start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=9
cd-vols=
no-issue=3
article-no=
start-page=e92647
end-page=
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2014
dt-pub=20140525
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=
kn-title=Pemt deficiency ameliorates endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic nephropathy
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (Pemt) catalyzes the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) mainly in the liver. Under an obese state, the upregulation of Pemt induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by increasing the PC/PE ratio in the liver. We targeted the Pemt gene in mice to explore the therapeutic impact of Pemt on the progression of diabetic nephropathy and diabetes, which was induced by the injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Although the blood glucose levels were similar in STZ-induced diabetic Pemt+/+ and Pemt−/−mice, the glomerular hypertrophy and albuminuria in Pemt−/− mice were significantly reduced. Pemt deficiency reduced the intraglomerular F4/80-positive macrophages, hydroethidine fluorescence, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. The expression of glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78) was enriched in the renal tubular cells in STZ-induced diabetic mice, and this was ameliorated by Pemt deficiency. In mProx24 renal proximal tubular cells, the treatment with ER-stress inducers, tunicamycin and thapsigargin, increased the expression of GRP78, which was reduced by transfection of a shRNA lentivirus for Pemt (shRNA-Pemt). The number of apoptotic cells in the renal tubules was significantly reduced in Pemt−/− diabetic mice, and shRNA-Pemt upregulated the phosphorylation of Akt and decreased the cleavage of caspase 3 and 7 in mProx24 cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that the inhibition of Pemt activity ameliorates the ER stress associated with diabetic nephropathy in a model of type 1 diabetes and corrects the functions of the three major pathways downstream of ER stress, i.e. oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=WatanabeMayu
en-aut-sei=Watanabe
en-aut-mei=Mayu
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=NakatsukaAtsuko
en-aut-sei=Nakatsuka
en-aut-mei=Atsuko
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

en-aut-name=MurakamiKazutoshi
en-aut-sei=Murakami
en-aut-mei=Kazutoshi
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=3
ORCID=

en-aut-name=InoueKentaro
en-aut-sei=Inoue
en-aut-mei=Kentaro
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=4
ORCID=

en-aut-name=TeramiTakahiro
en-aut-sei=Terami
en-aut-mei=Takahiro
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=5
ORCID=

en-aut-name=HiguchiChigusa
en-aut-sei=Higuchi
en-aut-mei=Chigusa
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=6
ORCID=

en-aut-name=KatayamaAkihiro
en-aut-sei=Katayama
en-aut-mei=Akihiro
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=7
ORCID=

en-aut-name=TeshigawaraSanae
en-aut-sei=Teshigawara
en-aut-mei=Sanae
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=8
ORCID=

en-aut-name=EguchiJun
en-aut-sei=Eguchi
en-aut-mei=Jun
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=9
ORCID=

en-aut-name=OgawaDaisuke
en-aut-sei=Ogawa
en-aut-mei=Daisuke
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=10
ORCID=

en-aut-name=WatanabeEijiro
en-aut-sei=Watanabe
en-aut-mei=Eijiro
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=11
ORCID=

en-aut-name=WadaJun
en-aut-sei=Wada
en-aut-mei=Jun
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=12
ORCID=

en-aut-name=MakinoHirofumi
en-aut-sei=Makino
en-aut-mei=Hirofumi
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=13
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=2
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Diabetic Nephropathy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=3
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=4
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=5
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=6
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=7
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=8
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=9
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=10
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Diabetic Nephropathy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=11
en-affil=
kn-affil=Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma

affil-num=12
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=13
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=9
cd-vols=
no-issue=3
article-no=
start-page=e91156
end-page=
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2014
dt-pub=20140313
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=
kn-title=Genetic Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus in Long-Term RNA Replication Using Li23 Cell Culture Systems
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=Background　
　
The most distinguishing genetic feature of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is its remarkable diversity and variation. To understand this feature, we previously performed genetic analysis of HCV in the long-term culture of human hepatoma HuH-7-derived HCV RNA-replicating cell lines. On the other hand, we newly established HCV RNA-replicating cell lines using human hepatoma Li23 cells, which were distinct from HuH-7 cells.
　
Methodology/Principal Findings　
　
Li23-derived HCV RNA-replicating cells were cultured for 4 years. We performed genetic analysis of HCVs recovered from these cells at 0, 2, and 4 years in culture. Most analysis was performed in two separate parts: one part covered from the 5′-terminus to NS2, which is mostly nonessential for RNA replication, and the other part covered from NS3 to NS5B, which is essential for RNA replication. Genetic mutations in both regions accumulated in a time-dependent manner, and the mutation rates in the 5′-terminus-NS2 and NS3-NS5B regions were 4.0–9.0×10−3 and 2.7–4.0×10−3 base substitutions/site/year, respectively. These results suggest that the variation in the NS3-NS5B regions is affected by the pressure of RNA replication. Several in-frame deletions (3–105 nucleotides) were detected in the structural regions of HCV RNAs obtained from 2-year or 4-year cultured cells. Phylogenetic tree analyses clearly showed that the genetic diversity of HCV was expanded in a time-dependent manner. The GC content of HCV RNA was significantly increased in a time-dependent manner, as previously observed in HuH-7-derived cell systems. This phenomenon was partially due to the alterations in codon usages for codon optimization in human cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these long-term cultured cells were useful as a source for the selection of HCV clones showing resistance to anti-HCV agents.
　
Conclusions/Significance　
　
Long-term cultured HCV RNA-replicating cells are useful for the analysis of evolutionary dynamics and variations of HCV and for drug-resistance analysis.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=KatoNobuyuki
en-aut-sei=Kato
en-aut-mei=Nobuyuki
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=SejimaHiroe
en-aut-sei=Sejima
en-aut-mei=Hiroe
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

en-aut-name=UedaYouki
en-aut-sei=Ueda
en-aut-mei=Youki
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=3
ORCID=

en-aut-name=MoriKyoko
en-aut-sei=Mori
en-aut-mei=Kyoko
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=4
ORCID=

en-aut-name=SatohShinya
en-aut-sei=Satoh
en-aut-mei=Shinya
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=5
ORCID=

en-aut-name=DansakoHiromichi
en-aut-sei=Dansako
en-aut-mei=Hiromichi
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=6
ORCID=

en-aut-name=IkedaMasanori
en-aut-sei=Ikeda
en-aut-mei=Masanori
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=7
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=2
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=3
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=4
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=5
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=6
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

affil-num=7
en-affil=
kn-affil=Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
END