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1. In the absorption spectra of crude catalase solution (Stages 2, 3, and 5) of normal blood, three absorption bands characterizing catalase molecules are recognized. 2. The three absorption bands specific for catalase cannot be found in acatalasemic blood extracts (Stages 2 and 3). 3. It is inferred that catalase is not present in the crude catalase extract from acatalasemic red blood cells.

An experimental study was attempted to make an analysis of the subcortical and brain stem lesion effect on the Metrazol-induced corticogenic epileptic convulsion based on EEG-discharge and EMG-convulsion as indicators. utilizing 42 adult cats. 1. A definite threshold increment of eliciting the seizure was found in the case of bilateral lesion of the Forel H-field. In contrast to it, no variation in the threshold was found in the case of the lesions at the other parts of brain stem, thalamus, red nucleus and its neighborhood, and lenticular nucleus. 2. There was a parallel relation between EEG discharge and convulsion. Dissociation could be obtained in none of the cases. 3. It is, therefore, to be concluded that the Forel H-field is composed of the main axis of cortico-subcortical reverberating circuit and that the lesion causes a decrement of the excitability at cortex and an inhibition of the corticogenic epileptic convulsion.

1. An apparatus for the simultaneous measurements of volume change, fluorescence intensity of pyridine nucleotides and oxygen consumption of mitochondria has been constructed. 2. Oxygen consumption is measured by the rotating platinum electrode with a modification of Hagihara's system, attached in a cuvette of the apparatus. 3. Volume changes of mitochondria (swelling-shrinkage) are measured by the 90° light-scattering at 650 mμ. 4. Relative fluorescence intensity of pyridine nucleotides is measured by the fluorometer: for the excitation, a bright light at 365 mμ. line of mercury lamp is isolated through the filter and exposed to the mitochondria suspended in a cuvette of the apparatus, and fluorescent emission is analyzed by a grating mirror monochromator. 5. The scattered light at 650 mμ. is not affected by the excitation light and the fluorescent emission, and fluorescence intensity is not affected by the scattered light at 650 mμ. 6. The simultaneous measurements of the oxidation-reduction of pyridine nucleotides, the respiration states and the changes in the intensity of 90° lightscattering of mitochondria are given as an example of the performance of the present apparatus.

An electron microscope study was performed on the ultrastructure and developmental process of the Mukai strain of Japanese B encephalitis virus propagated in vitro on porcine kidney stable cells. The virus particle of Japanese B encephalitis is hexagonal in sections and approximately 40 mμ in the maximum diameter, composed of an outer membrane, 20Å thick, viroplasm, 30 Å thick and an electron-dense nucleoid, 25 mμ in diameter. The virus particles develop by a budding process on the wall of the cytoplasmic vacuole. Thereafter, virus particles are densely packed in the vacuole usually in random arrangement and rarely in crystalline arrays. The vacuole containing virus particles gradually moves toward the cell surface and liberates the virus particles to the exterior of the cells through a narrow canaliculus. A structure suggestive of incomplete virus particles was also observed.

For the investigation of iron metabolism in the intestinal mucosa in various　blood diseases, intestinal biopsy (duodenum) was performed on 10 healthy controls　and 35 cases with various blood diseases. The following are　the results　of the studies on distribution of stainable　iron, amounts of non-hemin iron in the　biopsied materials, and iron uptake of the intestinal epithelial cells.　1) An evaluation of distribution of stainable iron by Berlin　blue reaction　showed none or very mild degree, if any,　inhealthy controls, an increase in　aplastic anemia,　pernicious anemia, some of leukemias and in iron deficiency anemia following iron therapy, and a decrease in　idiopathic hypochromic anemia, anchylostomiasis anemia,　anemia with cancer, myxedema, hemolytic anemia,　and in　some of leukemias. Some of anemia with cancer, however,　showed an　increase of a certain degree. In iron absorption tests, no changes were found other than a very mild increase in aplastic anemia. 2) Non-hemin iron was 70-112γ/g in healthy controls, increased in aplastic anemia approximately to 100-200γ/g, ranging 40-130γ/g in leukemia, and decreased in idiopathic hypochromic anemia and in anemia with cancer ranging 30-60γ/g and 30-50γ/g respectively. Amounts of non-hemin iron and serum iron or sideroblasts show a fair correlation. The fractionation of nonhemin iron in aplastic anemia didn't show any difference in relationship of each fraction from healthy controls despite the increased amount in the former. 3) A radioautographic evaluation of iron uptake by intestinal epithelium was performed by our device for evaluation of intestinal absorption capacity. The iron uptake was mild in healthy controls, almost none in aplastic anemia, and marked in iron deficiency anemia where it was decreased approximately to the level of healthy controls following iron therapy. 4) The intestinal tissue iron showed a series of changes similar to those of iron present in the serum or erythroblasts, and the non-hemin iron in the intestinal mucosa is inversely correlated with iron uptake of epithelium and is considered to regulate the absorption according to its amount.

