Japanese Society for Horticultural ScienceActa Medica Okayama2189-01029512026Comparison of Fruit Development, Ripening, and Transcriptome Dynamics in Taiwanese and Japanese Cultivars of Japanese Apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.)1020ENTomoakiKashiwamotoGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityTakashiKawaiGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityTakaakiOeJapanese Apricot Laboratory, Wakayama Fruit Tree Experiment StationKojiNumaguchiJapanese Apricot Laboratory, Wakayama Fruit Tree Experiment StationYutoKitamuraFaculty of Agriculture, Setsunan UniversityYasutakaKuboGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityFumioFukudaGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityKoichiroUshijimaGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityIn this study, we compared changes in traits associated with fruit development and ripening in Taiwanese and Japanese cultivars of Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.). We also analyzed transcriptome profiles to comprehensively examine different fruit development and ripening patterns between the two groups in terms of fruit characteristics and gene expression. Early fruit development in Taiwanese cultivars ‘ST’ and ‘Ellching’ and the Japanese cultivar ‘Hakuo’ was ahead of that in other three Japanese cultivars (P1). From late April to early May, around the stone-hardening stage, the developmental differences decreased to the same level. Thereafter, Japanese cultivars showed rapid growth, whereas Taiwanese cultivars showed slower growth, reversing the developmental differences between these lines (P2). Ethylene production was not detected until the full ripening stage and was detected for the first time at this stage in five cultivars, except for ‘Ellching’ (P3). In contrast, no ethylene production was observed during the entire duration of fruit development in ‘Ellching’. A multidimensional scaling plot showed that the overall transcriptome profile changed according to the three stages (P1–P3) of fruit development and ripening. At P1, gene ontologies (GOs) related to cell division, such as the cell cycle and regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity, were enriched for differentially expressed genes downregulated in Taiwanese cultivars as compared with their expression in Japanese cultivars. At P2, GOs related to fruit development were not enriched, but some genes related to phytohormones, such as auxin, abscisic acid, and cytokinin, which are associated with fruit development and ripening, were differentially expressed. At P3, the expression of genes such as ACS, ACO, and PG, which are involved in ethylene biosynthesis, increased in response to increased ethylene production, but not in ‘Ellching’, which showed no ethylene production. Expression analysis of 115 NAC (NAM-ATAF1/2-CUC2) family genes, which are related to fruit ripening and ripening date in other fruit species, in the ‘Ellching’ genome revealed changes in expression of NAC056 and NAC073 corresponding to fruit development and ripening in Taiwanese and Japanese cultivars. We discuss the differences in fruit development and ripening behaviors between Taiwanese and Japanese cultivars in terms of physiological and transcriptome changes.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部附属山陽圏フィールド科学センターActa Medica Okayama0910-8742412019モモ‘紅清水’における赤肉果の音響振動法による非破壊判別技術の検討913ENFumioFukudaKenHiranoKunihisaMorinagaNo potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.Frontiers MediaActa Medica Okayama1664-462X112020Postharvest Properties of Ultra-Late Maturing Peach Cultivars and Their Attributions to Melting Flesh (M) Locus: Re-evaluation of M Locus in Association With Flesh Texture554158ENRyoheiNakanoExperimental Farm of Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto UniversityTakashiKawaiGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityYosukeFukamatsuGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityKagariAkitaGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversitySakineWatanabeGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityTakahiroAsanoGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityDaisukeTakataFaculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima UniversityMamoruSatoFaculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima UniversityFumioFukudaGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityKoichiroUshijimaGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityThe postharvest properties of two ultra-late maturing peach cultivars, "Tobihaku" (TH) and "Daijumitsuto" (DJ), were investigated. