Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 69 1 2015 MRI of Rheumatoid Arthritis:Comparing the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT) Scoring and Volume of Synovitis for the Assessment of Biologic Therapy 29 35 EN Ryuichi Nakahara Keiichiro Nishida Kenzo Hashizume Ryouzou Harada Takahiro Machida Masahiro Horita Aiji Ohtsuka Toshifumi Ozaki Original Article 10.18926/AMO/53119 The outcome measures in rheumatology clinical trials (OMERACT) scores are the most mature quantitation system for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Direct measuring techniques of synovial volume have been reported with good reproducibility, although few reports have demonstrated the changes of these measures in response to treatment. To assess these clinical responses, we evaluated the correlation of the changes of clinical activity score 28-joints disease activity score (DAS28-CRP) with the changes of OMERACT scores and with synovial volume measurements. Eight RA patients who were treated by biologic agents were examined with MRI of the dominant affected wrist and finger joints before and one year after the treatment. The total OMERACT score was reduced from 48.0 to 41.3, and synovial volume was reduced from 15.4 to 8.8 milliliters. Positive correlations were seen between the changes of DAS28-CRP and the changes of OMERACT synovitis score (r＝0.27), OMERACT total score (r＝0.43) and synovial volume (r＝0.30). Limited to synovium assessment, synovial volume showed a better correlation with DAS28-CRP than the OMERACT synovitis score. On the other hand, the OMERACT total score showed a higher correlation with DAS28-CRP than synovial volume, probably because the OMERACT total score includes scores for bone erosion and bone edema as well. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Acta Medica Okayama 1431-9276 19 2 2013 Architecture of the Subendothelial Elastic Fibers of Small Blood Vessels and Variations in Vascular Type and Size 406 414 EN Akira Shinaoka Ryusuke Momota Eri Shiratsuchi Mitsuko Kosaka Kanae Kumagishi Ryuichi Nakahara Ichiro Naito Aiji Ohtsuka Most blood vessels contain elastin that provides the vessels with the resilience and flexibility necessary to control hemodynamics. Pathophysiological hemodynamic changes affect the remodeling of elastic components, but little is known about their structural properties. The present study was designed to elucidate, in detail, the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of delicate elastic fibers in small vessels, and to reveal their architectural pattern in a rat model. The fine vascular elastic components were observed by a newly developed scanning electron microscopy technique using a formic acid digestion with vascular casts. This method successfully visualized the 3D architecture of elastic fibers in small blood vessels, even arterioles and venules. The subendothelial elastic fibers in such small vessels assemble into a sheet of meshwork running longitudinally, while larger vessels have a higher density of mesh and thicker mesh fibers. The quantitative analysis revealed that arterioles had a wider range of mesh density than venules; the ratio of density to vessel size was higher than that in venules. The new method was useful for evaluating the subendothelial elastic fibers of small vessels and for demonstrating differences in the architecture of different types of vessels. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 125 2 2013 外傷性脳傷害に対する抗HMGB-1抗体治療 97 102 EN Yu Okuma Keyue Liu Hidenori Wake Jun Haruma Tadashi Yoshino Aiji Ohtsuka Hideo Takahashi Shuji Mori Masahiro Nishibori Isao Date No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 67 2 2013 Stereoscopic Three-Dimensional Images of an Anatomical Dissection of the Eyeball and Orbit for Educational Purposes 87 91 EN Toshihiko Matsuo Yoshimasa Takeda Aiji Ohtsuka Original Article 10.18926/AMO/49666 The purpose of this study was to develop a series of stereoscopic anatomical images of the eye and orbit for use in the curricula of medical schools and residency programs in ophthalmology and other specialties. Layer-by-layer dissection of the eyelid, eyeball, and orbit of a cadaver was performed by an ophthalmologist. A stereoscopic camera system was used to capture a series of anatomical views that were scanned in a panoramic three-dimensional manner around the center of the lid fissure. The images could be rotated 360 degrees in the frontal plane and the angle of views could be tilted up to 90 degrees along the anteroposterior axis perpendicular to the frontal plane around the 360 degrees. The skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, and upper and lower tarsus were sequentially observed. The upper and lower eyelids were removed to expose the bulbar conjunctiva and to insert three 25-gauge trocars for vitrectomy at the location of the pars plana. The cornea was cut at the limbus, and the lens with mature cataract was dislocated. The sclera was cut to observe the trocars from inside the eyeball. The sclera was further cut to visualize the superior oblique muscle with the trochlea and the inferior oblique muscle. The eyeball was dissected completely to observe the optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery. The thin bones of the medial and inferior orbital wall were cracked with a forceps to expose the ethmoid and maxillary sinus, respectively. In conclusion, the serial dissection images visualized aspects of the local anatomy specific to various procedures, including the levator muscle and tarsus for blepharoptosis surgery, 25-gauge trocars as viewed from inside the eye globe for vitrectomy, the oblique muscles for strabismus surgery, and the thin medial and inferior orbital bony walls for orbital bone fractures. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier Science BV Acta Medica Okayama 0945-053X 30 4 2011 Drosophila type XV/XVIII collagen, Mp, is involved in Wingless distribution 258 266 EN Ryusuke Momota Ichiro Naito Yoshifumi Ninomiya Aiji Ohtsuka Multiplexin (Mp) is the Drosophila orthologue of vertebrate collagens XV and XVIII. Like them, Mp is widely distributed in the basement membranes of the developing embryos, including those of neuroblasts in the central and peripheral nervous systems, visceral muscles of the gut, and contractile cardioblasts. Here we report the identification of mutant larvae bearing piggyBac transposon insertions that exhibit decrease Mp production associated with abdominal cuticular and wing margin defects, malformation of sensory organs and impaired sensitivity to physical stimuli. Additional findings include the abnormal ultrastructure of fatbody associated with abnormal collagen IV deposition, and reduced Wingless deposition. Collectively, these findings are consistent with the notion that Mp is required for the proper formation and/or maintenance of basement membrane, and that Mp may be involved in establishing the Wingless signaling gradients in the Drosophila embryo. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 122 3 2010 ラット出血性梗塞モデルにおけるエダラボンのneurovascular unit保護効果 195 197 EN Toru Yamashita Tatsushi Kamiya Kentaro Deguchi Toshiki Inaba Hanzhe Zhang Jingwei Shang Kazunori Miyazaki Aiji Ohtsuka Yasuo Katayama Koji Abe No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 64 5 2010 Glycocalyx Degradation in Retinal and Choroidal Capillary Endothelium in Rats with Diabetes and Hypertension 277 283 EN Fumiaki Kumase Yuki Morizane Satoshi Mohri Ippei Takasu Aiji Ohtsuka Hiroshi Ohtsuki Original Article 10.18926/AMO/40502 Endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) has been reported as a protective factor for vascular endothelial cells (VEC) in diabetes and hypertension. However, the involvement of GCX impairment in ocular vasculopathy remains unclear. We evaluated the changes in the GCX thicknesses of the retinal and choroidal capillaries in rats with diabetes and hypertension by cationic colloidal iron staining using a transmission electron microscope. In the control group, the mean (standard error of the mean) thicknesses of retinal and choroidal GCX were 60.2 (1.5) nm and 84.3 (3.1) nm, respectively. The diabetic rats showed a significant decrease of GCX thickness in the retina, but not in the choroid, compared to controls (28.3 (0.3) nm, p＜0.01 and 77.8 (1.4) nm, respectively). In the hypertensive rats, both retinal and choroidal GCX were significantly decreased compared to the control values (10.9 (0.4) nm and 13.2 (1.0) nm, respectively, both p＜0.01). Moreover, we could visualize the adhesion of leukocytes and platelets on the luminal surface of VEC, at the site where the GCX was markedly degraded. These findings suggest that the GCX prevents adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to the VEC surface, and this impairment may lead to ocular vasculopathy in diabetes and hypertension. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 64 1 2010 Differential Response of Heat-Shock-Induced p38 MAPK and JNK Activity in PC12 Mutant and PC12 Parental Cells for Differentiation and Apoptosis 55 62 EN Hiroyasu Murai Fukumi Hiragami Kenji Kawamura Hirotoshi Motoda Yoshihisa Koike Shigeki Inoue Kanae Kumagishi Aiji Ohtsuka Yoshio Kano Original Article 10.18926/AMO/32865 Among the 3 mitogen-activated protein kinases -- ERK, p38 MAPK and JNK -- JNK has been suggested to participate in apoptosis, whereas p38 MAPK is thought to be part of the differentiation response. There are many common inducers of JNK and p38 MAPK, but the mechanisms underlying the differential response to apoptosis and differentiation are poorly understood. We found that heatshock activated p38 MAPK at 3min after exposure to a temperature of 44 in stress-hypersensitive PC12m3 mutant cells, while it activated JNK at 20min after the same heat treatment. However, heat shock activated p38 MAPK 5min after heat treatment and JNK 10min after heat treatment in PC12 parental cells. The extent of phosphorylation of p38 MAPK induced by heat shock in PC12m3 cells was significantly greater than that in PC12 parental cells, and a high level of heat-shock-induced neurite outgrowth was observed only in PC12m3 cells. On the other hand, heat-shock-induced JNK activation appeared more quickly and apoptosis started earlier in PC12 parental cells. These findings indicate that short stress induces p38 MAPK and longer stress induces JNK, and that the response of these kinases to heat shock differs depending on cell type. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 64 1 2010 Comparison of Capillary Architecture between Slow and Fast Muscles in Rats Using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope 11 18 EN Shinichiro Murakami Hidemi Fujino Isao Takeda Ryusuke Momota Kanae Kumagishi Aiji Ohtsuka Original Article 10.18926/AMO/32859 The skeletal muscle is classified into 2 types, slow oxidative or fast glycolytic muscle. For further characterization, we investigated the capillary architecture in slow and fast muscles. The rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were used as representatives of slow and fast muscles, respectively. To investigate capillary density, sections of both types of muscle were stained with alkaline phosphatase;the soleus muscle showed more intense reactivity, indicating that it had a denser capillary structure than the EDL muscle. We then injected fluorescent contrast medium into samples of both muscle types for light and confocal-laser microscopic evaluation. The capillary density and capillary-to-fiber ratio were significantly higher, and the course of the capillaries was more tortuous, in the soleus muscle than in the EDL muscle. Capillary coursed more tortuously in the soleus than in the EDL muscle. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, an indicator of mitochondrial oxidative capacity, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression were also significantly higher in the soleus muscle. Thus, we conclude that slow oxidative muscle possess a rich capillary structure to provide demanded oxygen, and VEGF might be involved in the formation and/or maintenance of this highly capillarized architecture. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 64 2 2010 Biomechanical Evaluation of the Fixation Methods for Transcondylar Fracture of the Humerus:ONI Plate Versus Conventional Plates and Screws 115 120 EN Yasunori Shimamura Keiichiro Nishida Junya Imatani Tomoyuki Noda Hiroyuki Hashizume Aiji Ohtsuka Toshifumi Ozaki Original Article 10.18926/AMO/32855 We biomechanically evaluated the bone fixation rigidity of an ONI plate (Group I) during fixation of experimentally created transcondylar humerus fractures in cadaveric elbows, which are the most frequently observed humeral fractures in the elderly, and compared it with the rigidity achieved by 3 conventional fixation methods:an LCP reconstruction plate 3.5 using a locking mechanism (Group II), a conventional reconstruction plate 3.5 (CRP) with a cannulated cancellous screw (Group III), and a CRP with 2 cannulated cancellous screws (CS) in a crisscross orientation (Group IV). In the axial loading test, the mean failure loads were:Group I, 98.9+/-32.6;Group II, 108.5+/-27.2;Group III, 50.0+/-7.5;and Group IV, 34.5+/-12.2 (N). Group I fixations failed at a significantly higher load than those of Groups III and IV (p0.05). In the extension loading test, the mean failure loads were:Group I, 34.0+/-12.4;Group II, 51.0+/-14.8;Group III, 19.3+/-6.0;and Group IV, 14.7+/-3.1 (N). Group IV fixations showed a significantly lower failure load than those of Group I (p0.05). The fixation rigidities against mechanical loading by the ONI plate and LCP plate were comparable. These results suggested that an ONI system might be superior to the CRP and CS method, and comparable to the LCP method in terms of fixation rigidity for distal humerus fractures. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 57 3 2003 Absence of scalenus anterior muscle. 159 161 EN Shinichiro Murakami Kanji Horiuchi Chugo Yamamoto Aiji Ohtsuka Takuro Murakami Article 10.18926/AMO/32837 A rare anomaly of the scalenus muscles is described. In this case, the right scalenus anterior muscle was absent. As a substitute for this muscle, some aberrant muscle slips arose from the lower vertebrae and descended in front of the ventral rami of the lower cervical nerves. These aberrant slips then ran between the ventral rami of the the eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves, and were fused with the right scalenus medius muscle. Thus, the subclavian artery and vein ran in front of the aberrant slips, together with the ventral ramus of the first thoracic nerve. The aberrant muscle slips issued 2 accessory bundles. One bundle ran between the ventral rami of the fourth and fifth cervical nerves and was fused with the scalenus medius muscle; the other bundle ran between the ventral rami of the fifth and sixth cervical nerves and was fused with the scalenus medius muscle. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 54 3 2000 The perineuronal proteoglycan surface coat in the adult rat brain, with special reference to its reactions to Gomori's ammoniacal silver. 111 118 EN Ryutaro Endo Shinichiro Murakami Yu Masuda Takehito Taguchi Aiji Ohtsuka Kazunori Nishizaki Takuro Murakami Article 10.18926/AMO/32301 The present study showed that many neurons in the adult rat brain possessed a perineuronal sulfated proteoglycan surface coat which reacted to cationic iron colloid and aldehyde fuchsin. This surface coat was stained supravitally with Ehrlich's methylene blue and doubly stained with Ehrlich's methylene blue and aldehyde fuchsin. The surface coat was also stained with Gomori's ammoniacal silver and doubly stained with Gomori's ammoniacal silver and cationic iron colloid. The surface coat was usually expressed together with a nerve cell surface glycoprotein net detectable with lectin Wisteria floribunda agglutinin. These findings indicate that the perineuronal proteoglycan surface coat is identical to Cajal's superficial reticulum and contains some collagenous elements. It was further demonstrated that collagenase digestion erased Gomori's ammoniacal silver impregnation within the perineuronal proteoglycan surface coat. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 54 6 2000 Typology of the arteries in the human scalenus region, with special reference to the accessory ascending cervical artery. 243 252 EN Wei-Dong Su Aiji Ohtsuka Takehito Taguchi Takuro Murakami Article 10.18926/AMO/32280 The accessory ascending cervical artery (Murakami et al., 1996), which arises from the subclavian artery and ascends between the scalenus anterior and medius muscles, was studied in 87 Japanese adult cadavers (174 sides), with special attention being given to its origin, distribution, and relationship to other arteries at the cervical or scalenus region. In 154 sides (88.5%), the accessory ascending cervical artery was found to originate from the subclavian artery behind the scalenus anterior muscle, and to branch out to the scalenus anterior and medius muscles as well as those entering the 5th and 6th intervertebral foramens along the 6th and 7th cervical nerves. This artery arose independently in 105 sides. The accessory ascending cervical artery issued off or formed a common trunk with the transverse cervical artery and/or costocervical trunk in 49 sides. In cases lacking the accessory ascending cervical artery, it was usually compensated for by the costocervial trunk and/or transverse cervical artery (18 sides). Common trunk formation with the vertebral, internal thoracic, or suprascapular arteries was not observed. The authors suggest that the accessory ascending cervical artery, the transverse cervical artery, and the costocervical trunk should be grouped into one arterial system, a system that may be a remnant of the precostal longitudinal anastomoses of intersegmental arteries of the dorsal aorta behind the scalenus anterior muscle. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 63 1 2009 Specific Removal of Monocytes from Peripheral Blood of Septic Patients by Polymyxin B-immobilized Filter Column 65 69 EN Masahiro Nishibori Hide K. Takahashi Hiroshi Katayama Shuji Mori Shinya Saito Hiromi Iwagaki Noriaki Tanaka Kiyoshi Morita Aiji Ohtsuka Short Communication 10.18926/AMO/31855 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the major causes of septic shock. The polymyxin B-immobilized filter column (PMX) was developed for the adsorption of endotoxin by direct hemoperfusion and has been used for the treatment of LPS-induced septic shock. In this study, we demonstrated that PMX also specifically bound monocytes from the peripheral blood leukocytes of septic patients by mean of an analysis of bound cells using immunocytochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The specific removal of monocytes from septic patients may produce beneficial effects by reducing the interaction between monocytes and functionally associated cells including vascular endothelial cells. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 56 5 2002 Hepatopancreatic arterial ring: bilateral symmetric typology in human celiaco-mesenteric arterial system. 245 253 EN Motohiro Kosaka Kanji Horiuchi Keiichiro Nishida Takehito Taguchi Takuro Murakami Aiji Ohtsuka Article 10.18926/AMO/31711 The celiac and mesenteric arterial system including the left gastric, splenic, common hepatic, and superior mesenteric arteries shows various types of origins, courses, ramifications and anastomoses. In order to explain the various expressions of this system, we have proposed a typological model, in which celiacomesenteric arteries develop as paired or bilaterally symmetrical primordial vessels originated from the anterior aspect of the aorta, and these vessels anastomose each other with longitudinal and horizontal pathways. Here, we report 3 unusual cases characterized by arterial rings, formed by the left gastric, left accessory hepatic, proper hepatic, anterior pancreaticoduodenal, and dorsal pancreatic arteries. The dorsal pancreatic and anterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries are located to the right and left of the embryonic pancreas developing in the dorsal mesentery, respectively. Such hepatopancreatic arterial rings simultaneously containing right and left elements can only be explained using our typological model, in which the concept of paired arteries or bilateral symmetry is introduced. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 56 5 2002 Anterior intercostobrachial nerve penetrating the pectoralis minor or major muscle. 267 269 EN Shinichiro Murakami Aiji Ohtsuka Takuro Murakami Article 10.18926/AMO/31710 Two previously unknown anomalies of the anterior intercostobrachial nerve were described. In one case, the anterior intercostobrachial nerve penetrated the pectoralis minor muscle. In the other case, it penetrated the pectoralis major muscle. In both cases, the anomalous nerve supplied the skin of the upper arm. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 52 1 1998 Mast cells in osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritic synovial tissues of the human knee. 35 39 EN Jian Pu Keiichiro Nishida Hajime Inoue Hiroshi Asahara Aiji Ohtsuka Takuro Murakami Article 10.18926/AMO/31339 Mast cells in osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritic synovial tissues of the human knee. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 52 5 1998 Coexistence of Rare Arteries in the Human Celiaco-Mesenteric System 239 244 EN Takuro Murakami Masaru Mabuchi Lleana Giuvarasteanu Akio Kikuta Aiji Ohtsuka Article 10.18926/AMO/31320 Some rare anomalies of the celiaco-mesenteric system were observed postmortem in a Japanese adult male: a) The left gastric, common hepatic, splenic and superior mesenteric arteries arose independently from the abdominal aorta. b) The anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery of the superior mesenteric artery issued a hepatic artery which ascended along the anterior surface of the pancreas and gave off the right gastroepiploic, right gastric and cystic arteries. c) The common hepatic artery gave off an anastomosing branch to the superior mesenteric artery. d) The left gastric artery gave off the left accessory hepatic artery. e) The splenic artery issued the accessory middle colic artery. f) The left inferior phrenic artery gave off the esophageal branch. These anomalies are discussed in light of a typological system which we proposed in a previous paper for the celiaco-mesenteric system. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 52 4 1998 Typology of Abdominal Arteries, with Special Reference to Inferior Phrenic Arteries and their Esophageal Branches 189 196 EN Da Xun Piao Aiji Ohtsuka Takuro Murakami Article 10.18926/AMO/31299 Origins and distribution of the human inferior phrenic arteries were studied by dissecting 68 Japanese adult cadavers. The inferior phrenic arteries were usually observed as paired (left and right) vessels. Their origins were summarized as follows: a) the aorta itself (85/138 cases, 61.6%), b) the ventro-visceral arteries (celiaco-mesenteric system of the aorta) including the celiac trunk (39/138 cases, 28.2%) and the left gastric artery (4/138 cases, 2.9%), and c) the latero-visceral arteries (adreno-renal system of the aorta) including the middle adrenal artery (4/138 cases, 2.9%) and the renal artery (6/138 cases, 4.3%). The left and right arteries occasionally originated in common trunk from the aorta, celiaco-mesenteric system or adreno-renal system (22/138 cases, 15.9%). A typological diagram explaining these variations is given. The inferior phrenic arteries, especially the left ones, sometimes issued visceral or esophageal branches. This fact indicates that the inferior phrenic arteries are homologous with the celiac trunk and mesenteric arteries. It is further discussed that the celiac trunk and mesenteric arteries are originally paired vessels, through introduction of our previous typological diagram of the abdominal arteries. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 48 4 1994 The occurrence of neurons with strongly negatively charged surface coats in mammalian, avian, reptilian, amphibian and piscine brains. 195 197 EN Takuro Murakami Mari Tsubouchi Yutaka Tubouchi Takehito Taguchi Aiji Ohtsuka Article 10.18926/AMO/31092 Neurons with strongly negatively charged surface coats were recognized in mammalian, avian, reptilian, amphibian and piscine brains. Many large-sized neurons had strongly negatively charged surface coats in the visual cortex and brain stem of the cow, cat, guinea pig, mouse, quail and parakeet. Such neurons were also seen in the brain stem of the lower vertebrates such as the house lizard, Japanese terrapin, bullfrog, newt, carp and sweetfish. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 42 6 1988 The interosseous and lumbrical muscles in the human hand, with special reference to the insertions of the interosseous muscles. 327 334 EN Yoshifumi Ikebuchi Takuro Murakami Aiji Ohtsuka Article 10.18926/AMO/31005 The interosseous and lumbrical muscles in twenty-five hands of Japanese adult cadavers were dissected. The palmar and dorsal interosseous muscles continued, with few exceptions, into the wing tendons. The dorsal interosseous muscles gave off tendons which pierced the transverse laminae or passed deep to the transverse laminae, and attached to the bases of the proximal phalanges. The palmar interosseous muscles seldom had such attachments. The palmar and dorsal interosseous muscles sometimes gave off additional tendons which passed superficial to the transverse laminae and attached to the bases of the proximal phalanges. These latter attachments were typical in the contrahentes muscles. Thus, the present findings suggest that the human dorsal interosseous muscles are composite muscles derived from the dorsal abductor, flexor brevis and contrahens muscles, and that the human palmar interosseous muscles are composite muscles derived from the flexor brevis and contrahens muscles. The lumbrical muscles rarely gave off accessory slips with atavistic attachments to the proximal phalanges. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 42 4 1988 Homology of the adductor pollicis and contrahentes muscles: a study of monkey hands. 215 226 EN Chugo Yamamoto Takuro Murakami Aiji Ohtsuka Article 10.18926/AMO/31000 The deep palmar muscles in monkey hands were studied. The contrahentes muscles mainly arose from the capitate bone, descended palmar to the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve and the palmar metacarpophalangeal nerves, and attached to the proximal phalanges or wing tendons of the second, fourth and fifth fingers. In relation to the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve and the palmar metacarpophalangeal nerves, the contrahentes muscles are homologous with the adductor pollicis and flexor indicis radialis muscles. The contrahentes muscles occasionally gave off some accessory slips which blended with the interosseous muscles. These findings suggest that the human adductor pollicis muscle is a well-developed remnant of a contrahens muscle, and that the human interosseous muscles contain some remnant of the contrahentes muscle. In fact, a well-developed remnant of a contrahens muscle was found in the fourth finger of a human hand. It is further considered that the human adductor pollicis muscle contains an element of the interosseous muscle of the thumb. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 51 6 1997 Perineuronal sulfated proteoglycans and cell surface glycoproteins in the visual cortex of adult and newborn cats 295 299 EN Sayoko Hitomi Wei Dong Su Luo Jia Hong Aiji Ohtsuka Takuro Murakami Article 10.18926/AMO/30773 Sections of the visual cortex of newborn (1-4 weeks after birth) and adult cats were stained with cationic iron colloid, aldehyde fuchsin or lectins (lectin Vicia villosa, soybean and Wisteria floribunda agglutinins). Many neurons in the adult cat visual cortex contained perineuronal sulfated proteoglycans detectable with cationic iron colloid and aldehyde fuchsin, or cell surface glycoproteins reactive to lectins. Double staining indicated that some of the lectin-labeled neurons were not stained with cationic iron colloid, and also that some of the cationic iron colloid-stained neurons were not labeled with lectins. The perineuronal sulfated proteoglycans and cell surface glycoproteins developed 3 weeks after birth. In the newborn cats 1-2 weeks after birth, no neurons were reactive to cationic iron colloid, aldehyde fuchsin or lectins. In the newborn cats 34 weeks after birth, it was clearly observed that the cytoplasm of the glial cells closely associated with the neurons containing the perineuronal sulfated proteoglycans showed an intense reaction to cationic iron colloid and aldehyde fuchsin, and that the Golgi complexes of the neurons with cell surface glycoproteins were intensely labeled with lectins. These findings suggest that the perineuronal sulfated proteoglycans are derived from the associated glial cells, and that the cell surface glycoproteins are produced by the associated nerve cells. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 60 1 2006 In situ preparation of colloidal iron by microwave irradiation for transmission electron microscopy. 59 64 EN Satoru Nakatani Ichiro Naito Ryusuke Momota Noriko Hinenoya Kanji Horiuchi Keiichiro Nishida Aiji Ohtsuka Article 10.18926/AMO/30753 We attempted to prepare colloidal iron within tissues by means of microwave irradiation. Mouse tissue blocks were fixed with a mixture of paraformaldehyde and ferric chloride in a cacodylate buffer, immersed in a cacodylate buffered ferric chloride solution, and irradiated in a microwave processor. Colloidal iron was prepared within tissues or cells, and was observed in the form of electron dense fine granules (1-2 nm in diameter) by transmission electron microscopy. Collagen fibrils in the connective tissue showed colloidal iron deposition at regular periodical intervals. Cells in the splenic tissue showed that fine colloidal granules were deposited on the ribosomes but not on the nuclear chromatin. This finding suggests that ferric ions could not diffuse into the nucleus, which was surrounded by the nuclear envelope. The podocyte processes of the renal glomerulus were stained diffusedly. Though this microwave in situ colloidal iron preparation method has some limitations, it is convenient for use in biomedical specimen preparation in transmission electron microscopy. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 50 5 1996 Rat Parathyroid Gland, with Special Reference to Its Blood Vascular Bed, Pericapillary Space and Intercellular Space 242 253 EN Toshihisa Tanaka Mari Tsubouchi Yutaka Tsubouchi Aiji Ohtsuka Takuro Murakami Article 10.18926/AMO/30497 The blood vascular bed, perivascular space and intercellular space of the rat parathyroid gland were studied using scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts, freeze-cracked tissue samples, and NaOH-digested tissue blocks. The findings were supplemented by transmission light and electron microscopy of iron colloid-treated or enzyme-digested tissue sections. The rat parathyroid gland contained a rich network of capillaries. These capillaries were surrounded by marked pericapillary spaces which were demarcated by basal lamina of both capillaries and parenchymal cells. The pericapillary spaces contained numerous collagen fibrils, and issued many crista-like projections which ran deep into the sheets of parenchymal cells. The intercellular spaces of parenchymal cells contained neither basal lamina nor collagen fibrils. The surfaces of the parenchymal cells showed strong negative charging, and maintained the intercellular spaces. The luminal surfaces of the capillary endothelium also showed strong negative charging, and maintained the capillary lumen. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 50 5 1996 Perineuronal Sulfated Proteoglycans in the Adult Rat Brain: Histochemical and Electron Microscopic Studies 237 241 EN Yutaka Tsubouchi Mari Tsubouchi Sayoko Hitomi Aiji Ohtsuka Takuro Murakami Article 10.18926/AMO/30495 Neurons of cerebellar nuclei in the rat brain had a marked surface coat which was stained with cationic iron colloid or aldehyde fuchsin. Neurons with a similar surface coat were also noted in the retrosplenial cortex. The surface coat was stained doubly with cationic iron colloid and aldehyde fuchsin. Digestion with hyaluronidase eliminated the stainability of the surface coat to both agents. Combined digestion with chondroitinase ABC, heparitinase and keratanase eliminated the cationic iron colloid staining but did not interfere with the aldehyde fuchsin staining. Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections revealed that the iron particles were deposited in the perineuronal tissue spaces. These findings indicate that the surface coat consists of sulfated proteoglycans which occupy, as the extracellular matrix, the perineuronal tissue spaces. Many neurons in the retrosplenial cortex were labeled with lectin Vicia villosa agglutinin. Double staining revealed that these lectin-labeled neurons are usually reactive to cationic iron colloid. Few neurons in the cerebellar nuclei were labeled with lectin V. villosa agglutinin. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 50 6 1996 Perineuronal Sulfated Proteoglycans, Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Dark Neurons in the Cingulate Cortex of Newborn and Adult Rats 313 317 EN Mari Tsubouchi Yutaka Tsubochi Sayoko Hitomi Aiji Ohtsuka Takuro Murakami Article 10.18926/AMO/30483 Many neurons in the adult rat cingulate cortex possess perineuronal sulfated proteoglycans detectable with cationic iron colloid and aldehyde fuchsin, or cell surface glycoproteins reactive to lectin Vicia villosa or soybean agglutinin. The perineuronal sulfated proteoglycans develop three to four weeks after birth. The cell surface glycoproteins develop at earlier stage or two to three weeks after birth. Dark or active neurons begin to appear three to four weeks after birth. These findings indicate that the brain matures after birth or during weaning period. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 49 4 1995 Blood microvascular organization of the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue of the guinea pig: a scanning electron microscopic study of corrosion casts. 