start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=10 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=93854 end-page=93866 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2022 dt-pub=2022 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Effectiveness of Tactile Warning and Voice Command for Enhancing Safety of Drivers en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Safety is impaired when drivers are required to perform main driving task (tracking of own car, distance maintenance between own car and a leading car, and response to target objects) and secondary task simultaneously, for example, responding to target cars on the road while operating in-vehicle equipment. A two-factor (presence or absence of tactile warning by input modality (no secondary task, voice command for a secondary task, and manual input for a secondary task)) within-subject design of ten licensed males was used to investigate how to compensate for safety impairments (decreased performance of a main and a secondary task such as increased tracking error during driving or increased reaction time to target cars on the road). We investigated whether the use of tactile warnings transmitted via left and right thighs for detecting road objects and voice command to operate in-vehicle equipment could compensate for safety impairments such as the increased reaction time to target cars on the road, the increase of detection error of target cars, or increased tracking error in driving. The accuracy and speed of responses to target cars encountered during driving were reduced when a driver was asked to perform the main and the secondary task simultaneously compared to situations performing only the main driving task (tracking, distance maintenance, and response to target cars). The availability of a tactile warning system for road objects compensated for these diminished performance measures, including slower response times and the increased detection error of target cars. Likewise, voice command contributed to enhanced performance of the main driving task such as decrease of tracking error. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MurataAtsuo en-aut-sei=Murata en-aut-mei=Atsuo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Toshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KarwowskiWaldemar en-aut-sei=Karwowski en-aut-mei=Waldemar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name= (Life Senior Member, IEEE) en-aut-sei= (Life Senior Member, IEEE) en-aut-mei= kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Department of Living Environment Design, Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil= en-keyword=Haptic interfaces kn-keyword=Haptic interfaces en-keyword=Interference kn-keyword=Interference en-keyword=Visualization kn-keyword=Visualization en-keyword=Graphical user interfaces kn-keyword=Graphical user interfaces en-keyword=Target tracking kn-keyword=Target tracking en-keyword=Intelligent vehicles kn-keyword=Intelligent vehicles en-keyword=Vehicle safety kn-keyword=Vehicle safety en-keyword=Speech recognition kn-keyword=Speech recognition en-keyword=Automotive safety kn-keyword=Automotive safety en-keyword=interference of multiple tasks kn-keyword=interference of multiple tasks en-keyword=tactile warning kn-keyword=tactile warning en-keyword=voice command kn-keyword=voice command END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=10 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=70806 end-page=70814 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2022 dt-pub=2022 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Sensitivity of PERCLOS70 to Drowsiness Level: Effectiveness of PERCLOS70 to Prevent Crashes Caused by Drowsiness en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=It has been reported that many crashes are caused by drowsiness. Thus, it is critical to predict the occurrence of severe drowsiness that may result in a crash by means of an effective measure. The aim of this study was to investigate whether percentage closure (PERCLOS) of 70% was useful for evaluating drowsiness level of individual drivers and preventing crashes caused by drowsy driving using a driving simulator system. The first experiment measured PERCLOS70 during both aroused and drowsy states in a driving simulator task and investigated how PERCLOS70 changes when a participant fell asleep. In the second experiment, we measured PERCLOS70 and investigated the relation between PERCLOS70 and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) ratings during a simulated driving task. The aggregated mean PERCLOS70 was significantly higher when participants fell asleep than when they were aroused. This tendency was also observed for individual participants. The aggregated mean PERCLOS70 was found to be sensitive to changes in KSS scores and increased with increasing KSS score. Linear trend analysis revealed a significant increasing trend for PERCLOS70 as a function of the KSS rating. This tendency was also observed for individual participants. PERCLOS70 was found to be sensitive to the drowsiness level both for data aggregated across all participants and data for individual participants. The main findings of the two experiments reported herein suggest that PERCLOS70 can be used effectively to evaluate drowsiness of individual drivers and prevent crashes caused by drowsy driving. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MurataAtsuo en-aut-sei=Murata en-aut-mei=Atsuo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Toshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KarwowskiWaldemar en-aut-sei=Karwowski en-aut-mei=Waldemar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Department of Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida kn-affil= en-keyword=Computer crashes kn-keyword=Computer crashes en-keyword=Sensitivity kn-keyword=Sensitivity en-keyword=Particle measurements kn-keyword=Particle measurements en-keyword=Atmospheric measurements kn-keyword=Atmospheric measurements en-keyword=Eyelids kn-keyword=Eyelids en-keyword=Task analysis kn-keyword=Task analysis en-keyword=Data aggregation kn-keyword=Data aggregation en-keyword=Arousal level kn-keyword=Arousal level en-keyword=drowsiness kn-keyword=drowsiness en-keyword=PERCLOS70 kn-keyword=PERCLOS70 en-keyword=Karolinska sleepiness scale kn-keyword=Karolinska sleepiness scale en-keyword=trend analysis kn-keyword=trend analysis END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=14 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=6 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2021 dt-pub=20211222 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Delayed Evacuation after a Disaster Because of Irrational Prediction of the Future Cumulative Precipitation Time Series under Asymmetry of Information en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=This study investigated biased prediction of cumulative precipitation, using a variety of patterns of histories of cumulative precipitation, to explore how such biased prediction could delay evacuation or evacuation orders. The irrationality in predicting the future of cumulative precipitation was examined to obtain insights into the causes of delayed evacuation or evacuation orders using a simulated prediction of future cumulative precipitation based on the cumulative precipitation history. Anchoring and adjustment, or availability bias stemming from asymmetry of information, was observed in the prediction of cumulative precipitation, and found to delay evacuation or evacuation orders. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MurataAtsuo en-aut-sei=Murata en-aut-mei=Atsuo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Toshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=HasegawaRin en-aut-sei=Hasegawa en-aut-mei=Rin kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KarwowskiWaldemar en-aut-sei=Karwowski en-aut-mei=Waldemar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida kn-affil= en-keyword=flooding of riverbanks kn-keyword=flooding of riverbanks en-keyword=delayed evacuation kn-keyword=delayed evacuation en-keyword=cumulative precipitation kn-keyword=cumulative precipitation en-keyword=asymmetry of information kn-keyword=asymmetry of information en-keyword=prediction failure kn-keyword=prediction failure en-keyword=anchoring and adjustment kn-keyword=anchoring and adjustment en-keyword=availability bias kn-keyword=availability bias END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=13 cd-vols= no-issue=11 article-no= start-page=2111 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2021 dt-pub=20211107 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Irrationality of Attitudes toward Safety under Complexity and Uncertainty Leading to Asymmetry of Information en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=This study investigated how complexity and uncertainty, the probability of accidents, and the probability of financial trouble affected individuals' recognition of validity of irrational risk-seeking decisions. As a result of conducting a multiple regression analysis on the validation score for irrational risk-seeking alternative obtained by a questionnaire survey, we found that the validity score for an irrational risk-seeking alternative was higher when both complexity and uncertainty were high than when both complexity and uncertainty were low, which means that high complexity and high uncertainty in the situation of decision making more readily leads to an irrational risk-seeking behavior that might trigger a major accident. Beyond complexity and uncertainty, the damage of major accident alpha, the decrease of the probability of major accidents and the increase of the probability of financial trouble (economic factor) were also found to promote the choice of irrational risk-seeking alternatives. Some implications for safety management under high complexity and uncertainty are discussed. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MurataAtsuo en-aut-sei=Murata en-aut-mei=Atsuo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=YoshidaSyusuke en-aut-sei=Yoshida en-aut-mei=Syusuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Toshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KarwowskiWaldemar en-aut-sei=Karwowski en-aut-mei=Waldemar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida kn-affil= en-keyword=complexity kn-keyword=complexity en-keyword=uncertainty kn-keyword=uncertainty en-keyword=asymmetry of information kn-keyword=asymmetry of information en-keyword=probability of accidents kn-keyword=probability of accidents en-keyword=probability of financial trouble kn-keyword=probability of financial trouble en-keyword=cognitive bias kn-keyword=cognitive bias en-keyword=risk-seeking kn-keyword=risk-seeking END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=11 cd-vols= no-issue=15 article-no= start-page=7047 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2021 dt-pub=20210730 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Usability Textual Data Analysis: A Formulaic Coding Think-Aloud