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and held at 25 degrees C. TH exhibited the characteristics of normal melting flesh (MF) peach, including rapid fruit softening associated with appropriate level of endogenous ethylene production In contrast, DJ did not soften at all during 3 weeks experimental period even though considerable ethylene production was observed. Fruit of TH and DJ were treated with 5,000 ppm of propylene, an ethylene analog, continuously for 7 days. TH softened rapidly whereas DJ maintained high flesh firmness in spite of an increase in endogenous ethylene production, suggesting that DJ but not TH lacked the ability to be softened in response to endogenous and exogenous ethylene/propylene. DNA-seq analysis showed that tandem endo-polygalacturonase (endoPG) genes located at melting flesh (M) locus, Pp-endoPGM (PGM), and Pp-endoPGF (PGF), were deleted in DJ. The endoPG genes at M locus are known to control flesh texture of peach fruit, and it was suggested that the non-softening property of DJ is due to the lack of endoPG genes. On the other hand, TH possessed an unidentified M haplotype that is involved in determination of MF phenotype. Structural identification of the unknown M haplotype, designated as M-0, through comparison with previously reported M haplotypes revealed distinct differences between PGM on M-0 haplotype (PGM-M-0) and PGM on other haplotypes (PGM-M-1). Peach M haplotypes were classified into four main haplotypes: M-0 with PGM-M-0; M-1 with both PGM-M-1 and PGF; M-2 with PGM-M-1; and M-3 lacking both PGM and PGF. Re-evaluation of M locus in association with MF/non-melting flesh (NMF) phenotypes in more than 400 accessions by using whole genome shotgun sequencing data on database and/or by PCR genotyping demonstrated that M-0 haplotype was the common haplotype in MF accessions, and M-0 and M-1 haplotypes were dominant over M-2 and M-3 haplotypes and co-dominantly determined the MF trait. It was also assumed on the basis of structural comparison of M haplotypes among Prunus species that the ancestral haplotype of M-0 diverged from those of the other haplotypes before the speciation of Prunus persica.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部附属山陽圏フィールド科学センターActa Medica Okayama0910-8742352013鉢植えブドウ‘デラウェア’における竹粉マルチが果実品質に及ぼす影響1822ENNo potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部附属山陽圏フィールド科学センターActa Medica Okayama0910-8742342012モモ‘紅清水’における果実肥大と糖度との関係710ENNo potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama2186-77551012012Meteorological Conditions of Mangosteen Orchard in West Java, Indonesia and Seasonal Changes in C-N Ratio of Their Leaves as Affected by Sector (Position in Canopy) and Tree Age3947ENEkoSetiawanRoedhyPoerwantoFumioFukudaNaohiroKubotaProductivity and quality of mangosteen fruit is markedly affected by tree age and sector (position in canopy). The objective of this study was to make clear seasonal changes in meteorological conditions of mangosteen orchard, and C-N ratio of leaves in relation to tree age and sector. The experiment was conducted using mangosteen trees grown in commercial orchard in Bogor, Indonesia during May to October 2010. Mangosteen trees of 3 different ages, young (20-year-old), middle (35-year-old), and old
(50-year-old), each of five trees, were selected for study, and the canopy of each tree was divided into 9 sectors based on height (bottom, middle, top) and width (inner, center, outer). The light intensity on sunny days was higher in Sector 9, it was 8.1, 7.5, and 7.7 μmol・M(−2)・s(−1) in young, middle-aged and old trees, respectively, whereas in Sector 1 it was low, resulting 0.5, 0.4, and 0.5 μmol・M(−2)・s(−1) in young, middle-aged and old trees, respectively. Regardless of tree age, light intensity in outer position in canopy was higher than in the inner, and also it was higher in taller than in lower positions in canopy. In 2010, the phenological aspects of mangosteen orchard markedly changed because of irregular rainfall. In spite of tree age, SPAD value of leaves in upper parts such as Sectors 5-9 was high comparing with lower ones such as Sectors 1-4. In young trees, carbohydrate content of leaves was higher in top positions such as Sectors 7-9 than in bottom ones such as Sectors 1-3, whereas in middle-aged and old trees, no significant difference of carbohydrate content was observed among sectors. Regardless of month and tree age measured, nitrogen content of leaves was higher in lower positions in canopy such as Sectors 1-4 than in upper ones such as Sectors 5-9. Consequently, the C-N ratio of leaves was higher in the upper part of canopy compared to the lower. Based on the results, the relationships between meteorological status and C-N ratio of leaves and fruit productivity and quality of mangosteen are discussed in
