start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=22 cd-vols= no-issue=19 article-no= start-page=10362 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2021 dt-pub=20210926 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Sexual Experience Induces the Expression of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide and Oxytocin Receptors in the Spinal Ejaculation Generator in Rats en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Male sexual function in mammals is controlled by the brain neural circuits and the spinal cord centers located in the lamina X of the lumbar spinal cord (L3-L4). Recently, we reported that hypothalamic oxytocin neurons project to the lumbar spinal cord to activate the neurons located in the dorsal lamina X of the lumbar spinal cord (dXL) via oxytocin receptors, thereby facilitating male sexual activity. Sexual experiences can influence male sexual activity in rats. However, how this experience affects the brain-spinal cord neural circuits underlying male sexual activity remains unknown. Focusing on dXL neurons that are innervated by hypothalamic oxytocinergic neurons controlling male sexual function, we examined whether sexual experience affects such neural circuits. We found that >50% of dXL neurons were activated in the first ejaculation group and similar to 30% in the control and intromission groups in sexually naive males. In contrast, in sexually experienced males, similar to 50% of dXL neurons were activated in both the intromission and ejaculation groups, compared to similar to 30% in the control group. Furthermore, sexual experience induced expressions of gastrin-releasing peptide and oxytocin receptors in the lumbar spinal cord. This is the first demonstration of the effects of sexual experience on molecular expressions in the neural circuits controlling male sexual activity in the spinal cord. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=OtiTakumi en-aut-sei=Oti en-aut-mei=Takumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=UedaRyota en-aut-sei=Ueda en-aut-mei=Ryota kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KumagaiRyoko en-aut-sei=Kumagai en-aut-mei=Ryoko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NagafuchiJunta en-aut-sei=Nagafuchi en-aut-mei=Junta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=ItoTakashi en-aut-sei=Ito en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=SakamotoTatsuya en-aut-sei=Sakamoto en-aut-mei=Tatsuya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=KondoYasuhiko en-aut-sei=Kondo en-aut-mei=Yasuhiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=SakamotoHirotaka en-aut-sei=Sakamoto en-aut-mei=Hirotaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=sexual experience kn-keyword=sexual experience en-keyword=lumbosacral spinal cord kn-keyword=lumbosacral spinal cord en-keyword=spinal ejaculation generator kn-keyword=spinal ejaculation generator en-keyword=brain-spinal cord neural circuits kn-keyword=brain-spinal cord neural circuits en-keyword=gastrin-releasing peptide kn-keyword=gastrin-releasing peptide en-keyword=oxytocin kn-keyword=oxytocin en-keyword=male sexual activity kn-keyword=male sexual activity END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=22 cd-vols= no-issue=19 article-no= start-page=10776 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2021 dt-pub=20211005 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=PARN-like Proteins Regulate Gene Expression in Land Plant Mitochondria by Modulating mRNA Polyadenylation en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Mitochondria have their own double-stranded DNA genomes and systems to regulate transcription, mRNA processing, and translation. These systems differ from those operating in the host cell, and among eukaryotes. In recent decades, studies have revealed several plant-specific features of mitochondrial gene regulation. The polyadenylation status of mRNA is critical for its stability and translation in mitochondria. In this short review, I focus on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms regulating mRNA polyadenylation in plant mitochondria, including the role of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease-like proteins (PARNs). Accumulating evidence suggests that plant mitochondria have unique regulatory systems for mRNA poly(A) status and that PARNs play pivotal roles in these systems. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=HirayamaTakashi en-aut-sei=Hirayama en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=mitochondria kn-keyword=mitochondria en-keyword=polyadenylation kn-keyword=polyadenylation en-keyword=poly(A)-specific ribonuclease kn-keyword=poly(A)-specific ribonuclease END