213 219 EN Satoko Okada Aiji Ohtsuka Hirofumi Akagi Kazunori Nishizaki Yu Masuda Article 10.18926/AMO/30373 It has previously been confirmed that the guinea pig has aggregations of 10-20 lymphoid follicles at the junction of the nasal cavity and the nasopharyngeal duct. The vascular architecture of this nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) was studied by the corrosion cast/scanning electron microscope method. The NALT was supplied by branches of the inferior nasal artery. These afferent arterial branches gave off arterioles to the follicles and the interfollicular regions, where the arterioles ramified into capillaries. Some of these arterioles reached the subepithelial region to form a single-layer dense capillary network. The subepithelial capillaries gathered into short collecting venules, which in turn drained into high endothelial venules (HEV) in the interfollicular region. The HEV, which also receives tributaries from the follicular and interfollicular capillary plexuses, descended in the interfollicular regions and finally flowed into the efferent veins at the bottom of the NALT. Indentations impressed by high endothelial cells (HEC) were prominent on the surface of the HEV casts, and their frequency was larger in the upper course or segments than in the lower. This suggests that the incidence of HEC in the upper segments is higher than in the lower segments, and these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that some substances which are taken up into the subepithelial capillaries and transported to the venules induce differentiation and maintain of HEVs. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 100 1-2 1988 ヒトとウサギの大動脈弾性組織構築 187 194 EN Jing-Jie Liu Osamu Ohtani Akio Kiuta Aiji Ohtsuka Takehito Taguchi Takuro Murakami Tadashi Sano The organization of the elastic tissues of the human and rabbit aorta was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy of tissues treated with 88% formic acid at 45℃. When the tissues were treated with formic acid until they became semitransparent, fixed tissues showed the same organization of the elastic tissues as unfixed tissues. When tissues were treated with formic acid for a short time, the intimal elastic lamina was observed as a plate with numerous small pores or fenestrae, whereas long treatment revealed that the lamina consisted of a network of elastic fibers. The tunica media consisted of concentrically arranged elastic lamellae. There were 50-60 elastic lamellae in humans and about 30 in the rabbit. The elastic fibers, that consisted of elastic microfibrils, ran longitudinally, repeatedly branching and anastomosing, and formed the network of the elastic lamella. Between the adjacent elastic lamellae stretched interlamellar elastic fibers. Thus, the elastic tissues in the aorta formed an integral network, which seems to be highly associated with the aortic function of distributing the pressure applied to the vascular wall. Disruptions of the integrity of the elastic tissue architecture may be responsible for the increased incidence of hypertension with age. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 100 1-2 1988 ラット骨髄支持組織の三次元的組織構築:固定後超音波振動法による走査電子顕微鏡観察 177 185 EN Zheng-Ian Song Akio Kikuta Osamu Ohtani Aiji Ohtsuka Takuro Murakami Tadashi Sano The three dimensional architecture of the rat femur bone marrow stroma was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The bone marrow was fixed and vibrated by ultrasonication to dislodge the hematopoietic cells embedded in the meshes of the marrow reticulum. The stromal reticulum was exposed, while its three dimensional architecture was preserved.The marrow stromal reticulum consisted of intersinusoidal reticular cells and perivascular reticular cells (adventitial cells), and a small amount of reticular fibers. Two types of meshwork were noted in the bone marrow reticulum. Each mesh of one type was the size of one hematopoietic cell. This meshwork consisted of short and broad or stout cytoplasmic processes. A hematopoietic cell was enwrapped by attenuated cytoplasmic sheaths of the reticular cells and sequestered from the surrounding hematopietic cells. The other type of meshwork was composed of straight running, long and slender filopodia of the reticular cells. Several hematopoietic cells were tightly packed in each mesh of the meshwork of this type, thus presenting a polyhedral appearance. Attenuated adventitial cells enveloped the marrow blood vessels, and were connected with each other by their sheath-like cytoplasmic processes but round, variously sized intercellular spaces remained. The intersinusoidal reticular cells extended their processes to the adventitial cells and the adventitial cells also stretched their processes to the intersiusoidal reticulum. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 105 1-2 1993 強陰性荷電被膜をもつ中枢神経細胞 49 53 EN Takuro Murakami Takehito Taguchi Aiji Ohtsuka Light microscopy of tissue sections stained with cationic iron colloid (pH 1.0-2.0) and nuclear fast red or with this colloid and thionin revealed the presence of numerous neurons with a strong negative-charge or coated with sulfated proteoglycans such as chondroitin sulfates in the adult rat brain. These neurons were distributed mainly in the hippocampal subiculum, zona incerta, cerebral cortex (V lamina), medical cerebellar nuclei and certain other nuclei such as ventral pontine nuclei. In the hippocampal formation, the strongly negatively-charged cells seemed to be identical with the GABAergic inhibitory interneurons reactive to the lectin Vicia villosa agglutinin. The neurons, including the GABAergic Purkinje's cells, of the cerebellar cortex showed no reaction to the cationic iron colloid at pH 1.0-2.0. Many non-GABAergic large neurons of the ventral pontine nuclei were well reactive to the colloid at pH 1.0-2.0. These findings suggest that the cationic iron colloid at pH 1.0-2.0 mainly stains some subsets of GABA-ergic neurons, and additionally stains some non-GABAergic interneurons projecting long association or commissural fibers. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 108 9-10 1996 暗調と明調神経細胞マウスの脳における光顕と電顕所見 303 310 EN Takuro Murakami Aiji Ohtsuka Seizo Yamana The cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and hippocampus of adult mice were studied by light and electron microscopy of tissue sections. Dark neurons were well stained with nuclear fast red, and clearly distinguishable from light neurons. The dark neurons were classified into active and resting types. Active types were characterized by their well developed Golgi's complexes. Resting types contained poorly developed Golgi's complexes. These findings indicate that active dark neurons are converted into the light neurons via resting dark neurons. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 108 9-10 1996 組織固定剤としてのタンニン酸，特にグルタールアルデヒドとパラホルムアルデヒドとの混用 293 296 EN Takuro Murakami Da Xun Piao Aiji Ohtsuka Keiichiro Nishida Tannic acid mixed with glutaraldehyde or paraformaldehyde is a strong fixative, which can precipitate amino acids and oligopeptides such as arginine and glutathione. Tissue specimens fixed with this tannin-aldehyde mixture are useful for histochemical studies, including lectin labeling, immunological staining and tissue enzyme digestion. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 107 11-12 1996 睡眠は中枢神経の暗調細胞を明調細胞に復する 235 242 EN Takuro Murakami Aiji Ohtsuka Blocks of the hippocampal subiculum, hippocampus, intracerebellar nuclei, cerebellar cortex and visual cortex were isolated from adult mice in the evening. at midnight or in the next morning. They were embedded in paraffin, cut into sections, stained with cationic iron colloid or aldehyde fuchsin and counter-stained with nuclear fast red or carbol-thionin. Specimens prepared at midnight contained a markedly increased number of dark neurons. In the cerebel-lar cortex, 50% or more of Punkinje cells were daek at midnight. The dark neurons, except for Purkinje cells, were usually provided with extracellular sulfated proteoglycans reactive to cationic iron colloid or aldehyde fuchsin. The specimens, including those of intracerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex, prepared in the next morning (or when the animals were sleeping) contained few dark neurons. These findings suggest that the dark neurons are exhausted or tired cells, which are restored to normal or light cells with sleep (resting of neurons), and that they are neither porly fixed nor degenerative cells. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 107 9-10 1995 ヒト腹腔, 左胃, 脾, 肝, 上腸間膜, 下腸間膜, 下横隔動脈群の類型解剖学 219 226 EN Takuro Murakami Aiji Ohtsuka Da xun Piao Four cases of dissected human coeliac and other mesenterial arteries are presented. Typologic discussion of these cases indicates that the arterial system of human mesentery vessels basically consists of left gastric, splenic, (common) hepatic, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries, and that these arteries, like the inferior phrenic and inferior rectal arteries, are originally paired vessels (left and right). The left gastric, (common) hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries are thus derived from the right-sided vessels, while the splenic and inferior mesenteric arteries arise from the left-sided vessels. The aberrant acces-sory colica media artery is a typical left-sided vessed. The celiac trunk is also left-sided vessed. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 108 3-6 1996 斜角筋隙を上行する動脈―副上行頚動脈 145 148 EN Takuro Murakami Sayoko Hitomi Tohru Sato Da Xun Piao Aiji Ohtsuka Takehito Taguchi Dissection of 25 adult Japanese cadavers revealed an artery that consistently arose from the subclavian artery and ascended between the scalenus anterior and medius muscles. This accessory ascending cervical artery, when developed, issued the dorsal scapular artery which penetrated the scalenus medius muscle. Typological discussion suggested that the accessory ascending cervical artery was a remnant of the longitudinal anastomoses along the embryonic intersegmental arteries. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 109 7-12 1997 組織反応陽性荷電鉄コロンドのプロテイン銀と塩化金による現像 151 156 EN Takuro Murakami Wei Dong Su Luo Jia Hong Da Xun Piao Aiji Ohtsuka Kenji Seo Rat brain sections were treated with fine granular cationic iron colloid, which was prepared by boilling ferric chloride with hydrazine hydrate and cacodylic acid (Murakami et al., 1986). The sections were then treated with ferrocyanide and HCl for Prussian blue reaction or with protein silver and gold chloride for physical development. Physical development had an advantage over Prussian blue reaction in that it produces clear and highly contrasted images under a light microscope. Thus, the perineuronal sulfated proteoglycans and the fine processes of the nerve cells were clearly demonstrated by physical development. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 113 1 2001 最上胸動脈，典型的と思われる1例 27 31 EN Shinichirou Murakami Hiroaki Matsuoka Yasuhiro Fuyama Takehito Taguchi Aiji Ohtsuka Takuro Murakami A typical higest thoracic artery with anterior, posterior, ascending and descending branches was reported. Discussion suggests that this artery, when developed, gives rise to the internal thoracic artery descening lateral to the scalenus anterior muscle, transverse cervical artery, descending scapular artery, lateral thoracic artery or subscapular artery. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 117 1 2005 複合糖質を可視化する 35 39 EN No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Acta Medica Okayama 1984 Microvascular architecture of the pampiniform plexus-testicular artery system in the rat. A scanning electron microscope study of corrosion casts. EN No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.