relation to position in canopy and tree age.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-0254 9912010Effect of Temperature on 'Pione' Grapevine Budbreaking at Different Stages of Dormancy3542ENChaiwatPotjanapimonFumioFukudaNaohiroKubotaThe effects of temperature on budbreak of cuttings obtained at different stages of dormancy from 'Pione' grapevines (Vitis labrusca × V. vinifera) grown in open field were investigated. Cuttings were collected at monthly intervals from July to March. Judging from the number of days to initial and 60% budbreak after treatment, indicating promotion and the uniformity of budbreak, respectively, 30℃ was the most effective in budbreak, followed by 25 and 20℃ in that order in all treatment times. However, the effect of temperature on budbreak was markedly affected by treatment time. The number of days to initial budbreak (NDIB) increased gradually from July to October, peaked in December and thereafter decreased gradually towards March. The periods from July to September, from October to December, and from January to March were assumed to correspond to paradormancy, endodormancy, and ecodormancy of 'Pione' grapevines, respectively. Final percentage of budbreak was less than 100% until endodormancy for all temperatures. It was below 60% at 20℃ treatments of July to September. On the other hand, a uniform budbreak was observed in the treatments after the middle of endodormancy for all temperatures, resulting in almost 100% of final percentage of budbreak. There was a significant negative correlation between NDIB and cumulative chilling hour (CCH) of exposure to below 7.2℃ in the treatments after November, and also between NDIB and cumulative temperature (CT, ℃･h), a summation of temperature and hours of exposure to above 0°C from November 1 to each treatment time and hours of exposure to 20, 25, or 30℃ from start of treatment
to budbreak in each plot. The results suggest that besides CCH, CT can also be used to estimate the completion of dormancy in 'Pione' grapevine bud.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-0254 9812009積算温度によるブドウの芽の休眠完了予測916ENNaohiroKubotaChaiwatPotjanapimonFumioFukudaYuichiroFujiiaToshiroOnoYukiKurafujiAtsuoOgoroYukihiroKunugiKazushiKobayashiIzumiShigeharaHiroyukiYamashitaHiroyukiFujishima This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between completion of dormancy of grapevine
bud and temperature. Canes of ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Pione’ grapevines (Vitis labrusca×V. vinifera) grown in 7 vineyards with different temperature conditions, in Nagano, Northern Okayama, Yamanashi, Okayama, Okayama University, Fukuoka and Miyazaki, were collected at three different chilling exposures,
December, January and February. These were then sent to Okayama University all at the same time. Cuttings with one bud were put into growth chambers kept at 25 or 30°C with 14 hours daylength, and budbreak in each cutting was surveyed at two day intervals for 60 days. Cumulative chilling hours (CCH) of exposure to below 7.2°C in each treatment time was largest in Nagano, followed in order by Northern Okayama, Yamanashi, Okayama, Okayama University, Fukuoka and Miyazaki. The CCH in Nagano was 2.5 to 4.8 times larger than in Miyazaki depending on the treatment time. The later the treatment time and the higher the temperature, the fewer were the number of days to first budbreak (NDFB) after treatment, irrespective of cultivar. A similar trend was observed in the number of days to 60% budbreak. In ‘Kyoho’ the NDFB was short in Nagano, Okayama University and Miyazaki, and longer in Okayama, Yamanashi and Fukuoka. In ‘Pione’ the NDFB was short in Fukuoka and Okayama University, and longer in Yamanashi and Okayama. The result was a weak negative correlation observed between CCH and NDFB in 4 of 7 vineyards. However, there was a strong positive correlation between NDFB and cumulative temperature (CT), a summation of temperature and hours of exposure to above 0°C from November 1 to treatment time and hours of exposure to 25 or 30°C from start of treatment to budbreak in each plot, in 6 vineyards excluding Miyazaki. The importance of estimating the completion of dormancy in grapevine bud based on CT is discussed.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-0254 9712008Physiological Aspects of Bud Associated with Breaking Dormancy in Grapevines4147ENChaiwatPotjanapimonNatsukoFujiokaFumioFukudaNaohiroKubotaChanges in CO2 and C2H4 production and water content of bud associated with breaking in
‘Pione’ grapevine (Vitis labrusca ×V. vinifera) were investigated throughout dormancy. Buds
were collected monthly from August to December, during dormancy induction and maintenance,
and CO2 and C2H4 production were determined by GC after incubation. Both CO2 and
C2H4 production, especially for the latter, were low throughout the experiment. Water content of
bud gradually increased until October ; thereafter it was constant. When CO2 and C2H4 production
was determined from December to April, during dormancy maintenance to release, CO2
production was low from beginning of experiment to early April, prior to bursting, then rapidly
increased to April 13, the bursting date. C2H4 production was almost undetectable throughout
the experiment. Cuttings obtained at 3 different stages of dormancy were applied with 2%
H2CN2 or distilled water (control), and budbreak was monitored in a plastic house kept at 20℃
or more. The CO2 and C2H4 production of bud were also determined weekly until budbreak.
