AME Publishing Company Acta Medica Okayama 2790-8852 3 2024 Airway management during sedation for dental treatment in people with intellectual disabilities: a review 28 EN Hitoshi Higuchi Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Okayama University Hospital Yukiko Nishioka Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Okayama University Hospital Saki Miyake Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Special Care Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Takuya Miyawaki Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Special Care Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences The oral health of people with intellectual disabilities remains poor due to a complex combination of physical and social problems, and often requires invasive dental treatment. However, it can be difficult to obtain their cooperation for dental treatment because they may not fully understand the need for treatment or may experience high levels of anxiety due to lack of understanding and/or sensory aversions to stimuli present in the dental environment, and behavioral management is often necessary during such treatment. Sedation is a very useful patient management method for dental treatment for people with intellectual disabilities; however, the dental treatment-related sedation of people with intellectual disabilities has different characteristics to the dental treatment-related sedation of others or other procedure-related sedation. For example, deep sedation is required for behavioral management; drug interactions between the patient’s regular medications, such as antiepileptic and antipsychotic drugs, and anesthetics may make the depth of sedation deeper; and the prevalence rate of obesity is higher among people with intellectual disabilities. The fact that the patient is in the supine position with their mouth open also makes airway management during sedation for dental treatment more difficult. It is therefore imperative that airway management during dental treatment for people with intellectual disabilities be conducted with the utmost precision and vigilance. Various attempts have been made to improve airway management during such sedation, and new technologies, such as capnography, nasal high-flow systems, and acoustic respiration monitors, may help. The objective of this review is to enhance comprehension of the attributes of airway management in dental sedation for people with intellectual disabilities and to properly understand the usefulness of the techniques that have been attempted thus far to ensure safer and more secure airway management for this population. The ultimate goal is to provide them with safe and secure medical care and improve their health outcomes. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Japanese Society of Internal Medicine Acta Medica Okayama 0918-2918 64 12 2025 Subacute Upper Motor Neuron Dysfunction Possibly Associated with the Anti-GM1 Autoantibody 1900 1905 EN So Okubo Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Meiko Maeda Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Kazuto Katsuse Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hiroyuki Ishiura Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yuichiro Shirota Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Masashi Hamada Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Wataru Satake Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Tatsushi Toda Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Anti-GM1 antibodies are associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), primarily peripheral neuropathy. However, there are cases of anti-GM1 IgG antibody-positive GBS with upper motor neuron (UMN) signs. We herein report a case of gastrointestinal infection followed by subacute gait disturbance with predominant signs of UMN on a neurological examination. The serum and cerebrospinal fluid tests were positive for anti-GM1 and anti-asialo-GM1 IgG antibodies. An electrophysiological evaluation revealed normal nerve conduction and prolonged central motor conduction times. No magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were observed. The symptoms improved with treatment, which was accompanied by decreased antibody titers. This case highlights the fact that anti-GM1 IgG-associated disorders may present with predominant UMN involvement. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Nature Singapore Acta Medica Okayama 0302-9743 2025 RKPM: Restricted Kernel Page Mechanism to Mitigate Privilege Escalation Attacks 213 231 EN Hiroki Kuzuno Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University Toshihiro Yamauchi Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Kernel memory corruption attacks against operating systems exploit kernel vulnerabilities to overwrite kernel data. Kernel address space layout randomization makes it difficult to identify kernel data by randomizing their virtual address space. Control flow integrity (CFI) prevents unauthorized kernel code execution by verifying kernel function calls. However, these countermeasures do not prohibit writing to kernel data. If the virtual address of privileged information is specified and CFI is circumvented, the privileged information can be modified by a kernel memory corruption attack. In this paper, we propose a restricted kernel page mechanism (RKPM) to mitigate kernel memory corruption attacks by introducing restricted kernel pages to protect the kernel data specified in the kernel. The RKPM focuses on the fact that kernel memory corruption attacks attempt to read the virtual addresses around the privileged information. The RKPM adopts page table mapping handling and a memory protection key to control the read and write restrictions of the restricted kernel pages. This allows us to mitigate kernel memory corruption attacks by capturing reads to the restricted kernel page before the privileged information is overwritten. As an evaluation of the RKPM, we confirmed that it can mitigate privilege escalation attacks on the latest Linux kernel. We also measured that there was a certain overhead in the kernel performance. This study enhances kernel security by mitigating privilege escalation attacks through the use of software or hardware based restricted kernel pages. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 0960-7412 121 5 2025 Spider mite tetranins elicit different defense responses in different host habitats e70046 EN Yukiko Endo Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science Miku Tanaka Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science Takuya Uemura Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science Kaori Tanimura Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science Yoshitake Desaki Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science Rika Ozawa Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University Sara Bonzano Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Plant Physiology Unit, University of Turin Massimo E. Maffei Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Plant Physiology Unit, University of Turin Tomonori Shinya Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University Ivan Galis Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University Gen‐ichiro Arimura Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) are a major threat to economically important crops. Here, we investigated the potential of tetranins, in particular Tet3 and Tet4, as T. urticae protein-type elicitors that stimulate plant defense. Truncated Tet3 and Tet4 proteins showed efficacy in activating the defense gene pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) and inducing phytohormone production in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris. In particular, Tet3 caused a drastically higher Ca2+ influx in leaves, but a lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation compared to other tetranins, whereas Tet4 caused a low Ca2+ influx and a high ROS generation in the host plants. Such specific and non-specific elicitor activities were examined by knockdown of Tet3 and Tet4 expressions in mites, confirming their respective activities and in particular showing that they function additively or synergistically to induce defense responses. Of great interest is the fact that Tet3 and Tet4 expression levels were higher in mites on their preferred host, P. vulgaris, compared to the levels in mites on the less-preferred host, Cucumis sativus, whereas Tet1 and Tet2 were constitutively expressed regardless of their host. Furthermore, mites that had been hosted on C. sativus induced lower levels of PR1 expression, Ca2+ influx and ROS generation, i.e., Tet3- and Tet4-responsive defense responses, in both P. vulgaris and C. sativus leaves compared to the levels induced by mites that had been hosted on P. vulgaris. Taken together, these findings show that selected tetranins respond to variable host cues that may optimize herbivore fitness by altering the anti-mite response of the host plant. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Wiley Acta Medica Okayama 0014-5793 599 13 2025 Characterization of molecular mechanisms of CaMKKα/1 oligomerization 1914 1924 EN Shun Uenoyama Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Hayato Nitta Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University Satomi Ohtsuka Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Masaki Magari Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Futoshi Suizu Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hiroshi Tokumitsu Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) is an activating kinase for calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1 (CaMKI), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV (CaMKIV), RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (PKB), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that has been reported to form an active oligomer in cells. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown assay from the extracts of COS-7 cells expressing GST- and His6-CaMKKα/1 mutants showed that the C-terminal region containing the autoinhibitory and calmodulin (CaM)-binding sequence (residues 438–463) is required for CaMKKα/1 homo-oligomerization. This was confirmed by the fact that the GST-CaMKKα/1 C-terminal domain (residues 435–505) directly interacted with EGFP-CaMKKα/1 residues 435–505 as well as with wild-type CaMKKα/1. Notably, once oligomerized in cells, CaMKKα/1 is neither exchangeable between the oligomeric complexes nor dissociated by Ca2+/CaM binding. These results support stable oligomerization of CaMKK in the cells by intermolecular self-association of its C-terminal region containing a regulatory domain. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Science and Business Media LLC Acta Medica Okayama 1340-6868 32 4 2025 Japanese translation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast + 4 (FACT-B + 4) following international guidelines: a verification of linguistic validity 773 782 EN Takahiro Tsukioki Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Okayama University Hospital Nozomu Takata Simpson Querrey Biomedical Research Center, Northwestern University Saya R. Dennis Department of Preventive Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Kaori Terata Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Akita University Hospital Yasuaki Sagara Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Social Medical Corporation Hakuaikai Sagara Hospital Takehiko Sakai Department of Surgical Oncology, Breast Oncology Center, Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR Shin Takayama Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital Dai Kitagawa Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Yuichiro Kikawa Department of Breast Surgery, Kansai Medical University Hospital Yuko Takahashi Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Okayama University Hospital Tsuguo Iwatani Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Okayama University Hospital Fumikata Hara Department of Breast Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital Tomomi Fujisawa Department of Breast Cancer, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center Tadahiko Shien Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Okayama University Hospital Background For breast cancer patients, postoperative lymphedema and upper limb movement disorders are serious complications that absolutely reduce their quality of life (QOL). To evaluate this serious complication, we used “Quick Dash” or “FACT-B”, which can assess a patient's physical, social, emotional, and functional health status. To evaluate their breast cancer surgery-related dysfunction correctly, “FACT-B + 4” was created by adding four questions about “arm swelling'' and “tenderness”. We have translated it into Japanese according to international translation guidelines.