For the purpose to look into the regulatory mechanism of erythropoiesis, changes in the cell volume and the cell size of the erythroid cells have been observed in peripheral blood and marrow from normal and phenylhydrazine induced anemic rabbits. And the following results have been obtained: 1. After the injection of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride a hemolytic anemia can be induced with a marked increase in the reticulocyte number. The cell volume increases with the advance of anemia but it is never proportional to the increase of reticulocyte number. The MCV reaches the value twice the normal but it never exceeds the threshold. 2. In bone marrow the smaller sized orthochromatic cells are reduced extremely in number or obliterated in anemic animals. As there is not any marked difference in cell size of polychromatic erythroblasts between normal and anemic animals, the large red cells of anemic animal will be formed by denuc1eation of the polychromatic erythroblasts. 3. The percentage of basophilic erythroblasts is increased in anemic animal suggesting an accelerated differentiation-division of proerythroblasts to basophilic ones. 4. The data strongly support the denuc1eation at polychromatic stage in emergency but not at the younger stages than polychromatic erythroblast. Data also suggest that in severe anemia an accelerated cell division occurs, especially in the stage from proerythroblast to basophilic erythroblast.

Ehrlich ascites tumor cells affected by oleic and linoleic acids lose their cytomembrane followed by the leak out of ribosomes. Some cells survived through this treatment when they were transplanted into mouse peritoneal cavity, but they changed their characteristics showing wider and less basophilic cytoplasm and smaller nuclei with dense nuclear chromatin and ambiguous nucleoli. In spite of many attempts, no qualitative changes have been found between normal and cancer cells. Recently, Ishikawa found the specific antigenicity of cancer cell membrane which was common to several strains of canccr cells. Grobstein and coworkers have clarified that pancreatic cells can differentiate in association with neighboring mesenchymal cells, probably getting some information. Their works suggest that the cell differentiation will be induced by mutual association of cells by which the cell will receive some substance acting as the information for differentiation. Taking the works of Ishikawa and his collabolators into consideration, it seems that cancer cells may be unable to differentiate by their defective or incomplete cell membrane through which they cannot associate with neighboring cells and fail to get the information. Almost all of the biological characteristics of cancer cells, immaturity, autonomic growth, invasive and metastatic properties independent from the neighboring cell groups, are well explained or consistent with this view. Recently, we found that the cell membrane can be loosened by some unsaturated fatty acids resulting in the leak-out of ribosomes. In this paper it is demonstrated how the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell affected by fatty acids lose their cytomembrane and the ribosomes and how the cells survived through this treatment show different characteristics from the original ones, taking the appearance more matured cells.