Regardless of treatment time H2CN2 significantly promoted budbreak compared to the control.
Significantly higher production of CO2 was observed in cuttings treated with H2CN2 at 3 to 9
days before bursting for all the treatment times. C2H4 production was very low throughout the
experiment for all the treatments. Irrespective of chemical application and treatment time, water
content of bud decreased to the bursting stage, H2CN2 treatment especially showing a large
decline. When dormant cuttings were treated with ACC, GSH (reduced glutathione) and GSSG
(oxidized glutathione), only ACC promoted budbreak. Budbreak in cuttings treated with cyanamides
such as CaCN2 and H2CN2 and cyanides such as KCN and NaCN was significantly accelerated
except for H2CN2. Based on these results, the relationship between budbreak of grapevine
buds and physiological changes in buds, and the roles of substances related to ethylene biosynthesis
on breaking bud dormancy are discussed.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02548811999モモの生理的落果と果実発育との関連159163ENFumioFukudaIn order to clarify the factors that cause fruit pit-spilitting and physiological fruit drop in peach (Prunus persica cv.'Shimizu-hakuto'),the effects of fruit thinning on fruit development were investigated.In addition,the characteristics of fruit development in 'Shimizu-hakuto'were compared with those in early-ripening cultivars which cause heavy pit-splitting but low physiolofical fruit drop,and in 'Yamao-hakuto'which hardly cause any pit-splitting or physiological fruit drop.Pit-spilit and fallen fruits genarally show a rapid enlargement at the end of stage Tof fruit growth than normal fruits.At completion of pit splitting the percentage dry weight content of the pit reached 30%.
Fruit with relatively less increase in length that of diameter and width,at the early stage of the fuit development,showed low pit-splitting occurrence in all the cultivars.Early in the stage of fruit development, we observed two vascular bundles attached to the seed of the early-ripening cultivars,but only one in 'Shimizu-hakuto'and'Yamato-hakuto'.Embryos in pit-spilit fruit were smaller than in normal fruit,and their length in fallen fruit was less than 5mm.The development of endosperm was also delayed in fallen fruit.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02549112002モモ’清水白桃’の剪定量の違いが生理的落果ならびに果実発育に及ぼす影響4954ENFumioFukudaFumikoTabuchiNaohiroKubotaUsing 'Shimizuhakuto' peach trees maintained by light (LP) and heavy (HP) prunings, fruit development and shoot growth were investigated in relation ro physiological fruit drop. The rate of split-pit fruits was significantly lower in LP trees than in HP trees, and the rate of dropped fruit in the former was also lower than in the latter although there was no significant. In LP trees shoot growth ceased by the end of May, while in HP trees the shoots continued to elongate until the end of June, corresponding to the end of stage 2 of fruit development. There was no significant difference in enlargement of normal and pit-split fruits between HP and LP trees. However, the enlargement of dropped fruits was more vigorous than those of pit-split fruit in HP and was by contrast inferior in LP trees. The growth of embryo in the fruits of HP trees was smaller than in those of LP trees from the beginning of stage 2, and the size of embryos of pit-split fruit were less than 50% in size compared to normal fruits in HP trees during stage 3. On the other hand, embryo of pit-split fruits in LP trees showed a similar growth to normal fruits until the end of stage 2. There was no difference in the size of endosperm and embryo of dropped fruit between HP and LP trees. Based on these results, ther possible causes whereby light pruning might decrease physiological fruit drop in peach are discussed.