the Yeongsangang River basin, whereas no eDNA was detected in the other surveyed river systems. Notably, P. clarkii eDNA was not detected at a site in the Mangyeonggang River system despite previous reports of individuals and eDNA data sampled there, indicating a possible local population decline or very low abundance. By contrast, detections within the Yeongsangang River basin, together with elevated eDNA concentrations at some sites, are consistent with localized upstream expansion and increased local abundance. The concordant results from the two primer-probe sets, together with Sterivex-based on-site filtration, support the reliability of the applied eDNA framework. These findings identify the Yeongsangang River basin as the current primary focus of the P. clarkii invasion in South Korea, with evidence consistent with localized upstream expansion and increasing abundance, and provide baseline data for early detection and long-term monitoring, as well as for developing management strategies. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Geophysical Union (AGU) Acta Medica Okayama 2169-9097 131 7 2026 Surface Geology and Evolution of Asteroid Ryugu: Insights From Hayabusa2 Global Mapping e2025JE009578 EN Lisa M. Vincent Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University Trishit Ruj Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Goro Komatsu International Research School of Planetary Sciences, Università G. d'Annunzio Aditya Ray Department of Geology, Presidency University Hiroshi Kikuchi Gakushuin University Ryodo Hemmi Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Hideaki Miyamoto Department of Systems Innovation School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Seiji Sugita Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology the Hayabusa2 ONC science team Rubble-pile asteroids, characterized by loose aggregates of debris held together by gravity, represent both a significant planetary hazard and a key to understanding planetesimal formation. Geologic mapping of these bodies provides essential insights into their origins, evolution, and surface processes. This knowledge is crucial for advancing space mission capabilities, from precise navigation and safe sampling to assessing the feasibility of future asteroid mining. Here, we present the most comprehensive geologic map of Ryugu in comparison to previous early-stage and single-feature maps, integrating Optical Navigation Camera (ONC) mosaics, LIDAR-derived topography, Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) descent images, and spectral slope data. The analysis includes reclassification of previously identified features and newly identified features from global to local scales. The geologic mapping technique followed United States Geological Survey (USGS) planetary cartography standards using the ArcGIS Pro platform. This global framework provides an essential geologic context for interpreting returned samples and constraining rubble-pile evolution. We identified geomorphological, structural, and surface texture units on Ryugu's unconsolidated rubble-pile surface using 0.2–0.7 m/pixel image mosaics. Elongated troughs at the poles and mirrored, oblique lineaments near the equatorial ridge are consistent with rotational strain. Compared with another rubble-pile asteroid Bennu, Ryugu shows a more uniform boulder distribution, and its immensely prominent equatorial ridge indicates a more intense period of rotational deformation. However, the western bulge deviates from this trend; its fewer boulders, underdeveloped ridges, and older degraded craters suggest selective resurfacing. These features show evidence of catastrophic disruption, rotational reshaping, and ongoing surface movement. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Acta Medica Okayama 2187-0136 14 1 2025 Study of Signal Separation and Demodulation Techniques Considering IQ Imbalance by Stored Data Batch Signal Processing 30 33 EN Yudai Mita Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuta Hiraoka Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tomofumi Hikasa Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shigeru Tomisato Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Satoshi Denno Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuhiro Uehara Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University With the arrival of the IoT era, the problem of interference has become even more serious, and the challenge is to establish techniques for separating and demodulating collide signals. To achieve this, we are conducting research on stored data batch signal processing technology using short-time Fourier transform (STFT). In this paper, we used a feature quantity demodulation method proposed as a method for stored data batch signal processing to evaluate the effect of IQ imbalance, which is a factor in signal degradation in the transmitter, on signal separation and demodulation performance. Furthermore, we proposed a receiver configuration that estimates the amount of degradation due to IQ imbalance from the extracted feature quantities and compensates for the signal degradation. Computer simulation results confirmed that the proposed compensation method can improve signal separation and demodulation performance when degraded by IQ imbalance. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2041-1723 17 1 2026 Bacterial collagenase harnesses collagen geometry for processive cleavage 5485 EN Hiroya Oki Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, The University of Osaka Katsuki Takebe Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Adjoa Bonsu Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas Kazunori Fujii Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University Ryo Masuda Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University Nicholas Henderson Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas Takehiko Mima Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences Takaki Koide Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University Mahmoud Moradi Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas Osamu Matsushita Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Joshua Sakon Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas Kazuki Kawahara Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Osaka Collagen, the major structural protein in the animal extracellular matrix, forms a triple helix that resists proteolysis and requires specialised enzymes for degradation. Flesh-eating bacteria secrete collagenases that unwind the collagen triple helix and processively trim Gly–X–Y triplet repeats, yet the molecular basis of this process has remained obscure. Here, cryo-electron microscopy reveals how Hathewaya histolytica collagenase ColH engages its substrate and exploits the helix�fs architecture for catalysis. ColH encircles a single collagen triple helix in a closed-ring conformation and, through dynamic domain motions, dehydrates and destabilises it. The enzyme undergoes substrate-assisted twisting to adopt a rigid ratcheted conformation, in which one chain is bent into a tripeptide-long �ebight�f and threaded into the active site for cleavage, while two uncut strands are partitioned to non-catalytic sites. Release of the bight appears to reset the enzyme, with the uncut strands serving as guiding tracks. Repeated cycling between dynamic and rigid states likely enables triplet-by-triplet translocation, allowing ColH to harness collagen�fs geometry for processive degradation. These findings reveal a bacterial strategy for collagen unwinding and cleavage distinct from that of mammalian collagenases, highlighting divergent evolutionary solutions for degrading one of nature�fs most intractable substrates. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2045-2322 16 1 2026 Dual-calibration RT-qPCR reveals distinct dnaK1/2/3 and groEL1/2 expression dynamics under heat and acid stress in the sinefungin producer Streptomyces incarnatus 19282 EN Zhao Xiao-Hui Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Mao Kubo Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Haruka Yamagata Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuriko Nakashima Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tomohisa Hasunuma Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tadayoshi Kanao Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takashi Tamura Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Streptomyces incarnatus NRRL8089 produces sinefungin, a nucleoside antibiotic whose yield is enhanced under defined environmental stresses. Here, dual-calibration RT-qPCR was used to resolve paralogue-specific expression dynamics of the dnaK and groE chaperone systems under heat and acid stress conditions that increase sinefungin titres. The canonical dnaK1–dnaJ1 and groES–groEL1 operons exhibited moderate induction, whereas monocistronic paralogues (dnaK2, dnaK3 and groEL2) showed markedly higher inducibility, with up to ~ 125-fold increases relative to baseline expression. Promoter analyses revealed conserved inverted repeats and differences in predicted secondary-structure stability, suggesting that promoter architecture contributes to paralogue-specific responsiveness. Structural modelling indicated divergence among DnaK paralogues in regions associated with substrate interaction, whereas GroEL paralogues retained a conserved overall scaffold, consistent with kinetic rather than structural differentiation. Together, these findings indicate that duplicated paralogues are not functionally redundant but are differentially regulated to partition proteostasis capacity under stress. This paralogue-specific regulation may provide a framework linking environmental perturbation to secondary-metabolite production in actinomycetes. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Japanese Society of Veterinary Science Acta Medica Okayama 0916-7250 87 6 2025 Effects of heat stress on gene expression associated with antioxidant capacity of bovine early antral follicles 680 684 EN Kohei KAWANO Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kenichiro SAKAGUCHI Laboratory of Veterinary Theriogenology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University Eri FURUKAWA National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Nattapong NINPETCH Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Yojiro YANAGAWA Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University Seiji KATAGIRI Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University Heat exposure at the physiological level of oocyte-cumulus-granulosa cell complexes (OCGCs) during in vitro growth (IVG) culture decreases the reduced glutathione (GSH) level of oocytes, an antioxidant, but its mechanism has been unclear. We subjected OCGCs to IVG for 4, 8, or 12 days and investigated the effects of heat exposure on the gene expression of cumulus-granulosa cells associated with antioxidant capacity. Heat exposure did not alter the expression of genes related to GSH synthesis or reuse. Conversely, heat exposure increased mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase 2 and decreased that of glutathione peroxidase 1, which are antioxidant enzymes. Ultimately, heat exposure alters the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in growing follicles, which may indirectly decrease the GSH level of oocytes. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Chemical Society (ACS) Acta Medica Okayama 0743-7463 40 52 2024 Formation of Nonspherical Cellulose Acetate Microparticles under Microflow 27314 27322 EN Kurumi Mori Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takaichi Watanabe Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tsutomu Ono Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Nonspherical particles have gained significant interest owing to their unique shapes and large specific surface areas, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, such as drug delivery, catalysis, and adsorption. However, conventional methods for preparing nonspherical particles face certain limitations. In this study, we propose a simple method for fabricating nonspherical cellulose acetate (CA) microparticles using a microfluidic device in which droplets undergo rapid diffusion in a continuous aqueous phase. The influence of variations in the flow rate ratio and continuous phase composition on the dimensionless Péclet number (Pe) within the droplet and shape of the resultant particles is investigated. Pe is critical, because it indicates the balance between polymer diffusion and droplet shrinkage dynamics. Our findings reveal that increasing the flow rate ratio and reducing the methyl acetate concentration in the continuous phase lead to faster droplet shrinkage and an increased Pe. A high Pe (>100) suggests that the reduction of the droplet interface predominates over polymer diffusion, resulting in the formation of a viscous layer near the droplet surface, which subsequently leads to nonspherical particle shapes (such as bowl-like or biconcave structures). In situ time-lapse observations of droplets from the top and side of a microchannel reveal that the formation of a viscous layer near the droplet surface and the deformation of the droplet, influenced by the z-axis location of the droplets during particle formation, ultimately determine the final particle shape. Based on these observations, a linear correlation between the initial conditions, i.e., the Pe and z-axis location at which the viscous layer formed, is established, enabling the prediction of the particle structure. In summary, the present study enhances the understanding of shape control in microfluidic particle formation and offers a novel guideline for the fabrication of spherical and nonspherical particles. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press (OUP) Acta Medica Okayama 1347-6947 88 10 2024 Evaluation of quercetin as a potential cytoprotector against acetaldehyde using the cultured hepatocyte model with aldehyde dehydrogenase isozyme deficiency 1199 1202 EN Yuhang Xu Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Takeshi Sawamoto Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Ruitong Sun Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Aki Ishikura Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Shintaro Munemasa Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Yoshiyuki Murata Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Ayano Satoh Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Akiko Matsumoto Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Saga University Toshiyuki Nakamura Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Yoshimasa Nakamura Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Protective effect of quercetin against acetaldehyde was evaluated using the cultured hepatocyte models with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozyme deficiency (aldh2-kd and aldh1a1-kd). The quercetin-induced cytoprotection against acetaldehyde in the ALDH1A1-deficient mutant (aldh1a1-kd) was weaker than that in the wild type. Furthermore, quercetin did not enhance the ALDH activity in aldh1a1-kd cells, suggesting that ALDH1A1 is involved in quercetin-induced cytoprotection. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Acta Medica Okayama 2050-7488 13 11 2025 Enhanced capacity of aluminum-ion batteries by adjusting the average pore size of the porous carbon cathode 8052 8058 EN Yifeng Chen Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Hiroo Suzuki Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Shu Fukumoto Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Chiyu Nakano Department of Comprehensive Technical Solutions, Okayama University Takeshi Nishikawa Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Shigeyuki Umezawa Seiwa Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd Yasuhiko Hayashi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used but with the increasing scarcity and uneven distribution of global lithium resources, there is a need to explore alternative battery technologies. Due to its abundance, low cost, and high theoretical capacity, aluminum is a strong candidate for metal anodes, making aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs) an area of considerable interest. Current mainstream research focuses on ionic liquid electrolytes, which offer a wide electrochemical window and high ionic conductivity. Carbon materials are ideal cathode candidates due to their low cost, abundance, and high voltage platform. AIBs using carbon materials typically exhibit low discharge capacity. This study addressed the challenge of improving the discharge capacity of carbon-based cathodes in AIBs. By using porous carbon (PC) materials with varying specific surface areas, average pore sizes, and total pore volumes as cathodes, average pore size was found to impact capacity. This contradicts the contention that larger specific surface areas result in higher capacities. There is a key difference in ion behavior: whereas aluminum chloride ions intercalate into layered graphite structures, they do not intercalate into PC materials but are adsorbed to the surface. By adjusting the average pore size, it is possible to increase the discharge capacity of AIBs, challenging the traditional emphasis on specific surface area. This research does not fully solve the problem of low discharge capacity in carbon-based cathodes, but provides a new perspective on the role of pore size in enhancing battery performance, offering valuable insights for future electrode design. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press (OUP) Acta Medica Okayama 0366-7022 54 5 2025 Highly emissive and robust diarylethene fluorophore incorporating imide-fused phenanthryl moieties upaf091 EN Keito Nose Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Minoru Yamaji Program of Applied Chemistry, Cluster of Materials and Environment, Gunma University Tadashi Mori Research Center for Environmental Preservation and Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Osaka Fumito Tani Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University Kenta Goto Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University Hideki Okamoto Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University The fluorescence properties and photostabilities of (E)-diarylethenes (DPEs), featuring two 3-phenanthryl moieties, were investigated. Pristine (E)-di-1,2-(3-phenanthryl)ethene and its ester derivative, respectively referred to as DPE-H and DPE-E, exhibited blue fluorescence. However, they underwent a two-step photoreaction sequence that yielded [7]helicenes, resulting in a gradual reduction of the fluorescence intensity. In contrast, the imide-fused derivative DPE-I displayed intense green fluorescence and it was unexpectedly photostable in solution, maintaining its highly efficient fluorescent nature even after prolonged light exposure. DPE-I, thus, provides a new type of highly efficient and robust diarylethene fluorophore. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Acta Medica Okayama 1477-0520 22 46 2024 A direct oxidative esterification of aldehydes with alcohols mediated by photochemical C–H bromination 9032 9035 EN Haru Ando Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Sakura Kodaki Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hiroyoshi Takamura Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Isao Kadota Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kenta Tanaka Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University The photochemical direct esterification of aldehydes with alcohols via in situ-generated acyl-bromides presented in this report is an attractive complementary addition to hitherto reported methods, as these are usually carried out in a two-step, one-pot procedure in order to avoid side reactions such as the oxidation of alcohols by halogen sources. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1086-9379 59 12 2024 Radial transport and nebular thermal processing of millimeter�]sized solids in the Solar protoplanetary disk inferred from Cr�]Ti�]O isotope systematics of chondrules 3282 3304 EN Kohei Fukuda WiscSIMS, Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison Yuki Hibiya Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Craig R. Kastelle National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Katsuhiko Suzuki Submarine Resources Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology Tsuyoshi Iizuka Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Katsuyuki Yamashita Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Thomas E. Helser National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Noriko T. Kita WiscSIMS, Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison Understanding the material transport and mixing processes in the Solar protoplanetary disk provides important constraints on the origin of chemical and isotopic diversities of our planets. The limited extent of radial transport and mixing between the inner and outer Solar System has been suggested based on a fundamental isotopic dichotomy between non-carbonaceous (NC) and carbonaceous (CC) meteorite groups. The limited transport and mixing could be further tested by tracing the formation regions of individual meteoritic components, such as Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) and chondrules. Here, we show further evidence for the outward transport of CAIs and chondrules from the inner and subsequent thermal processing in the outer region of the protoplanetary disk based on the petrography and combined Cr-Ti-O isotope systematics of chondrules from the Vigarano-like (CV) carbonaceous chondrite Allende. One chondrule studied consists of an olivine core that exhibits NC-like Ti and O, but CC-like Cr isotopic signatures, which is enclosed by a pyroxene igneous rim with CC-like O isotope ratios. These observations indicate that the olivine core formed in the inner Solar System. The olivine core then migrated into the outer Solar System and experienced nebular thermal processing that generated the pyroxene igneous rim. The nebular thermal processing would result in Cr isotope exchange between the olivine core and CC-like materials, but secondary alteration effects on the parent body are also responsible for the CC-like Cr isotope signature. By combining previously reported Cr-Ti-O isotope systematics of CV chondrules, we show that some CV chondrules larger than ~1 mm would have formed in the inner Solar System. The accretion of the millimeter-sized, inner Solar System solids onto the CV carbonaceous chondrite parent body would require their very early migration into the outer Solar System within the first 1 million years after the Solar System formation. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Geological Society of America Acta Medica Okayama 0091-7613 53 11 2025 Long-term and multi-stage ice accumulation in the martian mid-latitudes during the Amazonian 945 950 EN Trishit Ruj Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Hanaya Okuda Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research (X-star), JAMSTEC Goro Komatsu International Research School of Planetary Sciences, Università d�fAnnunzio Hitoshi Hasegawa Department of Global Environment and Disaster Prevention, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University James W. Head Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University Tomohiro Usui Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Shun Mihira Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Makito Kobayashi Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo Subsurface ice in the mid-latitudes of Mars represents one of the largest present-day water ice reservoirs. While atmospheric models predict Late Amazonian (during the past hundreds of millions of years) obliquity-driven ice accumulation, its long-term variations, and the factors influencing accumulation remain unclear. Using geomorphological evidence and numerical modeling, we reveal a southwestern depositional trend within northern mid-latitudinal crater walls and floors. Detailed crater-fill deposit analyses indicate multiple glaciation stages, including an earlier, high-intensity stage followed by a later, lower-intensity stage, both exhibiting this southwestern trend (ca. 640–98 Ma). We conclude that persistent multiple-stage Amazonian glaciations were governed by atmospheric water availability and obliquity-driven climate cycles. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Physical Society (APS) Acta Medica Okayama 0031-9007 134 24 2025 Acceleration of Positive Muons by a Radio-Frequency Cavity 245001 EN S. Aritome Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo K. Futatsukawa High Energy Accelerator Research Organization H. Hara Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University K. Hayasaka Institute of Science and Technology, Niigata University Y. Ibaraki Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University T. Ichikawa Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University T. Iijima Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University H. Iinuma Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University Y. Ikedo High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Y. Imai Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University K. Inami Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University K. Ishida High Energy Accelerator Research Organization S. Kamal Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging Research (LASIR), University of British Columbia S. Kamioka High Energy Accelerator Research Organization N. Kawamura High Energy Accelerator Research Organization M. Kimura High Energy Accelerator Research Organization A. Koda High Energy Accelerator Research Organization S. Koji Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University K. Kojima Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University A. Kondo Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Y. Kondo Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) M. Kuzuba Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University R. Matsushita Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo T. Mibe High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Y. Miyamoto Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University J. G. Nakamura High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Y. Nakazawa Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University S. Ogawa Research Center of Advanced Particle Physics, Kyushu University Y. Okazaki High Energy Accelerator Research Organization A. Olin Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria M. Otani High Energy Accelerator Research Organization S. Oyama Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo N. Saito High Energy Accelerator Research Organization H. Sato Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University T. Sato Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo Y. Sato Institute of Science and Technology, Niigata University K. Shimomura High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Z. Shioya Faculty of Science, Kyushu University P. Strasser High Energy Accelerator Research Organization S. Sugiyama Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University K. Sumi Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University K. Suzuki Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University Y. Takeuchi Faculty of Science, Kyushu University M. Tanida Faculty of Science, Kyushu University J. Tojo Faculty of Science, Kyushu University K. Ueda Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya S. Uetake Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University X. H. Xie School of Physics, Peking University M. Yamada Faculty of Science, Kyushu University S. Yamamoto Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University T. Yamazaki High Energy Accelerator Research Organization K. Yamura Institute of Science and Technology, Niigata University M. Yoshida High Energy Accelerator Research Organization T. Yoshioka Research Center of Advanced Particle Physics, Kyushu University M. Yotsuzuka Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Acceleration of positive muons from thermal energy to 100 keV has been demonstrated. Thermal muons were generated by resonant multiphoton ionization of muonium atoms emitted from a sheet of laser-ablated aerogel. The thermal muons were first electrostatically accelerated to 5.7 keV, followed by further acceleration to 100 keV using a radio-frequency quadrupole with an intensity of 2�~10�|3  𝜇+/pulse. The transverse normalized rms emittance of the accelerated muons in the horizontal and vertical planes were 0.85�}0.25⁢(s⁢t⁢a⁢t)+0.22�|0.13⁢(syst)   ⁢𝜋 mm mrad and 0.32�}0.03⁢(stat)+0.05�|0.02⁢(syst)   𝜋 mm mrad, respectively. The measured emittance values demonstrated phase-space reduction by a factor of 2.0 �~102 (horizontal) and 4.1 �~102 (vertical) allowing good acceleration efficiency. These results pave the way to realize the first-ever muon accelerator for a variety of applications in particle physics, material science, and other fields. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1566 68 1 2026 Matijevic-Roberts type theorems, Rees rings and associated graded rings 139 146 EN Jun Horiuchi Department of Mathematics, Nippon Institute of Technology Kazuma Shimomoto Department of Mathematics, Institute of Science Tokyo The aim of this article is to investigate interrelated structures lying among three notable problems in commutative algebra. These are Lifting problem, Ascent/descent along associated graded rings, and Matijevic-Roberts type problem. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1566 68 1 2026 Retract problem and a subset admitting complete Boolean algebra structure of monoidally distributive posets 89 111 EN Ryo Kato Department of Core Studies, Kochi University of Technology In [3], Hovey and Palmieri proved many interesing results around the Bousfield lattice of the stable homotopy caregory of spectra. In [4], the author, Shimomura and Tatehara defined monoidally distributive posets as a generalization of the Bousfield lattice. In this paper, we consider the retract problem and a subset admitting complete Boolean algebra structure of monoidally distributive posets. In the last section, we see that some results in [3] are given by our results in this paper. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1566 68 1 2026 The Dijkgraaf-Witten invariants from second Chern classes 63 75 EN Takefumi Nosaka Department of Mathematics, Tokyo Institute of Technology Given a 3-cocycle ƒÕ in the cohomology of a finite group G, we can define the Dijkgraaf-Witten invariant of closed 3-manifolds. In this paper, we focus on the case where ƒÕ is a 3-cocycle systematically transferred from the second Chern class of a complex representation of G, and show some procedures for computing the invariant, and clarify its topological interpretation under some conditions. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1566 68 1 2026 Generator of the quadratic subextension of an odd dihedral extension 1 12 EN Toru Komatsu Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science In this paper we present an algorithm to make a generator of the quadratic subextension of an odd dihedral extension. As an application we solve the Galois group problem for the quintic polynomials given by Kishi and Yamada. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Chemical Society (ACS) Acta Medica Okayama 2637-6105 8 11 2026 Solution Structure and Counterion Condensation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose in Organic Solvents 8183 8197 EN Anish Gulati Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Lingzi Meng Materials Science and Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University Can Hou Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Takaichi Watanabe Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Carlos G. Lopez Materials Science and Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University We report scattering (SANS and SAXS) and electrical conductivity data for aqueous and organic solutions of carboxymethyl cellulose with tetrabutylammonium counterions. For SANS in deuterated solvents, the contrast is heavily dominated by the hydrogen-rich counterions, while for SAXS the polymer backbone has a more significant contribution to the scattering signal. The correlation length calculated from the SAXS measurements follows a scaling law of ƒÌ �å c–1/2, while that measured by SANS displays a weaker exponent at higher concentrations for solvents of high dielectric constants. These results indicate a decoupling in the characteristic length scales of fluctuations of the polymer backbone and counterions at high polyelectrolyte concentrations. The stretching parameter calculated from the correlation length indicates a highly stretched local conformation for TBACMC in water and several high dielectric constant solvents, consistent with the semiflexible nature of the cellulose backbone. In solvents of lower dielectric permittivity, the chains display a higher degree of local coiling. Combining electrical conductivity and scattering data, we find that the fraction of monomers bearing a dissociated charge is nearly independent of concentration and approximately proportional to the reciprocal of the Bjerrum length of the solvent, as expected by the Oosawa-Manning model. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 2075-4701 15 2 2025 A Review on the Magnetovolume Effect of the Full Heusler Alloys Ni2MnZ (Z = In, Sn, Sb) 215 EN Takeshi Kanomata Research Institute for Engineering and Technology, Tohoku Gakuin University Xiao Xu Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University Takuo Sakon Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University Yuki Nagata Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University Shin Imada College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University Toshihiro Omori Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University Ryosuke Kainuma Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University Tetsujiro Eto Kurume Institute of Technology Yoshiya Adachi Graduate School of Science and Technology, Yamagata University Takumi Kihara Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Yasushi Amako Faculty of Science, Shinshu University Masaaki Doi Research Institute for Engineering and Technology, Tohoku Gakuin University Yoshiya Uwatoko Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo The full Heusler alloys Ni2MnZ (Z = In, Sn, Sb) exhibit ferromagnetic properties with a Curie temperature (TC) above room temperature. The magnetic properties of Ni2MnZ (Z = In, Sn, Sb) were studied through a combination of experiments and band calculations under ambient and elevated pressures. The main results of this study open up further prospects for controlling the magnetic properties of the multifunctional Heusler alloys Ni2Mn1+xZ1�|x (Z = In, Sn, Sb) and their practical application. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press (OUP) Acta Medica Okayama 2056-3426 12 2025 Optimizing ƒÀ-TCP with E-rhBMP-2-infused fibrin for vertical bone regeneration in a mouse calvarium model rbae144 EN Kun Zhao Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Mitsuaki Ono Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Xindi Mu Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Ziyi Wang Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Shichao Xie Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tomoko Yonezawa Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Masahiro Okada Division of Dental Biomaterials, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Takuya Matsumoto Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Takuo Kuboki Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Toshitaka Oohashi Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Effective reconstruction of large bone defects, particularly in thickness, remains one of the major challenges in orthopedic and dental fields. We previously produced an Escherichia coli-based industrial-scale GMP-grade recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (E-rhBMP-2) and showed that the combination of E-rhBMP-2 with beta-tricalcium phosphate (ƒÀ-TCP/E-rhBMP-2) can effectively promote bone reconstruction. However, the limited mechanical strength and poor morphology retention of ƒÀ-TCP granules are key points that need optimization to obtain more effective grafts and further expand its clinical applications. Therefore, we combined ƒÀ-TCP/E-rhBMP-2 with fibrin gel to enhance its mechanical properties and usability for vertical bone regeneration. We investigated the mechanical properties and vertical bone regeneration effects of the materials applied, with or without fibrin containing E-rhBMP-2, in a calvarial defect model in mice. Compression tests were conducted to assess the initial stability of the materials. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were conducted to characterize the presence of fibrin on the scaffold. After 4 and 12 weeks of implantation, micro-computed tomography and histological and immunofluorescent analyses were performed to assess the morphology and volume of the newly formed bone. The fibrin-containing groups had significantly higher initial mechanical strength and higher ability to maintain their morphology in vivo compared to the counterparts without fibrin. However, fibrin gel alone suppressed the bone formation ability of ƒÀ-TCP/E-rhBMP-2 whereas the presence of high doses of E-rhBMP-2 in fibrin gel resulted in material resorption and enhanced new bone formation. In conclusion, fibrin gel significantly improved the mechanical strength and surgical manageability of the ƒÀ-TCP/E-rhBMP-2 scaffold, and the addition of E-rhBMP-2 to the fibrin gel further enhanced the vertical bone regeneration and initial structural integrity of the scaffold. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2041-1723 16 1 2025 Low melt viscosity enables melt doublets above the 410-km discontinuity 3239 EN Longjian Xie Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research Denis Andrault Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans Takashi Yoshino Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Cunrui Han School of Natural Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London James O. S. Hammond School of Natural Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London Fang Xu School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University Bin Zhao Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Oliver T. Lord School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol Yingwei Fei Earth & Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science Simon Falvard Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans Sho Kakizawa Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute Noriyoshi Tsujino Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute Yuji Higo Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute Laura Henry Synchrotron SOLEIL Nicolas Guignot Synchrotron SOLEIL David P. Dobson Department of Earth Sciences, University College London Seismic and magnetotelluric studies suggest hydrous silicate melts atop the 410 km discontinuity form 30–100 km thick layers. Importantly, in some regions, two layers are observed. These stagnant layers are related to their comparable density to the surrounding mantle, but their formation mechanisms and detailed structures remain unclear. Here we report a large decrease of silicate melt viscosity at ~14 GPa, from 96(5) to 11.7(6) mPa⋅s, as water content increases from 15.5 to 31.8 mol% H₂O. Such low viscosities facilitate rapid segregation of melt, which would typically prevent thick layer accumulation. Our 1D finite element simulations show that continuous dehydration melting of upwelling mantle material produces a primary melt layer above 410 km and a secondary layer at the depth of equal mantle-melt densities. These layers can merge into a single thick layer under low density contrasts or high upwelling rates, explaining both melt doublets and thick single layers. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 1756-4646 126 2025 Proteome analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of fucoxanthin-induced apoptosis in glial cells PC12 after nanoencapsulation 106710 EN Chunyan Wang School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology Xinxin Ma School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology Yoshimasa Nakamura Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Hang Qi SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University Fucoxanthin (FX) is a natural pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoid, which has been proven to have inhibitory effects on glioblastoma. In our previous study, nano-FX was fabricated through whey protein and flaxseed gum co-encapsulated for improved stability and glial cell (PC12) inhibitory activity of FX. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of FX-induced apoptosis in PC12 after nanoencapsulation, proteomics analysis based on TMT technology was performed. Protein profiles in PC12 were determined after 0 (Control), 8 (L_Treat), and 24 (H_Treat) ƒÊg/mL nano-FX intervention. Results indicated 78 differential abundant proteins (DAPs) linked to the cytotoxicity of nano-FX could be potential biomarkers. GO and KEGG analysis revealed altered proteasome and NF-kappa B/MAPK/TNF. Proteins involved in cell proliferation were downregulated, while proteins response to autophagy and apoptosis were upregulated. The multiple mechanisms involved in the anti-tumor activity of nano-FX will provide a reference for the development of FX high value-added functional foods. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0969-8043 236 2026 An algorithm to calculate physical density of biomedical objects having 3 ≤ Zeff ≤ 20: an application study using clinical photon-counting computed tomography equipment 112768 EN Hiroaki Hayashi College of Transdisciplinary Sciences for Innovation, Kanazawa University Rina Nishigami Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University Takashi Asahara Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University Natsumi Kimoto Department of Radiological Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Junshin Gakuen University Daiki Kobayashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University Mana Mitani Division of Radiological Technology, Medical Support Department, Okayama University Hospital Noriaki Akagi Division of Radiological Technology, Medical Support Department, Okayama University Hospital Fumiyo Higaki Department of Radiology, Medical Development Field, Okayama University Toshihiro Iguchi Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University Recently, photon-counting computed tomography (PC-CT) devices have become clinically available for X-ray diagnosis, and developments of analysis algorithms to generate various quantitative images have focused attention. This study proposes an algorithm to calculate the effective physical density (ƒÏeff) of biological objects having an effective atomic number (Zeff) of 3–20. In our procedure, ƒÏeff was determined when fitting the interaction cross sections (ƒÐs) to the measured linear attenuation coefficients (ƒÊs), which were determined from virtual monochromatic images (VMIs). In this process, the Zeff was analyzed in advance, and this information was fed back to the ƒÏeff analysis. A key feature of our procedure is that it does not require calibration processes based on specific substances, which allow us to analyze any substance without making assumptions.<br> To validate the availability of the proposed algorithm, we conducted an experiment using a clinical PC-CT scanner. A multi-energy CT phantom, a water phantom, an in-house low-density phantom, food samples, and a chest phantom were scanned. The results showed that our procedure can calculate ƒÏeff of water with an uncertainty of 4.5%. The academic significance of the present research results lies in demonstrating that the factors contributing to contrast, previously obtained from CT values, can be physically interpreted using information from Zeff and ƒÏeff. This analysis cannot be performed with conventional single-energy CT scanners and is possible with PC-CT and dual-energy CT scanners. Our novel procedure is expected to provide useful additional information in X-ray diagnosis. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 3042-6081 2 2 2026 Interfacial Bond Strength of Resin Cement to Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Using Experimental Primers Doping Multifunctional Methacrylate and Acrylate Monomers 12 EN Yukinori Maruo Department of Prosthodontics, Okayama University Kumiko Yoshihara Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Masao Irie Okayama University Dental School Noriyuki Nagaoka Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School Naoki Kodama Department of Prosthodontics, Okayama University Yuki Tanaka Department of Occlusal and Oral Functional Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Miho Kuwahara Department of Occlusal and Oral Functional Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kentaro Akiyama Department of Occlusal and Oral Functional Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic polymer with low surface energy, chemical inertness, and a highly crystalline structure, which limit durable adhesion to resin-based materials and require improved bonding strategies. This in vitro study evaluated the effect of incorporating multifunctional methacrylate (TMPTMA) and acrylate monomers (A-TMPT and A-DPH) into an experimental primer on the 24 h shear bond strength (SBS) of resin cement to PEEK (n = 6 per group). Experimental primers were prepared by adding varying amounts (100–500 µL) of each multifunctional monomer to a UDMA/MMA-based primer, and SBS was measured after cementation with a dual-cure resin cement. TMPTMA-containing primers produced median SBS values of approximately 10–12 MPa, while acrylate-based primers showed slightly higher values, particularly at higher concentrations, reaching up to ~15.8 MPa; however, no statistically significant improvement over the control group was observed (p > 0.05). Failure modes were predominantly mixed across all conditions. These findings indicate that multifunctional monomers, despite their potential to enhance cross-link density and wetting, do not substantially overcome the intrinsic adhesion-resistant nature of polished PEEK. The results underscore that monomer modification alone is insufficient and that effective adhesion to PEEK likely requires integrated strategies combining chemical activation with mechanical surface conditioning. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 2075-1729 16 6 2026 Disease-Suppressive Activity of Lecithin Against Foliar Infection by Rhizoctonia solani Isolates in Cabbage, Rice, and Brachypodium distachyon 998 EN Tran Xuan Cuong Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Misaki Asano School of Agriculture, Okayama University Daiki Honma School of Agriculture, Okayama University Moeko Soeda Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Megumi Watanabe Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Nanami Sakata Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hidenori Matsui Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuhiro Toyoda Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan Yuki Ichinose Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kentaro Ikeda Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University Yoshiteru Noutoshi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Rhizoctonia solani is a necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that causes disease in various crops. In agriculture, many crops suffer from root or seedling rot caused by this soil-borne pathogen, whereas cabbage and rice develop lesion-like symptoms on aboveground tissues. Diseases caused by R. solani are generally controlled using chemical fungicides; however, environmentally friendly alternatives are needed for sustainable agriculture. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of lecithin, a mixture of phospholipids previously registered in Japan as an agrochemical for controlling cucumber powdery mildew, against Rhizoctonia diseases. In cabbage, foliar spraying of 0.2–1.0% soybean lecithin effectively suppressed leaf symptoms caused by R. solani isolate RhiCa-2, which was identified as AG-1 IB. In rice and Brachypodium distachyon, 0.2–1.0% lecithin significantly suppressed leaf symptoms induced by R. solani AG-1 IA. Hyphal staining of inoculated leaves revealed reduced hyphal density on lecithin-treated leaves. Consistently, hyphal growth of R. solani on cellophane placed on water agar was retarded by lecithin treatment. However, 5.0% lecithin induced phytotoxicity in B. distachyon. Egg yolk-derived lecithin also exhibited disease-suppressive activity in cabbage and B. distachyon, with efficacy comparable to that of soybean lecithin under the conditions tested. These results suggest that lecithin suppresses foliar infection by R. solani, at least in part, through direct inhibitory effects on fungal hyphae, and may serve as a potential alternative material for disease control in sustainable crop production. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 2075-1729 16 6 2026 UGT76B1 and 41 Additional Arabidopsis UDP-Glycosyltransferases Show No Detectable In Vitro Glycosylation Activity Toward N-Hydroxypipecolic Acid 992 EN Jiyuan Bao Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Taiga Uchiyama Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuki Kusunoki Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuka Shinohara Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yurika Tanigawa School of Agriculture, Okayama University Megumi Watanabe Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Nanami Sakata Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hidenori Matsui Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuhiro Toyoda Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuki Ichinose Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yoshiteru Noutoshi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) is a key mobile signal in systemic acquired resistance in plants, and its glycosylation has been proposed to regulate immune signaling. Previous studies have demonstrated that the UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT76B1, known as an SA glycosyltransferase in Arabidopsis thaliana, also catalyzes NHP glycosylation. In this study, we re-evaluated NHP glycosylation activity of UGT76B1 using an in vitro enzyme-coupled fluorescence assay that quantitatively detects UDP released during UDP-sugar-dependent glycosylation. Unexpectedly, our biochemical analyses demonstrated that UGT76B1 lacks genuine glycosylation activity toward NHP under the in vitro assay conditions tested, although this system clearly detected UGT76B1 activity toward salicylic acid (SA), as well as the activities of UGT74F1 and UGT72B1 toward SA and hydroquinone, respectively. To explore potential UGTs responsible for NHP glycosylation, we evaluated the enzymatic activities of 41 UGT candidates successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, which are selected based on transcriptomic responses to tenoxicam treatment, molecular docking simulations using AlphaFold3/AutoDock Vina, phylogenetic criteria, and previous reports. Within this selected and successfully expressed UGT panel, none exhibited authentic NHP glycosylation activity, although this does not preclude the possibility that other members of the Arabidopsis UGT family possess NHP glycosyltransferase activity. Our findings challenge the prevailing view that UGT76B1 is the primary glycosyltransferase for NHP in A. thaliana and indicate that NHP metabolism may rely on undiscovered non-canonical enzymes or distinct metabolic pathways that warrant further investigation. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 1999-5903 18 6 2026 A Batch-Based VNF Deployment Mechanism for Privacy-Preserving Multi-Domain SFC Deployment Using Deep Reinforcement Learning 312 EN Arif Indra Irawan Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yukinobu Fukushima Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Future 6G networks require higher performance and wider service coverage. Multi-domain Service Function Chain (SFC) deployment enables service provisioning across multiple network domains to meet these demands. However, when collaboration occurs among different network operators, privacy-preserving mechanisms are required to protect sensitive information such as internal topology and resource availability. Existing SIRM-based mechanisms, such as the Privacy-Preserving Deployment Mechanism (PPDM), address this challenge but suffer from structural limitations: PPDM performs whole-chain feasibility evaluation with extensive virtual occupation. This paper proposes a ℬ-Batch Sequential Deployment mechanism for privacy-preserving multi-domain SFC deployment. Instead of evaluating whole-chain feasibility at once, the proposed ℬ-Batch mechanism partitions each incoming SFC into fixed-size VNF batches and constructs a batch-level SIRM. This design confines virtual occupation to the current batch and reduces both its magnitude and duration while remaining fully compatible with the SIRM privacy model and the hierarchical multi-domain control architecture. A Deep Q-Network (DQN) is employed to learn substrate node selection policies based solely on SIRM-based state information, without exposing domain-internal topology or resource details. Simulation results on a three-domain AARNET substrate topology demonstrate that the proposed mechanism consistently improves deployment robustness under varying traffic intensities and SFC lengths, including short (3–6 VNFs), medium (6–9 VNFs), and long (9–12 VNFs) service chains. Compared with PPDM, the proposed ℬ-Batch mechanism achieves higher acceptance ratios under moderate-to-heavy traffic while reducing end-to-end delay and improving average substrate resource utilization. Node selection analysis further shows that smaller batch sizes preserve feasibility through compact node reuse, whereas larger batch sizes encourage broader substrate exploration. Overall, the proposed ℬ-Batch mechanism enhances feasibility preservation and deployment robustness in privacy-preserving multi-domain SFC orchestration. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Physiological Society Acta Medica Okayama 0022-3077 135 4 2026 Characteristics of cross-modal negative BOLD responses in the human sensory subcortex and cortex 747 759 EN Toshikazu Miyata Division of Sensory and Cognitive Brain Mapping, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Masaki Fukunaga Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Junxiang Luo Division of Sensory and Cognitive Brain Mapping, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Isao Yokoi National Institute for Physiological Sciences Tetsuya Yamamoto Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Ayumi Yoshioka Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Jiajia Yang Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Tomoyo Morita Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) Hiromasa Takemura Division of Sensory and Cognitive Brain Mapping, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive method for measuring human brain activity based on blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses. Although many studies have reported positive BOLD responses evoked by sensory stimuli, others have reported negative BOLD responses (NBRs) in the sensory cortex when stimuli from different sensory modalities are presented (i.e., cross-modal NBRs). We conducted an fMRI experiment to better understand the characteristics of cross-modal NBRs in subcortical and cortical regions. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented unilaterally to one ear and to either the left or right visual field, respectively. The lateral geniculate nucleus and medial geniculate nucleus did not show a significant cross-modal NBR. In contrast, the primary auditory cortex showed a significant cross-modal NBR when visual stimuli were presented in either the contralateral or ipsilateral visual fields. Finally, we found that the cross-modal NBR in the early visual cortex was highly variable across subjects and did not exhibit consistent trends. However, each subject�fs data exhibited considerable split-half reliability. Our results suggest that cross-modal NBR in the auditory cortex likely reflects mechanisms such as interhemispheric suppression, rather than those coordinated within the same hemisphere.<br> NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrated that the human primary auditory cortex showed a significant cross-modal negative BOLD response bilaterally, regardless of the visual field in which the visual stimuli were presented. This result suggests that the cross-modal negative BOLD response is not an epiphenomenon of visual cortex activation predominantly observed in the contralateral hemisphere, but is more likely to reflect interhemispheric suppression mechanisms. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Physiological Society Acta Medica Okayama 1040-0605 330 5 2026 The role of S100A8/A9 in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbations of pulmonary fibrosis L593 L609 EN Naoki Nakamura Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hisao Higo Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Satoru Senoo Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Akihiko Taniguchi Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Fukuyama Medical Center Taichi Ozeki Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Ryota Sunami Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yumi Inukai Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Shusei Yamamoto Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Okayama University Faculty of Health Sciences Junko Itano Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Ayaka Tanaka Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kurashiki Central Hospital Nahoko Tomonobu Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Rie Kinoshita Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Masakiyo Sakaguchi Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yoshinobu Maeda Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Nobuaki Miyahara Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a life-threatening condition characterized by neutrophilic inflammation. S100A8/A9, an alarmin released by activated neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, plays a pivotal role in regulating inflammatory responses. However, its specific involvement in acute exacerbations of pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. This study evaluated the role of S100A8/A9 in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbations of pulmonary fibrosis. S100A8/A9 levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum from patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, with and without acute exacerbations. To model acute exacerbations of pulmonary fibrosis, mice were intratracheally administered bleomycin followed by lipopolysaccharide. Subsequently, inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine levels, morphological changes, and fibrosis marker levels in lung tissue and airways were analyzed. S100A8/A9 levels were significantly higher in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia experiencing acute exacerbations relative to those without; these levels were correlated with patient prognosis. In an experimental mouse model, intratracheal administration of bleomycin followed by lipopolysaccharide resulted in a significant increase in airway S100A8/A9 levels compared with bleomycin alone and control mice. Anti-S100A8/A9 neutralizing antibody Ab45 mitigated airway inflammation and lung fibrosis in mice with acute exacerbations of pulmonary fibrosis, reducing S100A8/A9 levels and neutrophil extracellular traps. In vitro, recombinant S100A8/A9 or lipopolysaccharide and neutrophils activated and differentiated fibroblasts; these effects were inhibited by anti-S100A8/A9 neutralizing antibody Ab45 and the humanized form of Ab45 (HuAb45). These findings highlight S100A8/A9 as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for acute exacerbations of pulmonary fibrosis. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2041-1723 17 1 2026 Structural insights into YheS-mediated release of SecM-arrested ribosome 4963 EN Kaishi Iso Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Toma Ikeda School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo Kohei Yamasaki Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yushin Ando Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Fumiya K. Sano Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Tadaomi Furuta School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo Hideki Taguchi School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo Osamu Nureki Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Yuhei Chadani Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuzuru Itoh Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo ATP-binding cassette subfamily F (ABCF) proteins interact with the ribosome to resolve translation defects near the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). In Escherichia coli, four ABCF proteins (EttA, Uup, YbiT, and YheS) selectively promote translation of distinct problematic nascent peptide sequences, but their molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we present a 2.8 Å cryo-EM structure of the ribosome in complex with an ATPase-deficient mutant of YheS and investigate how it releases ribosomes arrested by the SecM nascent chain. YheS binds to the ribosomal E-site via the L1 stalk, and its P-site tRNA-interaction motif (PtIM) extends toward the PTC, displacing the CCA end of the P-site tRNA. Notably, the cryo-EM density corresponding to the SecM nascent chain within the exit tunnel is largely lost upon YheS binding. These observations suggest that YheS relieves peptide sequence-dependent stalling by perturbing nascent chain-tunnel interactions through P-site tRNA relocation. Steered molecular dynamics simulations provide qualitative support for this model. Together, our findings provide mechanistic insight into a mode of arrest release distinct from the translocon-mediated release mechanism. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1755-4330 18 6 2026 Two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks offer all-in-one cocatalysts for photocatalytic overall water splitting 1053 1061 EN Jingyan Guan Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Hajime Suzuki Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kazuhide Kamiya Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, The University of Osaka Takashi Harada Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, The University of Osaka Rintaro Adachi Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Osamu Tomita Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Hirofumi Kurokawa Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University Daisuke Unabara Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University Koji Yonekura Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University Naoya Fukui Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science Hiroaki Maeda Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science Kunihisa Sugimoto Department of Chemistry, Kindai University Yuichi Yamaguchi Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science Akinori Saeki Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, The University of Osaka Akira Yamakata Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Akihiko Kudo Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science Ryu Abe Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Ryota Sakamoto Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Photocatalytic overall water splitting holds great promise for sustainable hydrogen production. For overall water splitting performed by one-step excitation, both the hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions are hindered kinetically; hence, it is necessary to employ site-selective modification of photocatalysts with hydrogen-evolving and oxygen-evolving cocatalysts. However, critical challenges remain, including the need for cumbersome, multi-step photodeposition processes and durable blocking layers to inhibit the reverse reactions. Here we find a conductive, two-dimensional metal–organic framework to serve as a simple, multifunctional cocatalyst. We loaded this framework on SrTiO3:Al, an overall water-splitting photocatalyst, using a one-step self-assembly method. The framework cocatalyst promoted steady photocatalysis with an apparent quantum efficiency of 31.5% at 350 nm, free from the reverse reaction even without blocking layers. We proposed the operational principles for the cocatalyst activity using spectroscopic, electrochemical and theoretical analyses. This two-dimensional metal–organic framework offers an all-in-one approach for designing efficient and practical one-step excitation overall water-splitting systems. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Public Library of Science (PLoS) Acta Medica Okayama 1553-7404 22 2 2026 Octopamine signaling from clock neurons plays dual roles in Drosophila long-term memory e1012045 EN Yuto Kurata Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University Taishi Yoshii Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takaomi Sakai Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University Circadian clock genes are best known for regulating circadian rhythms, but they also play crucial roles in memory processes. This suggests that memory is modulated by neural networks containing clock neurons, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In Drosophila melanogaster, approximately 240 clock neurons are grouped into at least eight distinct clusters. Among them, the dorsal–lateral neurons (LNds) are required for maintaining long-term memory (LTM). In contrast, the neuropeptide Pigment-dispersing factor (Pdf), expressed in both small and large ventral–lateral neurons (s-LNvs and l-LNvs, respectively), functions as a circadian output signal and is also essential for maintaining LTM. In addition, Pdf-expressing neurons (hereafter, Pdf neurons) release neurotransmitters other than Pdf, which are involved in LTM consolidation. However, the specific transmitters used by LNds and Pdf neurons in LTM processing have remained unknown. Here, we show that octopamine signaling from LNds is essential for LTM maintenance, whereas octopamine in Pdf neurons is essential for LTM consolidation. Temporally restricted knockdown of Tyramine ƒÀ hydroxylase (Tbh), the gene encoding the enzyme required for octopamine synthesis, disrupted LTM maintenance when targeted in LNds, whereas it impaired LTM consolidation when targeted in Pdf neurons. Notably, Tbh knockdown in LNds or Pdf neurons had minimal effects on circadian behavioral rhythms or sleep. These findings reveal that octopamine released from specific subtypes of clock neurons independently regulates distinct phases of LTM in Drosophila. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1868-6974 32 11 2025 Risk Factors and Strategies for Failure to Rescue Following Hepatectomy: A Review 801 809 EN Jiro Kimura Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kosei Takagi Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tomokazu Fuji Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kazuya Yasui Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Takeyoshi Nishiyama Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Toshiyoshi Fujiwara Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Failure to rescue (FTR), defined as mortality after major postoperative complications, is a crucial indicator of surgical quality. Although mortality rates after hepatectomy have declined owing to improved surgical techniques and perioperative care, FTR remains a major concern. This review synthesizes the current evidence on the risk factors contributing to FTR after hepatectomy and explores multidisciplinary strategies to reduce its rate. Post-hepatectomy liver failure, hemorrhage, bile leakage, and sepsis commonly precede FTR. Risk factors for FTR are multifactorial and include patient-, procedure-, and system-related factors. Higher procedural volumes are associated with lower FTR rates, likely due to better infrastructure, experienced personnel, and access to rapid interventions. Strategies to reduce the FTR rate include preoperative optimization, intraoperative precision, and vigilant postoperative surveillance. System-level approaches, such as multidisciplinary rounds, standardized escalation protocols, and a robust institutional safety culture, are also pivotal. Future innovations, such as predictive analytics, artificial intelligence, and wearable monitoring devices, offer considerable potential for the early detection of complications. Centralization of complex liver surgeries to high-volume centers is recommended to enhance team preparedness. This review emphasizes the importance of adopting a comprehensive, proactive, and technologically integrated approach to reduce the FTR rate after hepatectomy and improve patient survival. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 0012-1592 68 4-5 2026 Computer�]Aided Sperm Analysis Protocol for Evaluating Sperm Motility in Japanese Medaka e70061 EN Miwa Kuroyanagi Department of Advanced Aquaculture Science, Faculty of Marine Bioscience and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University Satoshi Ansai Ushimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Keigo Okamoto Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University Ai Kato Interuniversity Bio-Backup Project Center, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) Touko Yamazaki Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institutes of Natural Sciences Yasuhiro Kamei Optics and Bioimaging Facility, NIBB Eiji Watanabe Basic Biology Program, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) Kiyoshi Naruse Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institutes of Natural Sciences Yukiko Ogino Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University Changes in sperm motility can serve as an early indicator of reproductive effects caused by environmental chemicals or genetic perturbations. However, sperm motility is highly sensitive to external factors such as osmolarity, ionic composition, and the timing of measurement after activation, making it challenging to obtain consistent and reproducible measurements. Here, we present a standardized protocol for assessing sperm motility in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) using a sperm motility analysis system (SMAS), an application for computer-aided sperm motility analysis (CASA). This protocol details the procedures for sperm collection, activation, and quantitative motility assessment, with particular focus on changes in the percentage of motile sperm post activation and the effects of sperm cryopreservation. We demonstrate time-dependent declines in sperm motility and velocity, and highlight the importance of early post-activation measurements to accurately capture peak motility. Notably, cryopreservation significantly accelerated the decline in sperm motility rate without affecting the initial proportion of motile sperm. To enable reliable comparisons among experimental groups, we recommend standardizing the initiation time after sperm activation by using CASA, and show that measurements should be initiated within 1 min after activation to obtain consistent and reliable data. This standardized SMAS-based protocol provides a robust and reproducible framework for sperm motility analysis in medaka and will be valuable not only for studies in reproductive biology, toxicology, and environmental risk assessment but also for applied research, such as breeding of aquacultural fishes. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Portland Press Ltd. Acta Medica Okayama 0144-8463 46 6 2026 Tubulogenesis of bovine uterine glands by epidermal growth factor and collagen I in 3D culture systems BSR20260010 EN Yosuke Sugino Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Rei Ichikawa Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University Shuichi Matsuyama Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University Yuki Yamamoto Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Kohei Kawano Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Koji Kimura Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Uterine glands are endometrial exocrine epithelia that support early embryo development. Their secretions are particularly essential for conceptus elongation in cattle. Uterine glands develop from the luminal epithelium and elongate into the stromal layer toward the myometrium. This process is regulated by growth factors, WNT proteins, and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM); however, the precise mechanisms that govern bovine uterine gland morphogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we determined how these signaling factors and ECM components affect the tubular formation of bovine uterine gland fragments in 3D culture systems. Uterine gland fragments were enzymatically isolated from bovine endometria and 3D-cultured in Matrigel with or without growth factors (EGF, FGF1, FGF2, FGF7, FGF10, and IGF-1) and WNT (WNT3A, WNT5A, and WNT7A) proteins. Of these, only EGF stimulated the elongation of uterine gland fragments and eventually induced the formation of uterine gland-like structures. EGF-induced tubulogenesis was accompanied by a rapid increase in cell proliferation and alterations in cell–ECM interactions. The supplementation of collagen I with Matrigel further promoted the elongation of the tubular structures. Although the addition of collagen I did not alter the gene expression profiles of the uterine gland-like structures, the integrin-ROCK pathway contributed to the collagen-induced enhancement of elongation. Our findings clarified that EGF and collagen I, but not FGFs, IGF-1, or WNTs, are key regulators for the tubular formation of 3D-cultured bovine uterine gland fragments. This 3D culture system provides a new platform to examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying bovine uterine gland morphogenesis. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Acta Medica Okayama 2169-3536 14 2026 Construction of a Lightweight Simulation Environment Based on Topological Mapping 73466 73478 EN Yukinaga Kato Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Yuichiro Toda Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Takayuki Matsuno Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University Autonomous mobile robots require safe and efficient environmental representations for traversability-aware navigation and learning. In particular, self-learning of traversability from real-world driving experience can require robots to operate near the limits of their mobility, which introduces physical risks such as falls, malfunctions, or hardware damage. To provide a safer complementary environment for such validation and future learning, this paper proposes ATC-Mesh. This framework constructs a lightweight, simulation-ready mesh environment from the topological map produced by Adaptive Resonance Theory-based Topological Clustering with Different Topologies (ATC-DT) using high-density LiDAR point clouds. Unlike standard mesh reconstruction methods that directly process dense point clouds, ATC-Mesh generates a compact mesh from the node–edge structure of the topological map while preserving traversability attributes associated with the topological map. Experiments using two real-world LiDAR datasets show that ATC-Mesh achieves competitive mesh-construction quality compared with standard baseline methods while reducing construction time and mesh size. Gazebo experiments further show that the generated meshes can support waypoint-based navigation with a low simulation load. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0753-3322 194 2026 Elucidation of mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of cordycepin on pulmonary hypertension, with a focus on cell senescence and gut microbiota 118923 EN Gaopeng Li Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University Zhixin Zhao Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Mitsuhiro Machitani Division of Cancer Stem Cell, National Cancer Center Research Institute Ryou Ishikawa Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kagawa University Hospital Kaori Ishikawa Department of General Medicine, Kagawa University Hospital Naoya Yokota Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University Reiji Haba Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kagawa University Hospital Kazufumi Nakamura Center for Advanced Heart Failure, Okayama University Hospital Zhihong Sun Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Lin-Hai Kurahara Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University Katsuya Hirano Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by excessive pulmonary vascular remodeling and aberrant proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to PH development. Cordycepin, a natural adenosine analogue derived from Cordyceps militaris, has demonstrated antiproliferative and microbiota-modulating properties; however, its mechanism of action in PH remains unclear.<br> Objective: Elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of cordycepin on PH, focusing on cellular senescence and gut microbiota.<br> Methods: The effects of cordycepin on PH pathology were investigated by transcriptome analysis of PASMCs from patients, and metagenomic analysis of rodent PH models. Cellular senescence was analyzed in lung tissue from p16Ink4a-CreERT2 reporter mice and in rat bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs).<br> Results: RNA sequencing analysis revealed activation of p53 signaling by cordycepin in PASMCs. Cordycepin suppressed CDK1 expression and TERT phosphorylation at threonine 249. It ameliorated vascular and cardiac remodeling in PH rat and mouse models. Cordycepin induced M1-like macrophage senescence in p16 Ink4a reporter mice lungs and rat BMDMs. Cordycepin significantly reshaped the gut microbiota, increasing beneficial genera (e.g. Alistipes and Acetatifactor) and reducing proinflammatory taxa (e.g., Ruminococcus), with modulating key metabolic pathways, including short-chain fatty acid, tryptophan, and vitamin K2 metabolism.<br> Conclusion: Cordycepin exerts multi-target therapeutic effects in PH by inhibiting PASMC proliferation via the p53–CDK1/pTERT axis, modulating gut microbiota-linked immunometabolism and induces proinflammatory macrophage senescence. These findings support cordycepin as a promising candidate for PH therapies targeting the vascular, immune, and gut–lung axes. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0040-4039 183 2026 Photochemical oxidative synthesis of carboxylic acids from aldehydes or alcohols with water via CH bromination 156163 EN Mohamed R. El-kholany Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Atsuya Miyamoto Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Morgane Falcone Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hiroyoshi Takamura Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Isao Kadota Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kenta Tanaka Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University The photoinduced oxidation of aldehydes or alcohols with water to give the corresponding carboxylic acids is described. This photochemical carboxylation proceeds via the in-situ generation of acyl-bromide intermediates upon irradiation with purple or UV LED light; these intermediates subsequently react with water to give the desired carboxylic acids. This mild photochemical reaction affords diverse carboxylic acids without peroxide generation or the need to use transition-metal catalysts and a stoichiometric amount of base, highlighting its potential utility for the synthesis of natural products and bioactive compounds. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Acta Medica Okayama 1359-7345 2026 Switchable photoluminescence of europium(iii) complexes with chromonylhydrazones EN Asahi Kamei Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Daisuke Saito Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University Kazuma Takahara Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo Keito Nose Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hideki Okamoto Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Masaki Yoshida Graduate School of Science, The University of Osaka Masako Kato School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University Takayoshi Suzuki Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Europium(III) complexes bearing 4-hydroxy- or 4-methyl-N�Œ-((6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methylene)benzohydrazide (HL1 or HL2) showed characteristic EuIII 5D0 �¨ 7FJ (J = 0–4) luminescence both in acetonitrile and in solid states with relatively high ƒ³tot values. The luminescence was quenched not only by adding triethylamine in acetonitrile, but also by heating the solid sample, and recovered by adding perchloric acid in solution or by diffusion of HCl vapor to the resulting solid sample. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2667-2421 20 2026 Behavioral effects of a chronic envy-like stress paradigm in mice using an adjacent cage model 148 159 EN Hiroshi Ueno Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Yoshihiro Tanaka Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Eriko Kitano Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Yu Takahashi Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Sachiko Mori Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Shinji Murakami Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Kenta Wani Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Yosuke Matsumoto Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Motoi Okamoto Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Takeshi Ishihara Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Background: Social comparison and envy are significant psychosocial stressors in humans and are known to be involved in the onset and persistence of psychiatric disorders. However, animal models capable of experimentally reproducing the effects of indirect social comparison without physical contact are limited. In this study, we used a newly developed "adjacent-cage paradigm" to investigate whether chronic vicarious exposure to conspecifics in different environments induces envy-like stress in mice.<br> Methods: Male C57BL/6 N mice served as observers, while demonstrator mice were assigned to one of four conditions: (1) an environment enriched with objects, (2) an igloo, (3) a tube, or (4) social isolation. Observers were continuously exposed to these adjacent cages for 21 days. Subsequently, a comprehensive battery of behavioral tests was conducted to assess general health, anxiety-like behavior, spatial memory, social behavior, and depression-like behavior.<br> Results: In the objects condition, a decrease in time spent in the light compartment of the light/dark box indicated an increase in anxiety-like behavior. In the isolation condition, the mean duration per social interaction was shortened, suggesting a qualitative change in social behavior. The igloo condition resulted in reduced immobility time in the forced swim test, suggesting a possible alteration in stress coping behavior. Furthermore, increased nociceptive sensitivity was observed in the hot plate test under both the objects and isolation conditions.<br> Conclusion: Although the envy-like stress paradigm did not affect many behavioral indices, it did cause condition-dependent and limited behavioral changes. This suggests that the paradigm may serve as a novel model for capturing psychological and context-dependent social stress, which differs from conventional physical stress models. Elucidating the neural basis of this paradigm is expected to contribute to the understanding of how social comparison affects mental health in modern society. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2045-2322 16 1 2026 Adolescent envy-like social comparison stress induces HPA axis hypoactivity and anxiety in female mice: implications for somatic symptom disorder 15771 EN Hiroshi Ueno Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Yoshihiro Tanaka Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Eriko Kitano Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Yu Takahashi Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Sachiko Mori Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Shinji Murakami Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Kenta Wani Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Yosuke Matsumoto Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Motoi Okamoto Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Takeshi Ishihara Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Adolescence is a critical developmental window marked by heightened neuroplasticity and maturation of the stress response system, conferring vulnerability to psychosocial stress. Chronic stress during this period increases the risk of anxiety and depressive disorders and may contribute to somatic symptom disorder (SSD), which is characterized by medically unexplained physical complaints and shows a striking female predominance. The impact of envy-like stress arising from social comparison, a pervasive psychosocial factor in modern society, remains poorly understood. Male and female C57BL/6N mice were exposed to chronic envy-like stress from postnatal day (P)21 to P52 by housing them adjacent to enriched cages, while control mice were housed without such exposure. From P52 onward, mice underwent behavioral testing of anxiety-like behavior, exploratory activity, social interaction, spatial working memory, motor coordination, nociception, and depression-like behavior. Serum corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations were measured to assess hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function. Envy-like stress induced sex-specific phenotypes. Male mice exhibited hyperactivity, reduced social interaction, and impaired spatial working memory. In contrast, female mice displayed robust increases in anxiety-like behavior, impaired motor coordination, and significant reductions in basal corticosterone and ACTH levels. Chronic envy-like stress during adolescence elicits distinct, sex-dependent behavioral and endocrine alterations. The phenotype observed in female mice�\characterized by heightened anxiety and lower basal HPA axis hormone levels�\shares some biological features with clinical observations in SSD. This model may serve as a starting point for elucidating the mechanisms linking psychosocial stress and somatic symptoms in a sex-dependent manner. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2045-2322 15 1 2025 Post-weaning maternal presence exerts a protective effect against social isolation-induced behavioural alterations in mice 44248 EN Hiroshi Ueno Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Eriko Kitano Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Yu Takahashi Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Sachiko Mori Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Shinji Murakami Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Kenta Wani Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Yosuke Matsumoto Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Motoi Okamoto Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Takeshi Ishihara Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Parental �gwatchful presence�h is considered an important factor influencing behavioural and emotional development in offspring across mammalian species, including humans. However, the effects of such parental presence remain insufficiently understood, even in human studies. In laboratory mice, offspring are typically weaned at approximately three weeks of age, leaving the impact of post-weaning maternal presence on behavioural development largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate whether maternal presence in an adjacent cage after weaning can attenuate behavioural effects of social isolation stress in mice. Furthermore, we sought to assess whether this experimental paradigm could serve as a novel animal model for studying the effects of parental watchful presence, with potential relevance to human parent–child relationship research. Mouse pups were weaned at postnatal day 21 and housed either adjacent to their mother (maternal presence group) or without maternal presence (control group). The pups were subsequently housed either in groups with littermates or individually until eight weeks of age. After maturation, behavioural tests were conducted to assess locomotor activity, anxiety-like behaviour, social behaviour, and depression-like behaviour. In group-housed mice, maternal presence did not influence behavioural outcomes. However, in individually housed mice, maternal presence partially attenuated social isolation-induced behavioural alterations, suggesting a subtle protective effect, including hyperlocomotion, reduced anxiety-like behaviour, and abnormal social interactions. Our findings demonstrate that maternal presence during the post-weaning period can offer a protective effect against certain behavioural abnormalities induced by social isolation stress in mice.�@This simple adjacent-cage paradigm provides a novel and practical model for elucidating the impact of parental watchful presence on behavioural and emotional development, offering insights relevant to the understanding of parent–child relationships in humans. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1341-9625 31 6 2026 Barriers and facilitators for online genetic care for hereditary cancer in Japan: findings from surveys of both clients and medical professionals 1063 1074 EN Sayaka Ueno Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yusaku Urakawa Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Fumino Kato Arisa Ueki Division of Clinical Genetic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Keika Kaneko Division of Clinical Genetic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Koji Matsumoto Division of Clinical Genetics, Hyogo Cancer Center Hiromi Sugawara Division of Clinical Genetics, Hyogo Cancer Center Sayoko Takeuchi Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Reiko Yoshida Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Miho Kakuta Center for Genomic Diagnosis, International University of Health and Welfare (IUHW) Narita Hospital Kiwamu Akagi Center for Genomic Diagnosis, International University of Health and Welfare (IUHW) Narita Hospital Kazuo Tamura Center for Genomic Diagnosis, International University of Health and Welfare (IUHW) Narita Hospital Akira Hirasawa Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Background Online genetic care can offer a promising solution to the shortage of qualified medical professionals in genetic medicine, which leads to regional disparities in access. However, despite global adoption, its use in Japan remains limited.<br> Methods Two questionnaire surveys were conducted to investigate potential needs and barriers regarding online genetic care: one involving 858 medical professionals (738 physicians and 120 genetic counselors or nurses), and the other involving 443 clients who received in-person genetic counseling.<br> Results Only 14.0% of the medical professionals had experience with online genetic care, although 85.9% of the professionals engaged in cancer genetics were willing to consider providing it in the future. Notably, a discrepancy was found regarding hospital selection: clients prioritized access to specialized medical care, whereas professionals assumed clients valued accessibility for family members. Professionals expressed greater concerns about adequacy of online communication, client environments and internet security. Among clients, 89.1% estimated they would sufficiently understand and accept total content of counseling session if were conducted online. Older age and infrequent internet use were associated with lower acceptance and higher anxiety regarding online methods. Concerns about ability to use the necessary technology affected clients�f willingness to encourage online care for their relatives.<br> Conclusion Online genetic care shows high potential for client acceptance and can effectively address regional disparities in Japan. To bridge the gap between client needs and professional perceptions and to overcome the digital divide, it is necessary to develop secure, accessible systems and provide education for both patients and healthcare providers. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 0916-7005 43 2 2026 Machine learning prediction of the Madden–Julian oscillation using reservoir computing 25 EN Tamaki Suematsu RIKEN Center for Computational Science Kengo Nakai Graduate School of Environmental Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tsuyoshi Yoneda Graduate School of Economics, Hitotsubashi University Daisuke Takasuka Department of Geophysics, Tohoku University Takuya Jinno Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Yoshitaka Saiki Graduate School of Business Administration, Hitotsubashi University Hiroaki Miura Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo The prediction of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), a massive tropical weather event with global socio-economic impacts, has been infamously difficult with physics-based weather prediction models. We employ the reservoir computing, a brain-inspired machine-learning technique, to construct a machine learning model that forecasts the real-time multivariate MJO index (RMM), a macroscopic variable that represents the state of the MJO. The training data was refined by development of a novel real-time band-pass filter that extracts the recurrency of MJO signals only from the past raw atmospheric data, and by selection of a suitable time-delay coordinate of the RMM that enhances the recurrency of the input data. The constructed model demonstrated the skill to forecast the time sequence of the RMM for a month from pre-developmental stages of the MJO. Examination of best-performing cases suggested that RMM sequences may be predicted for over two months in some cases. These results imply that inherent predictability limit of the MJO is longer than that has been estimated from physics-based weather prediction models. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press (OUP) Acta Medica Okayama 0032-0781 2026 Cytokinin receptor AHK3 influences leaf size by modulating trans-zeatin-type cytokinin levels in xylem pcag052 EN Kota Monden Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Takamasa Suzuki College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University Mikiko Kojima RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Yumiko Takebayashi RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Takehiro Kamiya Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Tokyo University Takatoshi Kiba Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Hitoshi Sakakibara RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Tsuyoshi Nakagawa Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Centerfor Science Research, Shimane University Takushi Hachiya Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Centerfor Science Research, Shimane University Trans-zeatin (tZ)-type cytokinins (CKs) are predominantly synthesized in roots, transported to the shoot via the xylem, and coordinate diverse physiological processes in aerial organs. Within this process, the regulation of CK biosynthesis by nitrate signaling via nodule inception-like protein 7, as well as the loading of tZ-type CKs into the xylem by ATP-binding cassette transporter G14, have been well studied. However, the roles of other components remain unclear. Here, we show that CK perception and degradation in roots, as mediated by Arabidopsis histidine kinase 3 (AHK3) and CK oxidase/dehydrogenase 4 (CKX4), modulate root-to-shoot tZ-type cytokinin transport in response to nitrate. Grafting experiments demonstrate that root-specific AHK3 deficiency systemically increases the leaf blade area through long-distance signals of root-derived tZ-type CKs, perceived by shoot-expressed AHK3. Transcriptome and hormonome analyses reveal that root-specific AHK3 deficiency reduces CKX4 expression in roots, elevating tZ-type CK levels in roots and xylem sap and thereby enhancing the leaf CK response. Transfer experiments manipulating root nitrate levels show that root-specific AHK3 deficiency promotes the leaf blade area in a manner dependent on both nitrate and root-derived tZ-type CK signaling. Moreover, both nitrate signals and root-expressed AHK3 are required for maximal CKX4 induction in roots, and root-specific CKX4 deficiency enhances the leaf blade area in a nitrate-dependent manner. These findings reveal a novel mechanism in which an AHK3–CKX4 module governs xylem transport of tZ-type CKs, fine-tuning leaf size according to root nitrate status. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Acta Medica Okayama 1759-9954 17 23 2026 Synthesis of a BC6 polymer via cyclotrimerization of alkynylborane and its application as a heterogeneous Lewis acid catalyst 2473 2478 EN Naoki Takahashi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kentaro Ohkura Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Yuta Nishina Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Lewis acidic boron-containing ƒÎ-conjugated polymer materials have been demonstrated to be promising for sensing and catalysis; however, the synthetic approaches and the number of installed boron atoms have been limited. Herein, we report the synthesis of a BC6 polymer structure via cyclotrimerization of alkynes. The resulting polymer exhibited superior catalytic activity to small-molecule analogues such as BPh3 and previously reported boron-containing polymers. This enhanced performance is attributed to the high boron content and increased Lewis acidity of BC6, as supported by theoretical and experimental analyses. Owing to its polymeric nature, the catalyst was readily recovered and reused in the catalytic system. These findings demonstrate that building rigid polymer frameworks with a high density of Lewis acidic boron sites is a promising approach to developing recyclable heterogeneous Lewis acid catalysts, and offers a broadly applicable design principle for functional boron-containing polymeric materials. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1867-1071 2026 A novel robot for CT-guided bone needle insertion with a rotational drilling and force-feedback speed control mechanism: preliminary evaluation in swine EN Yusuke Matsui Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Takao Hiraki Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Yuta Kimura Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Takanori Sasaki Collaborative Research Center for OMIC, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Ryutaro Matsuura Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University Koji Tomita Department of Radiology, Medical Development Field, Okayama University Noriyuki Umakoshi Department of Radiology, Medical Development Field, Okayama University Soichiro Okamoto Department of Radiology, Medical Development Field, Okayama University Kazuaki Munetomo Department of Radiology, Medical Development Field, Okayama University Fumiyo Higaki Department of Radiology, Medical Development Field, Okayama University Jun Sakurai Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Toshihiro Iguchi Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University Atsushi Nakazawa Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Kiyoshi Matsumiya Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Life Science, Okayama University of Science Takayuki Matsuno Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tetsushi Kamegawa Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of computed tomography (CT)-guided needle insertion into swine bones by using a novel robotic system capable of rotational drilling.<br> Materials and methods This was an animal experiment using three swine. A remote-controlled robot equipped with a rotational drilling and force-feedback insertion speed control mechanism was developed for bone needle insertion. Using the robot, CT-guided insertion of a 10-gauge bone access needle was attempted in the lumbar vertebrae, ilia, and femora six times each. Needle insertion accuracy was evaluated using the angle error, which is defined as the difference between the predetermined and post-insertion needle angles on axial and sagittal CT images. The time required for needle insertion was measured. The angle error and time required for needle insertion were compared among the bones using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Adverse events were also evaluated.<br> Results Robotic bone needle insertion was successful in all attempts. The median axial and sagittal angle errors were 0.21 and 0.21�‹ for the lumbar vertebrae, 0.32 and 0.13�‹ for the ilia, and 0.65 and 0.25�‹ for the femora, respectively. Axial angle errors were significantly different among the bone types (p = 0.038). The time required for needle insertion was 23.6, 21.3, and 59.7 s for the lumbar vertebrae, ilia, and femora, respectively. Time was significantly different among bone types (p = 0.017). No adverse events were observed.<br> Conclusion CT-guided bone needle insertion using a robot equipped with a rotational drilling and force-feedback insertion speed control mechanism was feasible and accurate in swine. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 1422-0067 27 6 2026 Minimal Association Between Immunoglobulin A Coating and Gut Microbiota Alterations Induced by High-Fat Diets with Distinct Fatty Acid Compositions 2645 EN Mao Teraoka Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Naoki Nishino Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tianyang Wang Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kuiyi Chen Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takeshi Tsuruta Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University High-fat diets (HFDs) containing dietary fats with different fatty acid (FA) compositions alter gut microbiota composition in a fat-source-dependent manner. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and unabsorbed lipids in the distal gut are potential regulators of the gut microbiota. However, their roles in mediating gut microbiota alterations induced by dietary fats with different FA compositions remain unclear. This study aims to examine the associations of these two factors with fat-source-dependent gut microbiota alterations. BALB/c mice were fed a normal diet, a high-lard diet, a high-olive oil diet, or a high-soybean oil diet for 27 weeks. Fecal samples were collected to assess microbiota composition, the IgA coating index (ICI)�\which quantifies the extent of IgA coating on gut microbiota�\and fecal fatty acid concentrations. At the phylum level, the concentration of fecal total long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) was positively correlated with the relative abundance (RA) of Bacillota and negatively correlated with that of Bacteroidota. In addition, a trend toward a positive association between the RA and the ICI was observed for Bacillota but not for Bacteroidota. At the genus level, the RAs of 12 taxa were positively correlated with fecal LCFA concentrations, whereas those of 6 taxa were negatively correlated. Although the RAs of most taxa appeared to be influenced by unabsorbed lipids and additional factors, only four Bacillota genera exhibited a positive correlation between the RA and the ICI. Our observations suggest that IgA coating of the gut microbiota may have a minimal association with fat-source-specific alterations in gut microbiota composition during HFD intake. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) Acta Medica Okayama 0090-3493 54 6 2026 Institutional Variability in Brain-Dead Organ Donation Processes and Practices: A Multicenter Cohort Study 1319 1328 EN Tetsuya Yumoto Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Hiromichi Naito Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Mineji Hayakawa Department of Emergency Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital Shoji Yokobori Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School Kei Nishiyama Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science Takahiro Atsumi Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Osamu Tasaki Acute and Critical Care Center, Nagasaki University Hospital Junya Tsurukiri Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center Mariko Hayamizu Department of Emergency Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital Shimon Murahashi Acute and Critical Care Center, Nagasaki University Hospital Munehiro Hayashi Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center Takeshi Nishimura Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Emergency Medical Center Yukari Goto Department of Emergency Medicine, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital Hiromichi Narumiya Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital Atsushi Mizutani Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamamatsu Medical Center Mamoru Miyajima Emergency and Critical Care Center, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital Junya Shimazaki Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kansai Medical University Medical Center Takeshi Miura Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba Hospital Nozomu Shima Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Wakayama Medical University Kazuki Deuchi Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science Hitomi Nakayasu Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital Hitoshi Kano Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School Takashi Yorifuji Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Atsunori Nakao Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Japan Comprehensive Process for End-of-Life Care and Organ Donation after Brain Death (J-RESPECT) study group OBJECTIVES: To determine whether key institutional and clinical differences exist between highly and moderately active hospitals in Japan with respect to brain-dead organ donation practices.<br> DESIGN: Retrospective multicenter cohort study.<br> SETTING: Sixteen tertiary emergency and critical care centers across Japan.<br> PATIENTS: All brain-dead organ donors from participating institutions who had at least one organ procured and transplanted between July 17, 2010, and December 31, 2023. Hospitals were categorized as highly active (≥ 14 donations) or moderately active (≤ 13 donations) during the study period.<br> INTERVENTIONS: None.<br> MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Institutional donation practices were compared, including donor management strategies, use of vasopressors and corticosteroids, time intervals in the donation process, and frequency of multidisciplinary team meetings. A total of 204 donors were included; the median age was 47 years (interquartile range, 37–56), and 92 (45.1%) were female. Donor characteristics were similar between groups. Vasopressin was used in nearly all donors, though dosing protocols varied. Corticosteroid use was significantly higher in highly active hospitals compared with moderately active ones (58.3% vs. 38.0%; p = 0.004). Time from admission to coordinator notification was similar; however, time to family consent (median, 8 vs. 5 d; p < 0.001) and time to organ procurement (median, 12 vs. 9 d; p = 0.006) were longer in highly active hospitals. These hospitals also conducted more multidisciplinary meetings during donor management (median, 2 vs. 0; p < 0.001).<br> CONCLUSIONS: Highly active hospitals demonstrated more intensive donor management practices, longer timeframes for key donation steps, and greater multidisciplinary engagement. Standardization of donation practices may enhance efficiency and support broader dissemination of effective institutional strategies to improve brain-dead organ donation rates in Japan. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2590-0285 30 2026 Extracellular matrix remodeling in calcific aortic valve disease: Localized enrichment of type III collagen and LTBP-4 100194 EN Reiko Kemmochi Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Haruko Miyazaki Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Yuki Taga Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix Naoki Takahashi Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University Takafumi Watanabe Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University Kentaro Ikemura Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Takako Sasaki Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University Kazunori Mizuno Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix Satoshi Hirohata Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Mitsuaki Matsumoto Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tsuyama Chuo Hospital Toshitaka Oohashi Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is characterized by progressive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that promotes valve fibrosis and calcification. However, its molecular and structural basis remains unclear. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed ECM remodeling in human CAVD valves, focusing on collagen dynamics and key ECM-associated regulatory components. Histopathological analysis revealed fibrous layer thickening, collagen disorganization, and focal loss of the spongiosa in the CAVD group. Polarized picrosirius red staining demonstrated increased yellow-orange birefringence in the fibrotic and calcified regions, indicating altered collagen organization. Quantitative liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed region-specific shifts toward an increased type III collagen proportion in fibrotic and calcific regions despite the reduced total collagen content in calcified areas. Collagen with improper triple-helical structure primarily accumulated around the calcified nodules, suggesting abnormal collagen turnover. Transmission electron microscopy revealed thinner and more heterogeneous collagen fibrils in lesioned regions than that in pre-lesional region. In normal valves, immunohistochemistry suggested that the hyaluronan-versican-fibrillin complex contributes to local regulation of Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ƒÀ1) activity via latent TGF-ƒÀ binding proteins (LTBP); however, this regulatory structure was disrupted in CAVD. Notably, LTBP-4 showed strong, regionally restricted localization in the fibrotic and calcific regions and was positively correlated with collagen yellow-orange birefringence. Collectively, these findings indicate that CAVD is associated with a localized shift toward a structurally heterogeneous, type III collagen-enriched matrix, accompanied by collagen denaturation and abnormal accumulation of LTBP-4, highlighting ECM dysregulation as a key feature of disease progression. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0378-3820 288 2026 Hydrogen-lean two-stage upgrading of highly acidic palm acid oil via decoupled acid reduction and deoxygenation 108478 EN Hirofumi Noge Graduate school of education, Okayama university Chiyu Nakano Department of comprehensive technical solutions, Okayama University Yoshie Ueno Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoto Women's University Wira Jazair Yahya Institute for Sustainable Transport HICoE, University Teknologi Malaysia Hasannuddin Abd Kadir Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sachi Masunaga Department of comprehensive technical solutions, Okayama University Upgrading highly acidic waste lipids into liquid hydrocarbons under limited hydrogen availability remains challenging due to catalyst deactivation, excessive cracking, and poor process stability. Palm acid oil (PAO), characterized by extremely high free fatty acid content, represents a particularly demanding feedstock. This study proposes a hydrogen-lean two-stage upgrading strategy that decouples acid value (AV) reduction from hydrocarbon formation through staged reactor operation. In the first stage, batch pretreatment under low hydrogen pressure (initial 0.1 MPa) enabled rapid apparent AV reduction. However, increasing temperature promoted thermally driven degradation, highlighting intrinsic limitations of single-stage severity intensification. Methanol-assisted pretreatment further decreased AV mainly through esterification and formation of oxygenated intermediates. In the second stage, hydrogen-free fixed-bed upgrading over oxide-based catalysts exhibited a distinct operating window near 365 �‹C, where stable condensed liquid recoveries of 50–60 wt% were obtained. Deoxygenation proceeded predominantly via decarbonylation/decarboxylation pathways. Among the catalysts investigated, ZrO₂–Co showed superior stability and lower residual AV. Overall, reactor staging enabled AV reductions exceeding 90% within 1.5–2 h while maintaining stable liquid recovery, demonstrating an effective upgrading strategy for highly acidic waste lipids under hydrogen-lean conditions. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2352-4928 51 2026 Optical spectroscopic evaluation on the acquisition of optimal sonication temperature for efficient liquid phase exfoliation of molybdenum disulfide 114910 EN Fatimah Az-Zahra Saravanan binti Abdullah School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia Wengnam Lee Foundation Center, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia Patrik Öhberg Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Boontong Goh Low Dimensional Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Wuyi Chong Photonics Research Center, University of Malaya Harith Ahmad Photonics Research Center, University of Malaya Yasuhiko Hayashi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takeshi Nishikawa Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuenkiat Yap Foundation Center, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia This work investigates how the sonication temperature affects the liquid phase exfoliation of MoS₂ using optical and morphological approach in attempt to acquire an optimal temperature for such process at ambient room conditions. In an ultrasonic bath, exfoliation was carried out at six different temperatures. UV-Vis, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and SEM characterizations reveal that moderate room temperature range yield excellent results producing well-dispersed flakes with strong excitonic properties with mild oxidation. Higher temperatures cause substantial oxidation, deterioration and restacking while lower temperatures led to insufficient exfoliation and fragmented morphologies because of insufficient cavitation energy. The findings highlight the importance of temperature control in producing high quality nanosheets for scalable applications. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press (OUP) Acta Medica Okayama 0009-2673 99 6 2026 Synthesis of boranils by iodide-mediated demethylative borylation and their properties uoag070 EN Koichi Mitsudo Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Ryo Magata Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Eisuke Sato Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tomoya Nakamura Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Atsushi Wakamiya Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Seiji Suga Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Boranils, difluoroboron complexes with imine and phenoxy moieties, were synthesized by iodide-promoted demethylative borylation. The use of appropriate amounts of BF3•OEt2, Bu4NI, and Et3N enabled the highly efficient synthesis of boranils. Boranils containing heteroaromatics and highly ƒÎ-extended boranils were also readily obtained by this method. Their physical properties were studied, and the properties were consistent with those calculated by DFT calculations. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2730-7182 26 1 2026 Revised taxonomy reveals sustained introgression and secondary contact in ancient lake ricefishes 46 EN Yuki Yashima Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus Andy B. Nofrianto Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus Handung Nuryadi Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus Ryo Kakioka Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University Hirozumi Kobayashi The Natural History Museum and Institute Satoshi Ansai Ushimado Marine Institute, Okayama University Ixchel F. Mandagi Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University Kawilarang W. A. Masengi Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University Sjamsu A. Lawelle Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Halu Oleo University Atsushi J. Nagano Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University Junko Kusumi Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University Kazunori Yamahira Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus Background Biotic diversification in ancient lakes is shaped by complex geological histories and genetic exchange among populations. The Malili Lake system on Sulawesi Island represents a classic natural laboratory for studying freshwater fish evolution and harbors multiple endemic Oryzias species that diversified under repeated hydrological reorganizations. Previous genomic analyses inferred that two sympatric species in Lake Towuti (O. profundicola and O. loxolepis) experienced a single ancient introgression event from a �gghost lineage�h derived from O. marmoratus inhabiting another lake. However, recent taxonomic re-evaluation has revealed the presence of an extant O. marmoratus population within Lake Towuti itself. This finding suggests that the putative ghost lineage may in fact represent a living population co-occurring in the lake, calling for a re-examination of the introgression history and speciation mode in Lake Towuti.<br> Results By incorporating newly generated ddRAD-seq data from the true O. marmoratus in Lake Towuti, we reanalyzed phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structure among Malili Lake Oryzias. Previously reported major phylogenetic relationships and inter-lake introgression patterns were largely reproduced. In contrast, TreeMix and f4-statistic analyses revealed that introgression signals previously attributed to a �gghost lineage�h into O. profundicola and O. loxolepis instead originated from the extant O. marmoratus population coexisting within Lake Towuti. Demographic model comparisons explicitly incorporating within-lake gene flow further supported a scenario in which O. profundicola and O. loxolepis diverged in allopatry, subsequently came into secondary contact within Lake Towuti, and later experienced additional gene flow following secondary contact with O. marmoratus that entered the lake.<br> Conclusion Our results demonstrate that introgression from the O. marmoratus lineage into O. profundicola and O. loxolepis was not a single ancient event, but rather a more sustained process. This finding highlights the critical importance of taxonomic resolution for accurately inferring introgression and divergence history. Comparative studies across other ancient lakes on Sulawesi will be valuable for understanding how the timing and nature of gene flow from third lineages influence patterns of population divergence and the strength of reproductive isolation. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

‰ªŽR‘åŠw•¶–¾“®‘ÔŠwŒ¤‹†�Š•¶‰»ˆâŽYƒ}ƒlƒWƒ�ƒ“ƒg•”–å Acta Medica Okayama 2758-9625 2024 2026 ‰ªŽR‘åŠw•¶–¾“®‘ÔŠwŒ¤‹†�Š•¶‰»ˆâŽYƒ}ƒlƒWƒ�ƒ“ƒg•”–å‹I—v2024 EN No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 1615-4150 368 12 2026 Synthesis of Aromatic Aldehydes by C„ŸH Formylation of Aromatics with Silyl Formates Prepared from CO2 and Hydrosilanes e70571 EN Natsumi Nitta Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kei Hirokawa Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University So Saibara Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Bikash Dev Nath Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kazuto Takaishi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Tadashi Ema Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Despite the recent remarkable progress in CO2 fixation reactions, the methods for the synthesis of aldehydes from CO2 are quite limited partly because of the lability of the resulting formyl group and difficulty in the controlled deoxygenative CO2 conversions leading to C„ŸH and C„ŸC bond formation. Here, we have developed the direct C„ŸH formylation of electron-rich aromatics using silyl formates, prepared from CO2 and hydrosilanes, in the presence of BCl3 or BBr3. This is the first report on the direct C„ŸH formylation of aromatics with silyl formates. Useful compounds including a biologically active compound and octaethylporphyrin were synthesized by fixing one to four CO2 molecules in a stepwise manner. DFT calculations have been done to elucidate the reaction mechanism including a dual role of BBr3 in the activation of silyl formate, HCO2SiMe2Ph, and electrophilic aromatic substitution. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI AG Acta Medica Okayama 2227-7390 14 12 2026 Toward Convergence in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Best-Response Space Shrinking as a Sufficient Condition 2134 EN Natchanon Manatphaiboon Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Akito Monden Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Zeynep Yücel Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca�fFoscari University of Venice We study convergence in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) through the lens of sufficient conditions, using a single-point-of-failure analysis applied to multi-agent policy iteration integrated with linear programming (MAPI-LP), where results are proven for pure coordination games, and extension to broader settings is conjectured. We identify two sufficient conditions for convergence to Markov Perfect Equilibrium (MPE). The first is stability in best-response space that emerges from value monotonicity. The second, monotonic best-response space shrinking (MBRSS), is a novel condition requiring that each agent�fs best-response space contracts monotonically across iterations until it collapses to a stable space. Furthermore, we show that MBRSS does not necessarily imply monotonic improvement in this setting. However, value monotonicity and stability in best-response space imply each other when a complementary condition is applied. Building on this hierarchical relationship, we propose conjectures on sufficient condition relationships in both serial and parallel MARL. In addition, we propose conjectures on generalized MBRSS to arbitrary finite repeated games and validation of stability in best-response space. We further discuss connections between MBRSS and existing related frameworks, and outline directions toward a taxonomy of sufficient conditions for MARL convergence. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2214-1804 51 2026 Highly sensitive detection of cancer cells using a voltage-tuned terahertz chemical microscope 100972 EN Xue Ding Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Yuto Ohmi Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Jin Wang Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Hirofumi Inoue Department of Medical Support, Okayama University Hospital Toshihiko Kiwa Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Terahertz chemical microscopy (TCM) is a promising label-free technique for detecting biochemical interactions by monitoring changes in terahertz (THz) wave emission from semiconductor sensing plates. However, quantitative biological detection has been hindered by large plate-to-plate variations originating from uncontrolled depletion-layer electric fields formed during fabrication. These variations shift the response curve of THz amplitude and reduce reproducibility and sensitivity. Here, we introduce a voltage-tuned sensing plate that allows direct control of the depletion-layer electric field by applying a bias voltage to the Si layer of the sensing plate. This enables deliberate adjustment of surface potential and alignment of the THz response curve to the region of highest gain. Using lung adenocarcinoma cells (PC9) captured via AE1/AE3 antibodies targeting specific cell-surface antigens, we demonstrate that voltage tuning enhances detection sensitivity by up to 50-fold and restores linearity between THz amplitude and the logarithm of cell concentration, even in plates with negligible response at 0 V. These findings establish voltage control as a simple, universally applicable strategy to stabilize TCM performance, reduce fabrication-induced variability, and improve analytical sensitivity for biosensing and materials-analysis applications. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

The Company of Biologists Acta Medica Okayama 0022-0949 229 2 2026 Insulin-like peptide has antagonistic pleiotropic effects on male combat traits and survival traits in an armed beetle jeb251318 EN Takumi Kato Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chiho Yoshimine Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University Haruna Fujioka Graduate School of Environmental, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Masako Katsuki Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Kensuke Okada Graduate School of Environmental, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yasukazu Okada Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University The expression of sexually selected traits, such as exaggerated weapons and ornaments, often entails trade-offs against life-history traits. While phenotypic trade-offs are well documented, the underlying molecular physiological mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the potential role of an insulin-like peptide, ILP2, in mediating the trade-off between sexually selected combat traits and survival traits in the broad-horned flour beetle, Gnatocerus cornutus. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown (KD) of ILP2 during larval stages resulted in a reduction in the development of mandibular horns and overall body size. Interestingly, ILP2 KD males had increased lipid storage and enhanced starvation tolerance, indicating a shift in resource allocation from sexually selected traits to survival traits. Behaviorally, ILP2 KD males showed decreased locomotor activity and reduced aggression, leading to lower combat success. These findings suggest that ILP2 functions as a key mediator in the allocation of resources between combat and survival traits, highlighting its pleiotropic effects on morphology, metabolism and behavior. Our study provides novel insights into the molecular physiological mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs associated with sexually selected traits. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Public Library of Science (PLoS) Acta Medica Okayama 1932-6203 21 3 2026 Early administration of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors improves survival and cardiac remodeling in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction e0339600 EN Yuka Kono Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Kunihiro Sonoda Collage of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University Kazuo Ohtake School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University Akinobu Ota Collage of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University Shusei Yamamoto Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Hinako Nakayama Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Taketo Fukuoka Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Yuki Kawai Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Haruka Tago Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Nobuhisa Watanabe Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University Ikumi Sato Academic Field of Health Science, Okayama University Satoshi Hirohata Academic Field of Health Science, Okayama University Kazuya Kitamori Collage of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University Shogo Watanabe Academic Field of Health Science, Okayama University Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a major cardiovascular disease that accounts for 50% of all cases of heart failure. Patients with HFpEF have limited therapeutic options because of the complex pathogenesis of this disease. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) levels and increased renin–angiotensin system (RAS) activity may be associated with HFpEF pathogenesis. However, whether soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators and RAS inhibitors protect against HFpEF remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive effects of RAS inhibitors captopril (Cap) and/or sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val) and sGC stimulator vericiguat (Ver) on HFpEF progression. HFpEF was induced in 8-week-old male Wistar rats through intake of L-arginine methyl ester and a high-fat diet. Results showed that the survival rate after 8 weeks of treatment was 100% in the normal diet (Cont group), Cap, and Sac/Val groups, whereas it was approximately 20% in the HFpEF and Ver groups. No significant differences in the left ventricular systolic function were found. In addition, histochemistry revealed that myocardial hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis obviously increased in the HFpEF group but not in the Cap and Sac/Val groups compared with the Cont group. Furthermore, RNA sequencing analysis showed that the expression of genes related to inflammatory response, hypertrophy, and extracellular matrix–receptor interaction increased in the HFpEF group and decreased in the Cap and Sac/Val groups. In conclusion, early administration of Cap or Sac/Val may reduce the risk of developing HFpEF by inhibiting the RAS pathway rather than the NO-sGC-cGMP pathway. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Frontiers Media SA Acta Medica Okayama 2673-253X 8 2026 Development of a generative AI agent for family support in implementing family-based treatment for children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa 1759690 EN Mana Hanzawa Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital Medical Center for Children Joe Hasei Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Support Technology Development, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Ayumi Okada Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital Medical Center for Children Chie Tanaka Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital Medical Center for Children Yoshie Shigeyasu Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital Medical Center for Children Chikako Fujii Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital Medical Center for Children Makiko Horiuchi Clinical Psychology Section, Department of Medical Support, Okayama University Hospital Akiko Sugihara Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital Medical Center for Children Koichi Takeuchi Life Natural Science and Technology, Graduate School of Environmental, Okayama University Ryuichi Nakahara Department of Musculoskeletal Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hideki Katayama Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Okayama University Hospital Yasushi Takahashi NEC Corporation Toshifumi Ozaki Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Hirokazu Tsukahara Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital Medical Center for Children Introduction: Family-based treatment (FBT) is a first-line psychotherapy for children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, families must understand the principles of FBT, provide meal support, and manage their children's pathological behaviors. Difficulties occur outside clinic hours when it is impossible to consult professionals. This �gsupport gap�h increases caregivers�f psychological distress and threatens their treatment continuity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first domain-specific generative artificial intelligence (AI) agent designed to provide situation-specific, FBT-concordant advice and psychological support.<br> Methods: The system integrates three components: (1) an FBT-specific knowledge base constructed from treatment manuals, family guides, guideline-compliant resources, and a clinical Q&A corpus; (2) a multistage natural language processing pipeline using Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), with intent and sentiment analyses; and (3) safety guardrails that prohibit unsolicited numerical goals or direct hospitalization recommendations and standardized escalation to clinicians. When strong negative emotions are detected, empowerment messages are dynamically incorporated to maintain caregivers�f confidence. Six clinicians with expertise with pediatric mental health authored queries that simulated common FBT-related concerns and evaluated each response for clinical appropriateness and safety, and classified problems as information insufficiency, not FBT concordant, or escalation insufficiency.<br> Results: Of the 477 queries, 57.0% were FBT-related, 24.5% were general AN, 16.5% were parental psychological distress, and 1.8% were related to other topics. The clinically appropriate response rate was 91.6% (437/477), including 92.3% for FBT-related questions, 88.0% for general knowledge, 93.7% for psychological distress, and 100.0% for other questions. Clinically inappropriate responses (8.4%) were mainly attributable to information insufficiency; not FBT concordant (1.8% of FBT-related responses) and escalation insufficiency (0.6% of all dialogs) rarely occurred.<br> Discussion: In this expert review, the safety-gated RAG system predominantly generated FBT-concordant responses that provided meal-level guidance and empathic empowerment-oriented support to families. By proceduralizing complex FBT concepts and presenting multiple response options for pathological behaviors, the system translates FBT principles into practical guidance supporting refeeding adherence, preserving family self-efficacy, and suggesting that domain-specific AI may help bridge structural limitations in FBT. Usability studies and randomized controlled trials are warranted to determine their impact on caregiver burden, self-efficacy, treatment adherence, and clinical outcomes. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Acta Medica Okayama 1477-9226 2026 Unraveling the structural features of Dion–Jacobson-type layered perovskite-related material HCa2Nb3O10·1.5H2O EN Zihao Zhang Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Jun Kano Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shu Morita Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability (IMaSS), Nagoya University Hiromu Shimokawa Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Minoru Osada Department of Materials Chemistry and Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability (IMaSS), Nagoya University Hydrated layered oxides are widely encountered, yet the presence of disordered interlayer water often complicates crystal structure determination from laboratory X-ray diffraction. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Dion–Jacobson-type layered perovskite-related material HCa2Nb3O10·1.5H2O, solved from synchrotron X-ray diffraction data by combining direct methods in reciprocal space, Le Bail whole-pattern fitting, and Rietveld refinement. The hydrate crystallizes in a tetragonal structure with space group P42212 (a = 7.7070(5) Å, c = 32.4870(3) Å). Incorporation of partially occupied interlayer water-oxygen sites on the (110) plane at z = 0 and 1/2 successfully reproduces the low-angle 00l reflections while preserving the Ca2Nb3O10 framework. The resulting crystallographic model explicitly resolves the arrangement of interlayer water molecules and provides a robust structural foundation for band-structure calculations as well as for the rational design of hydration-controlled intercalation, exfoliation, and composite materials based on layered perovskite-related materials. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 2666-951X 19 2026 Heteroarylation of mono- and dichloroarenes via phenothiazine organophotoredox catalysis 100163 EN Masato Oishi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Hiroyoshi Takamura Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Isao Kadota Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kenta Tanaka Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University 2-Arylpyrroles are key structural motifs found in a wide range of pharmaceuticals and functional materials. Although the photocatalytic heteroarylation of pyrroles with aryl iodides and bromides has been extensively developed for the synthesis of 2-arylpyrroles, the corresponding reactions using aryl chlorides remain relatively unexplored owing to the high energy barrier associated with C(sp2)–Cl bond activation. Herein, we report a phenothiazine-based organophotoredox-catalyzed heteroarylation of aryl chlorides with pyrroles for the synthesis of diverse 2-arylpyrroles. Notably, dichloroarenes also efficiently undergo heteroarylation to afford the corresponding products. Therefore, the present reaction represents a versatile approach to heteroarylation and provides a valuable tool for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and functional materials. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press (OUP) Acta Medica Okayama 0032-0781 2026 Involvement of tRNA thiolation in uORF-mediated translational regulation during Xylogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana pcag055 EN Yuichi Nishii Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Daichi Araki Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Mitsuru Saraumi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Taku Takahashi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Post-transcriptional modification of tRNAs is an important mechanism for regulating translation efficiency and cellular homeostasis, yet its contribution to upstream open reading frame (uORF)-mediated translational control remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the role of tRNA thiolation in thermospermine-dependent regulation of xylem development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a suppressor screen of the thermospermine-deficient mutant acaulis5 (acl5), which exhibits dwarfism and excessive xylem differentiation, we identified suppressor-of-acl502 (sac502) as a recessive loss-of-function allele of CTU2, a gene encoding a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the wobble uridine modification 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine. Mutations in other components of the same modification pathway, including ROL5 and TRM9, similarly suppressed the acl5 phenotype. Translational analyses using 5�Œ leader-GUS reporter constructs revealed that the ctu2 mutation did not enhance translation of the mRNA containing a thermospermine-responsive uORF of SAC51, but instead significantly reduced translation of that of SACL3, a member of the SAC51 family, and that of LONESOME HIGHWAY (LHW), which contains another conserved uORF in the 5�Œ leader region. Polysome profiling further demonstrated decreased association of SACL3 and LHW mRNAs with actively translating ribosomes in ctu2. Genetic interaction analyses supported the conclusion that the suppression of excessive xylem formation in acl5 by ctu2 is attributable to reduced LHW activity. In addition, ctu2 mutants displayed increased sensitivity to exogenous thermospermine, resembling the response of lhw mutants. Together, our results reveal that tRNA thiolation contributes to uORF-mediated translational regulation of key developmental regulators and identify tRNA modification as an important regulatory layer controlling vascular development. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 1055-7903 223 2026 Reticulate evolution, introgression, and recent diversification in Epimedium sect. Macroceras 108646 EN Emi Kusatake Department of Biology, Okayama University Momoka Konishi Department of Biology, Okayama University Shuto Tomokuni Department of Biology, Okayama University Yosuke Yanagi Department of Biology, Okayama University Shungo Kariyama Society of Kurashiki Museum of Natural History Takehito Itoh School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo Atsushi Toyoda Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics Seung-Chul Kim Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University Makiko Mimura Department of Biology, Okayama University Hybridization can hinder or promote diversification, and growing genomic evidence suggests that it can facilitate adaptation and speciation. Despite recent progress, however, the quantitative contribution and temporal scope of hybridization to diversification remain poorly understood. The genus Epimedium is a recently diverged lineage, and sect. Macroceras largely consists of endemic species in Japan that are distributed across diverse environments, including limestone, serpentine, coastal habitats, heavy-snow regions, and regions with mild winters. Although natural hybridization and hybrid species have been reported in this section, molecular evidence demonstrating the contribution of hybridization to lineage diversification is limited. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from Epimedium sect. Macroceras and tested for genomic signatures consistent with hybridization. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that E. koreanum from Korea is sister to Japanese Epimedium lineages, consistent with an initial colonization of Japan from the Korean Peninsula. The analyses also revealed complex relationships among Japanese species and frequent signals of historical interspecific introgression. Our results are consistent with a history of recent diversification in sect. Macroceras accompanied by introgressive hybridization, which may have contributed to diversification across heterogeneous environments in Japan. This study provides the first genome-wide insights into the evolutionary history of Epimedium sect. Macroceras and reveals complex reticulate relationships among the lineages. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0924-4247 408 2026 A flexible PVDF-based galloping flow sensor 117978 EN Mitsuki Kurose Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takefumi Kanda Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuya Sato Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shuichi Wakimoto Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Daisuke Yamaguchi Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shinji Hiejima Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takeji Ueda Hydro-VENUS Co., Ltd., Okayama University Effective monitoring of low flow velocities in small rivers and irrigation channels is hindered by the power requirements and maintenance costs of existing technologies. This study proposes a novel flexible piezoelectric polymer flow sensor utilizing galloping vibration to detect flow velocity in the low range (≤ 0.1 m/s). The sensor features a flexible cantilever structure composed of a silicone rubber beam embedded with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film and a tip pillar. Unlike conventional devices based on flow-induced vibration, the use of low-stiffness materials enables the induction of self-excited vibration even under weak fluid forces. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to optimize the tip shape; a D-shaped semicylinder is selected over a cylinder and a square prism because the geometry maximizes the lift force per unit mass, ensuring efficient energy conversion. To predict sensor behavior, a coupled mechanical-fluid-electrical model was developed. Specifically, the model accounts for the static deflection angle caused by fluid drag. Water channel experiments demonstrated that sensors with beam thicknesses under 4 mm successfully generated stable periodic outputs at 0.1 m/s, a regime previously difficult for galloping-based devices. Conversely, thicker beam which has a thickness of 8 mm achieved higher outputs at higher velocities but failed to actuate at low speeds. Furthermore, the study showed a vibration suppression phenomenon in flexible beams at high flow velocities due to excessive static deflection, which was accurately reproduced by the analytical model. These findings establish structural stiffness as the critical design parameter for optimizing the operable velocity range of flow sensors. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0924-4247 408 2026 Tip position estimation of a 3-DOF soft mechanism using artificial muscles with optical fibers 117938 EN Rikimaru Okada Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shuichi Wakimoto Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuichiro Toda Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shun Miura Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Daisuke Yamaguchi Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takefumi Kanda Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University McKibben-type pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are lightweight and flexible soft actuators with a high power-to-weight ratio, and have been widely applied to rehabilitation devices, power-assist systems, and soft robotic mechanisms. By integrating sensing functions into PAMs, their usability and controllability can be enhanced, enabling the development of more practical and advanced soft mechanisms. We previously proposed a smart artificial muscle (SAM) by integrating an optical fiber into the braided sleeve of a McKibben-type PAM, which enables displacement estimation by measuring optical bending loss. The SAM is compatible with conventional PAM fabrication processes; however, the sensor output exhibits strong nonlinearity and time dependency. In this study, an LSTM-based state estimation framework is extended from a single SAM to a three-degree-of-freedom soft mechanism composed of multiple SAMs, where strong nonlinear coupling and mutual interference arise among actuators. In the proposed framework, the LSTM model jointly processes time-series data of multi-channel optical sensor outputs and applied pressures of the three SAMs, along with past estimated states as inputs. This structure enables the model to capture nonlinear coupling, hysteresis, and time-dependent behavior, allowing estimation of the tip position of the soft mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method accurately captures complex nonlinear dynamics and mutual mechanical interference among multiple SAMs, achieving accurate tip position estimation. These results indicate that SAMs with integrated sensing and actuation capabilities, combined with machine-learning-based estimation, provide an effective approach for state estimation of multi-DOF soft robotic mechanisms. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Hrvatski Sumarski Institut (Croatian Forest Research) Acta Medica Okayama 1849-0891 17 1 2026 Understory Vegetation Structure in Remnant Natural Forests and Acacia Plantations on Coastal Sand Dunes in North Central Vietnam 26007 EN Tuan Quoc Doan Okayama University, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology Tetsuya K. Matsumoto Ibaraki University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Tai Tien Dinh Hue Union of Science and Technology Associations (HUSTA) Hung Thai Le Hue University, University of Agriculture and Forestry Tuan Ngoc Anh Ho Hue Union of Science and Technology Associations (HUSTA) Naoko H. Miki Okayama University, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology Hoang Thai Dac Ho Hue Union of Science and Technology Associations (HUSTA) Muneto Hirobe Okayama University, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology In the coastal sand dune forests of North Central Vietnam, vegetation has been seriously damaged by war and overexploitation. To recover ecosystem functions, including sand stabilisation under harsh environments, exotic species like Acacia spp. have been planted as a monoculture. However, the long-term sustainability of this practice remains unclear. To assess the long-term effectiveness of revegetation with Acacia spp., this study aims to understand the differences and similarities in ecological characteristics of remnant natural forests and Acacia plantations on the coastal sand dune of North Central Vietnam by comparing understory vegetation structure and environmental conditions. We investigated the understory vegetation (height < 130 cm) in a total of 54 quadrants (1 m �~ 1 m), including nine natural forests and nine Acacia plantations. We compared diversity indices by mixed ANOVA and examined the differences in the understory vegetation structure between the two forest types through PERMANOVA. We also determined some abiotic environmental factors (e.g. light and soil water availability, and soil pH). We identified 951 individuals, with 792 found in natural forests and 159 in plantations. The species found in natural forests were well-distributed among Liana phanerophytes (Lp), Microphanerophytes (Mi), Mega-Mesophanerophytes (MM), and Cryptophytes (Cr). In contrast, species found in plantations were predominantly Cr, Hemicryptophytes (Hm), and MM. All diversity indices were significantly higher in natural forests (P < 0.05), and the NMDS analysis confirmed significant differences in the understory vegetation structure between natural forests and plantations. Only soil pH was significantly lower in natural forests (P < 0.05), while none of the environmental factors had a statistically significant impact on the variations in understory vegetation structure. Our results indicate that succession by native tree species does not seem to occur naturally in Acacia plantations. Hence, to restore and sustainably develop coastal sand dune forests in North Central Vietnam, it is essential to establish a scientifically based strategy for managing and protecting the remaining natural remnant forest areas. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 0178-8051 2026 Uniqueness of Dirichlet forms for random point fields in the absence of tail triviality EN Yosuke Kawamoto Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama university We consider an infinite system of interacting Brownian motions that preserves a given random point field invariant. Such dynamics are constructed using Dirichlet form theory, which naturally leads to two Dirichlet forms for the random point field: the upper and the lower Dirichlet forms. A fundamental question is the uniqueness of the Dirichlet form: that is, whether these two forms coincide. This uniqueness has often been imposed as a key assumption in the Dirichlet form approach to the stochastic analysis for infinite particle systems. A sufficient condition for the uniqueness of the Dirichlet forms is known when the random point field is tail trivial. However, tail triviality has been established for only a limited class of random point fields. In this paper, we prove the uniqueness of the Dirichlet form without assuming tail triviality. The main contribution of this work is to establish the tail preserving property, which asserts that global properties of the system, such as particle density, are preserved under time evolution. As a consequence, our results also imply the strong uniqueness of solutions to the associated infinite-dimensional stochastic differential equations. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 2041-1723 17 1 2026 Photooxidative Copper(II) Catalysis for Promoting anti-Markovnikov Hydration of Alkenes 3003 EN Naoki Oku Division of Applied Chemistry, Okayama University Keito Fuke Division of Applied Chemistry, Okayama University Rikako Masui Division of Applied Chemistry, Okayama University Ken Yamazaki Division of Applied Chemistry, Okayama University Yasunori Matsui Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Hiroshi Ikeda Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Tomoya Miura Division of Applied Chemistry, Okayama University Photoredox catalysis enables the generation of radical intermediates under mild conditions, yet photoredox catalysts have heavily relied on precious transition metal complexes. Therefore, the development of photocatalysts based on earth-abundant metals is increasingly demanded. Here, we report a highly photooxidative capability of a heteroleptic copper(II) complex for promoting anti-Markovnikov hydration of alkenes. The copper(II) complex containing bathophenanthroline and 3,4-dimethoxybenzenethiolate ligands is generated in situ from copper(II) chloride dihydrate. Upon visible-light irradiation, the copper(II) complex is photoexcited and exhibits an excited-state lifetime sufficiently long to oxidize various alkenes, including aliphatic substrates. Consequently, anti-Markovnikov hydration can be achieved under mild conditions, and the late-stage functionalization of natural products and pharmaceutical derivatives is also feasible. The developed catalytic system can be extended for photooxidative reactions of alkenes, such as intramolecular cyclization reactions and anti-Markovnikov addition of nucleophiles other than water. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.