Effects of sodium oleate and bovine serum albumin (BSA) on rat liver mitochondrial function and structure were studied by measuring oxygen uptake, 90° light-scattering, adenosine triphosphatase activity and pyridine nucleotides fluorescence. 1. The low concentration of oleate induced the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and the scattering change of mitochondria. This action of oleate differed from that of oleate at a high concentration which induces the high amplitude swelling with respect to its physiological and biochemical properties. The degrees of reversal swelling (shrinkage) and of oxygen uptake induced by oleate in the presence of Pi and succinate were altered proportionately to the concentration of oleate, and the concentration of oleate to the shrinkage coincided with that of the maximal respiratory release. 2. Antimycin A or 2, 4- dinitrophenol prevented the oleate-induced mitochondrial shrinkage, but the treatment of these agents after prior incubation with Pi and succinate allowed the shrinkage, though the degree was small in its extent compared with that in the absence of inhibitors. On the other hand, oligomycin did not affect the shrinkage with oleate. 3. BSA protected the mitochondrial phosphorylation from the uncoupling action of oleate without showing any effect of its own. A complete reversal could readily be demonstrated by a sufficient amount of BSA from the uncoupling, structural changes, and oxidation of intramitochondrial pyridine nucleotides induced by oleate in a low concentration. 4. The oleate-stimulated latent ATPase activity was proportional to the oleate-induced shrinkage of mitochondria with respect to the concentration of oleate. The latent ATPase was abolished also by the addition of a sufficient amount of BSA. 5. The action of oleate on the phosphorylation sequence of mitochondria was discussed on the basis of the present findings.

For the purpose to reveal the mechanism of uptake and degradation of NAD by cells, the authors conducted the observation on the L cells cultured in the medium containing NAD and the following results have been obtained. 1. NAD in the medium is taken up by the cells in its intact form, reaching about twice the value of the control. 2. The spontaneously degraded products of NAD, nicotinamide and adenine dinucleotide ribose, in the same molar concentration as NAD used in the present experiment, have no effect on the NAD content of L cells. 3. The NAD taken up by the cells is degraded into nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and adenine mononucleotide (AMP) by pyrophosphatase including NADpptase and excreted in the medium. Unexpectedly the ingested NAD is not degraded by NADase in the L cell. 4. L cells metabolize the same amount of NAD as that contained originally in the cell for about ten minutes, as calculated from the amount of NMN excreted in the medium.

An electon microscopic study on the structural differences among the red, white and intermediate muscle fibers of mice was made and the following results were obtained. 1. The red fiber contained very numerous mitochondria, the white fiber a few and the intermediate fiber a moderate number. The distribution of mitochondria was different in each type of muscle fiber. The cristae of mitochondria of the red fiber was quite well developed, that of the white fiber poorly and that of the intermedtate fiber moderately. 2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum of the white fiber was considerably well developed but that of the red and intermediate fibers poorly developed. 3. Glycogen particles were abundant in the white fiber, less in the intermediate fiber and least in the red fiber.

Respiration, activity of oleate oxidation and composition of the total fatty acids of rat liver were investigated in 3'-Me-DAB feeding. 1. Oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria decreased temporarily at relatively earlier stages (about 2 to 3 weeks) in 3'-Me-DAB feeding. 2. The activity of oleate oxidation of rat liver mitochondria decreased rapidly to about one third of that in control groups after the start of 3'-Me-DAB feeding. 3. In the composition of the total fatty acids of rat liver, the proportion of oleic acid increased in 3'-Me-DAB groups. 4. Unknown octadecamonoenoic acid was observed in liver mitochondria of rat fed on 3'-Me-DAB. 5. Proportions of oleic and palmitoleic acids in liver tumors and mitochondria of liver tumors induced by 3'-Me-DAB feeding increased remarkably in contrast with decrease in those of palmitic and eicosapolyenoic acids. 6. A possibility was discussed about how higher level of oleate in the liver cells in azo dye feeding may be concerned with the tumor induction.