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-0254 9612007Effects of Various Chemicals and their Concentrations on Breaking Bud Dormancy in Grapevines1924ENChaiwatPotjanapimonFumioFukudaNaohiroKubota The effects of various chemicals and their concentrations on budbreak of ‘Pione’ grapevine (Vitis labrusca L. x V. vinifera L.) were studied by using single-bud cuttings obtained in endodormancy. When seven chemicals were applied to the upper half of cuttings, including bud, 2% hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) was most effective in budbreak, judging from acceleration and uniformity of budbreak. However, neither 10 % suspension of calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) nor 5% diallyl disulfide (C6H10S2) had any effect in breaking bud dormancy of ‘Pione’ cuttings. Budbreak in cuttings treated with 10 % hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was inhibited slightly compared to the control cuttings. No effect of 2% potassium chlorate (KClO3), 2% sodium chlorate (NaClO3) or 2% paclobutrazol (PBZ) on breaking bud dormancy in ‘Pione’ cuttings was observed. The effects of CaCN2, H2CN2 and C6H10S2 on breaking bud dormancy in ‘Pione’ cuttings were compared at three to four concentrations. With CaCN2, a 20 % suspension significantly promoted budbreak, but a 5% suspension resulted in no effect. Both 5% and 2% of H2CN2
accelerated budbreak significantly and resulted in uniform budbreak, especially at 5 %, whereas at 0.5% H2CN2 no effect was observed. Of three concentration of C6H10S2, only a 10 % solution showed any effectiveness in budbreak. The results indicated that H2CN2 is most effective in breaking bud dormancy of ‘Pione’ grapevine cuttings, followed by CaCN2 and C6H10S2 in that order, although their effectiveness varied largely according to the concentrations for all chemicals.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-0254 9512006Effects of Seed Injury and Injection with Gibberellic Acid and Paclobutrazol on Fruit Drop and Seed Development in “Beni Shimizu” Peach6368ENFumioFukudaMasayukiChikasakaNaohiroKubotaThe relationsships between fruit drop induced by seed injury and seed development were investigated in “Beni Shimizu” peach. Seed injury(Injury) was done by drilling from opposite side of suture line upto seed coat using an electric drill(outre diameter of 2.5mm) at 40, 50, 60, 72 and 80 days after full bloom(DAFB). Injections of gibberellic acid(GA) and paclobutrazol(PBZ) (Injection), which relate to fruit drop and seed development were carried out just after the injury for seed. In all of the Injury and Injection treatments, treated fruit dropped in 40, 50 and 60 DAFB treatments but not in 72 and 80 DAFB treatments. Weight of fruit and seed debreased rapidly at 3 days after treatment(DAT) in 60 DAFB treatment. Morphology of endosperm and embryo was compared among 60, 72 and 80 DAFB treatments. Growth of endosperm and embryo stopped from 3 DAT in 60 DAFB treatment but embryo continued to grow until 5 DAT in 72 DAFB treatment. Collapsed cell nucleus in endosperm and embryo occurred at 3 DAT in 60 DAFB treatment. On the other hend, in 72 DAFB treatment cell nuclei in endosperm collapsed in a similar manner as in 60 DAFB treatment although the cell nuclei in embryo did not collapse. When morphology of chalazal haustorium in 60 DAFB treatment was examined, chalazal haustorium began to shrink just after the treatment and percentage of seed with normal chalazal haustorium decreasedrapidly in all treatments. Based on these results, the process of seed abortion as a result of seed injury and its relationship between embryo growth and fruit drop is discussed.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.