Protocol Method for Usability Evaluation en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Think-aloud protocols are among the most standard methods for usability evaluation, which help to discover usability problems and to examine improvements because they provide direct information on a user's thinking and cognitive processes; however, it is often difficult to determine how to analyze the data to identify usability problems because there is no formulaic analysis procedure for textual data. Therefore, the analysis is time-consuming, and the quality of the results varies depending on an analyst's skills. In the present study, the author proposes a formulaic analysis think-aloud protocol method that specifies the procedure for analyzing participants' verbal responses during usability tests. The aim of the proposed think-aloud protocol method was to deliver an explicit procedure using step coding (SCAT) and 70 design items for textual data analysis, and then, the method was applied to a case study of usability evaluation to confirm that the method could extract the target system's problems. By using step coding and 70 design items, the process of extracting usability problems from textual data was made explicit, and the problems were extracted analytically. In other words, the proposed method was less ambiguous. Once a formulaic analysis procedure was established, textual data analysis could be performed easily and efficiently. The analysis could be performed without hesitation after data acquisition, and there were fewer omissions. In addition, it is expected that the procedure would be easy to use, even for novice designers. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Toshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=think-aloud protocol kn-keyword=think-aloud protocol en-keyword=usability testing kn-keyword=usability testing en-keyword=user requirement kn-keyword=user requirement en-keyword=SCAT kn-keyword=SCAT en-keyword=70 design items kn-keyword=70 design items END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=22 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=111 end-page=119 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2021 dt-pub=202178 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Effective highlighting modes of graphical user interfaces in visual information search en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=This study discusses the preferred highlighting mode for graphical user interface (GUI) design. The study investigated the effects of different highlighting modes on the search time and accuracy of the element on the screen. The experimental factors were the type of highlighting (color, bold, or color and bold), the target highlighting (highlighted or not highlighted), and the number of elements on GUI (few or many). The participants had to search for a predetermined target on the screen. The evaluation measures were the reaction time and percentage correctly identified. The statistical analysis result shows that bold highlighting had the shortest search time, and color highlighting had the worst accuracy. Under the conditions of this experiment, bold highlighting should contribute to the design of the screen for an easier search of information in terms of both search speed and accuracy. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Toshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Okayama University kn-affil= END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=13 cd-vols= no-issue=5 article-no= start-page=795 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2021 dt-pub=20210503 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Effects of Asymmetry between Design Models and User Models on Subjective Comprehension of User Interface en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=This study attempted to discuss the design principles for enhancing usability in terms of asymmetry of mental models between users and designers. If the user model is asymmetrical to the design model, i.e., the degree of agreement between models is low and the user's mental model is not compatible with the actual system, the user cannot operate the system properly, which may cause errors. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of users who have asymmetrical mental models and identify what such users did not understand. Twenty-four subjects participated in an experiment that involved a digital camera operation task and mental model tests that measure the level of the agreement of the mental model construction in terms of functional and structural models. Initially, the participants were grouped based on mental model test scores: symmetrical mental model group (n = 17) and asymmetrical mental model group (n = 7). Then, the groups were compared in terms of performance and subjective comprehension. The comparison indicated that the symmetrical mental model group performed more quickly and accurately than the asymmetrical group. The results also confirmed that the asymmetrical mental model group had a lower level of comprehension in terms of understanding the device status, detecting and responding to device status changes, and understanding the hierarchical structure of the screen. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Toshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=mental model kn-keyword=mental model en-keyword=design model kn-keyword=design model en-keyword=user model kn-keyword=user model en-keyword=usability kn-keyword=usability en-keyword=subjective comprehension kn-keyword=subjective comprehension en-keyword=GUI kn-keyword=GUI END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=970 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=609 end-page=620 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2019 dt-pub=201967 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Cross-Cultural Analysis of Top Page Design Among Brazilian, Chinese, Japanese and United States Web Sites en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=The aim of present study was to reveal the differences of web design including cultural preference among the four countries that have different cultures. Twenty local municipal sites were randomly chosen from United States, Japan, China, and Brazil. The characteristics of these web sites was investigated from viewpoint of the following seven categories: (1) text, (2) layout, (3) navigation, (4) multimedia, (5) links, (6) items location, (7) color. When the web site had each factor, the researcher gave a "1" for that factor. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test was performed to compare the percentage of "0" or "1" of each factor among the four countries. Additionally, the correspondence analysis was performed to grasp the characteristics of each country. The characteristics of the top page design of the four countries were grasped based on these analyses. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Toshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MurataAtsuo en-aut-sei=Murata en-aut-mei=Atsuo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil= en-keyword=Web design kn-keyword=Web design en-keyword=Cultural difference kn-keyword=Cultural difference en-keyword=Appearance kn-keyword=Appearance en-keyword=Cultural usability kn-keyword=Cultural usability END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=9 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=22688 end-page=22697 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2021 dt-pub=20210129 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Development of an Eye-Gaze Input System With High Speed and Accuracy through Target Prediction Based on Homing Eye Movements en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=In this study, a method to predict a target on the basis of the trajectory of eye movements and to increase the pointing speed while maintaining high predictive accuracy is proposed. First, a predictive method based on ballistic (fast) eye movements (Approach 1) was evaluated in terms of pointing speed and predictive accuracy. In Approach 1, the so-called Midas touch problem (pointing to an unintended target) occurred, particularly when a small number of samples was used to predict a target. Therefore, to overcome the poor predictive accuracy of Approach 1, we developed a new predictive method (Approach 2) using homing (slow) eye movements rather than ballistic (fast) eye movements. Approach 2 overcame the disadvantage (inaccurate prediction) of Approach 1 by shortening the pointing time while maintaining high predictive accuracy. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MurataAtsuo en-aut-sei=Murata en-aut-mei=Atsuo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Toshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KageyamaKazushi en-aut-sei=Kageyama en-aut-mei=Kazushi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KarwowskiWaldemar en-aut-sei=Karwowski en-aut-mei=Waldemar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida kn-affil= en-keyword=Eye-gaze input kn-keyword=Eye-gaze input en-keyword=target predictive method kn-keyword=target predictive method en-keyword=ballistic eye movement kn-keyword=ballistic eye movement en-keyword=homing eye movement kn-keyword=homing eye movement en-keyword=pointing time kn-keyword=pointing time en-keyword=predictive accuracy kn-keyword=predictive accuracy en-keyword=Midas touch kn-keyword=Midas touch END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=29 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=26 end-page=31 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2020 dt-pub=20200820 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Value-Centered Design Process for User Experience Enhancement: A Case Study in the Development of a Notebook PC en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Since 2000, in the planning and development of products and services, providing users with a better experience when using products and services has become essential, resulting in a growing need for value-centered design that focuses on providing users with more attractive experience values. In this article, we introduce the value-centered product development process that has been used in the planning and development of notebook PCs, focusing on the experience value provided to the user. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Toshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Dept. of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=value-centered design kn-keyword=value-centered design en-keyword=experience value kn-keyword=experience value en-keyword=user experience kn-keyword=user experience en-keyword=design process kn-keyword=design process en-keyword=product development kn-keyword=product development en-keyword=structured concept kn-keyword=structured concept en-keyword=value delivery scenario kn-keyword=value delivery scenario en-keyword=user requirement kn-keyword=user requirement en-keyword=specifications kn-keyword=specifications en-keyword=iteration kn-keyword=iteration END