Sowohl aus dem Grunde, den Mechanismus des gestörten BTS-Stoffwechsels bei den Leberkrankheiten zu erkennen, als auch Beobachtungen für seine Behandlungen zu machen, wurden die Ein£liisse von Zucker, Thiamin und seinen Derivaten (BTMP, TTFD), Thioctsäure, der Verbindung zwischen dem Derivat von Thiamin und Thioctsaure (TATD), Kalium- und Magnesium-Asparaginat und Glucocorticoiden auf den BTS-Blutspiegel untersucht. Das führte zu folgenden Ergebnissen : 1) Der Anstieg des BTS-Blutspiegcls nach Belastung von Glukose bzw. Sorbit wurde beide Male beobachtet, aber er war nach Sorbit geringer als nach Glukose. Das bedeutet, dass Sorbit die BTS-Oxydation fördert. 2) Während der Anstieg des BTS-Blutspiegels mit Thiamin hydrochlorid nicht gehemmt wurde, wurde er mit Thioctsäure in vielen Fällen gehemmt, insbesondere in Rekonvaleszenz der akuten Hepatitis. 3) Nach der Verabreichung Von BTMP, TTFD und TATD war der BTS-Blutspiegel herabgesetzt, aber ihre Einwirkung war bei den Fällen mit gestörter Leberhämodynamik nicht gut. 4) Ebenso hat Kalium- und Magnesium-Asparaginat ungeFähr im Drittel der Fälle den BTS-Blutspiegel erniedrigt. Aber seine Einwirkung in Fällen mit gestörter Leberhämodynamik war ungünstig. 5) Der BTS-Blutspiegel wurde durch Glucocorticoide erhöht.

1) OX substance showed marked cytotoxicities in cell suspension culture of Yoshida sarcoma cells, celothelioma cells, and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. It has become clear that the cytotoxicities have two aspects; one, nuclear shrinkage and karyolisis as seen with Carzinophilin and the other, cytoplasmic swelling as seen with Nitromin. 2) OX substance was effective by its contact action on patients with peritonitis carcinomatosa, celothelioma and rectal carcinoma. 3) Esterified OX substance was injected intravenously or intraperitonealy into CBA mice with ascites leukemia. The substance prolonged their life span and inhibited the progression of leukemia. As it was possible to give the substance repeatedly into mouse tail veins in this experiment, in the future, OX substance might become intravenously injectable for the treatment of patients with leukemia and solid malignant tumors.

Eleven cases of malignant lymphomas were treated with a fibroblast-inhibiting agent, chloroquine, and of these, one case of lymphosarcoma, two of acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, respectively, and two of giant follicle lymphoma showed regression of the enlarged lymph nodes and also of the enlarged spleen in some of the splenomegalic patients. In contrast, the drug proved ineffective in two cases of reticulum cell sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease, respectively. The side effects of the drug were minimal, and three of the 11 cases complained of nausea, anorexia or palpebral ptosis, which disappeared by decreasing the drug dosage or combining ATP preparation. The tissue culture study of biopsied lymph nodes from lymphocytic leukemia showed inhibition of the growth zone in a medium containing chloroquine indicating a possibility of the drug action not only upon the stromal tissue but also upon the parenchymal tumor cell.

A fibroblast-inhibiting agent, chloroquine, used in the treatment of animal tumors led to a reasonably good result, and this approach was extended to the treatment of human cancers. Of histologically proven 54 cases, the drug was effective in 38, ineffective in 15, and unknown in one. It proved to be effective in all the patients who were treated for over 2 months with exception of terminal patients. Of the various malignant tumors treated, excellent therapeutic effects were obtained in patients with carcinoma of the lung and bladder. In the cases where the drug was effective there were a decrease of the size of tumors, fall of serum lactic dehydrogenase, increase of necrosis, inhibition of the stroma, as well as improvement of the symptoms and general condition. As to the mechanisms of the drug action, it would be necessary to consider of its anti-inflammatory and humoral effects upon the host in addition to its inhibitory action on the stromal connective tissue of cancers. The present chloroquine treatment appears to have its indication in inoperable cases, and pre- and post-operative cases, and for the prevention of reccurrence of tumors. Studies are currently in progress in our laboratory to discover more potent fibroblastinhibiting agents and on the combined chemotherapy of chloroquine and other anti-turnor agents. We are indebted to the Department of Urology of our University for the generosity to allow us to use the clinical data on patients with cancer of the urinary bladder.

In the course of experimental isovalthinuria induced by cholic acid, S35-methionine or S35-cystine administered was incorporated into urinary isovalthine in guinea pigs. Sulfur atom of cysteine seems to be utilized much better for isovalthine synthesis than that of methionine.

1. For the purpose to clarify the relationship between the structural change and lipid composition of isolated rat liver mitochondria, lipid composition and swelling rate of mitochondria obtained from the rat of 3'-Me-DAB feeding and raised in cold room are measured, and the following results were obtained. 2. The mitochondria obtained from the liver of 3'-Me-DAB-fed rat and of rat raised in cold room show a low rate of swelling by addition of Na-oleate accompanied by the decrease in highly unsaturated fatty acids (C18:3 and C20:3or 4) and with the increase in saturated fatty acids (C16 and C18). 3. Activation energy for the mitochondrial swelling is about 16.2 Kcal in the mitochondria obtained from normal rat liver, but requires 19.7 Kcal in the mitochondria that show a low rate of swelling. The fatty acid composition, especially in glycerophosphatides which occupy about 80 per cent of total lipids, is a structural component of mitochondrial membrane, undergoes the change from former to latter in the following fashion: C16:0 21.73→32.10, C16:1 3.37→2.96, C18:0 25.0→29.75, C18:1 13.75→17.40, C18:2 23.90→16.0 and C20:3 or 4 12.23→1.79. 4. At the time of low rate swelling of mitochondria isolated from 3'-MeDAB- fed rat liver, there could be observed a marked increase of the acetone soluble lipid (simple lipids) in the total liver lipids and in the fatty acid distribution of the acetone-soluble lipids, oleic acid was markedly increased (0.838→3.81%/dry liver), despite the fact that in the acetone-insoluble fractions or in the mitochondria there are no marked changes in the oleic acid contents (1.84→2.56% or 0.212→0.246%/dry liver).

1. The forms of irritation causing inflammation and pain are reviewed, with reference to the significance of histamine, serotonin and bradykinin and in particular to the interrelationship between inflammation and pain. 2. The various types of experimental pain are reviewed and mention is made of the human and animal analgesia test methods derived from them. 3. More detailed descriptions are given of the analgesia test methods used by us, namely: a) Silver nitrate gonarthritis-pain, rat, in which both strong and weak analgesics with an anti-inflammatory action are effective. b) Phenylquinone-induced abdominal pain, mouse, in which all the analgesics and anti inflammatory agents mentioned in this article are effective in a greater or lesser degree. c) Tail-flick and hot-plate tests, mouse, in which the strong analgesics, the weaker analgesics and the anti-inflammatory agents, with the exception of the salicylates, are effective. d) Dental-pain test, guinea pig, which can be used to demonstrate the activity of the various analgesics, including the salicylates and also colchicine, which is not active in any other test. e) Pressure-pain, mouse, in which only the strong analgesics (narcotics) are effective. 4. The action of a large number of analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents and related drugs in the various analgesia-tests and in acute experimental inflammation is presented in tabular form. 5. It is concluded that the use of several pain and inflammation tests is essential for screening both analgesics for special indications (severe, mild pain, pain due to inflammation, etc.) and universal pain-killing drugs.

Liver homogenates could synthetize S-(isopropylcarboxymethyl) glutathione (GSIV) from isovaleric acid and glutathione, and GSIV thus formed was cleaved into L-allo-isovalthine by kidney glutathionase preparation. Isovaleric acid-l-C14 incorporated into GSIV without prior cleavage by the in vitro system. The discrepancy of configuration between urinary and in vitro synthesized isovalthine was discussed.

We experienced a case of eosinophilic granuloma in soft tissue, and demonstrated its patterns of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes histochemically. Neutrophils were rich in acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Eosinophils had much acid phosphatase and less other hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. Lymphocytes showed weak reaction in all enzymes. Lymph follicles and histiocytes or fibrocytes had moderately oxidative enzymes. Small blood vessels and collagen fibers were rich in alkaline phosphatase and had a moderate amount of oxidative enzymes and acid phosphatase.