<br> Methods At the beginning, we contacted FACT headquarters that we would like to create a Japanese version of FACT-B + 4. They formed the FACIT Trans Team (FACIT) following international translation procedures, and then, we began translating according to them. The steps are 1: perform “Forward and Reverse translations” to create a “Preliminary Japanese version”, 2: request the cooperation of 5 breast cancer patients and “conduct a pilot study” and “questionnaire survey”, and 3: amendments and final approval based on pilot study results and clinical perspectives.<br> Result In Step1, FACIT requested faithful translation of the words, verbs, and nouns from the original text. In Step2, patients reported that they felt uncomfortable with the Japanese version words such as “numb'' and “stiffness'' and felt that it might be difficult to describe their symptoms accurately. In Step3, we readjusted the translation to be more concise and closer to common Japanese language, and performed “Step1” again to ensure that the translation definitely retained the meaning of the original.<br> Conclusion A Japanese version of FACT has existed until now, but there was no Japanese version of FACT-B + 4, which adds four additional items to evaluate swelling and pain in the upper limbs. This time, we have created a Japanese version that has been approved by FACT. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

SAGE Publications Acta Medica Okayama 0748-7304 39 5 2024 A Detailed Re-Examination of the Period Gene Rescue Experiments Shows That Four to Six Cryptochrome-Positive Posterior Dorsal Clock Neurons (DN1p) of Drosophila melanogaster Can Control Morning and Evening Activity 463 483 EN Manabu Sekiguchi Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Nils Reinhard Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg Ayumi Fukuda Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shun Katoh Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Dirk Rieger Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg Charlotte Helfrich-Förster Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg Taishi Yoshii Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Animal circadian clocks play a crucial role in regulating behavioral adaptations to daily environmental changes. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster exhibits 2 prominent peaks of activity in the morning and evening, known as morning (M) and evening (E) peaks. These peaks are controlled by 2 distinct circadian oscillators located in separate groups of clock neurons in the brain. To investigate the clock neurons responsible for the M and E peaks, a cell-specific gene expression system, the GAL4-UAS system, has been commonly employed. In this study, we re-examined the two-oscillator model for the M and E peaks of Drosophila by utilizing more than 50 Gal4 lines in conjunction with the UAS-period16 line, which enables the restoration of the clock function in specific cells in the period (per) null mutant background. Previous studies have indicated that the group of small ventrolateral neurons (s-LNv) is responsible for controlling the M peak, while the other group, consisting of the 5th ventrolateral neuron (5th LNv) and the three cryptochrome (CRY)-positive dorsolateral neurons (LNd), is responsible for the E peak. Furthermore, the group of posterior dorsal neurons 1 (DN1p) is thought to also contain M and E oscillators. In this study, we found that Gal4 lines directed at the same clock neuron groups can lead to different results, underscoring the fact that activity patterns are influenced by many factors. Nevertheless, we were able to confirm previous findings that the entire network of circadian clock neurons controls M and E peaks, with the lateral neurons playing a dominant role. In addition, we demonstrate that 4 to 6 CRY-positive DN1p cells are sufficient to generate M and E peaks in light-dark cycles and complex free-running rhythms in constant darkness. Ultimately, our detailed screening could serve as a catalog to choose the best Gal4 lines that can be used to rescue per in specific clock neurons. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Chemical Society (ACS) Acta Medica Okayama 1936-0851 18 1 2023 Close-Packed Ices in Nanopores 347 354 EN Kenji Mochizuki Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Yuji Adachi Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Okayama University Kenichiro Koga Department of Chemistry, Okayama University Water molecules in any of the ice polymorphs organize themselves into a perfect four-coordinated hydrogen-bond network at the expense of dense packing. Even at high pressures, there seems to be no way to reconcile the ice rules with the close packing. Here, we report several close-packed ice phases in carbon nanotubes obtained from molecular dynamics simulations of two different water models. Typically they are in plastic states at high temperatures and are transformed into the hydrogen-ordered ice, keeping their close-packed structures at lower temperatures. The close-packed structures of water molecules in carbon nanotubes are identified with those of spheres in a cylinder. We present design principles of hydrogen-ordered, close-packed structures of ice in nanotubes, which suggest many possible dense ice forms with or without nonzero polarization. In fact, some of the simulated ices are found to exhibit ferroelectric ordering upon cooling. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学文明動態学研究所 Acta Medica Okayama 2436-8326 3 2024 明治期の災害情報と記録化―遠藤允信の情報活動とその背景― 67 78 EN Masashi AMANO National Museum of Japanese History 特集：災害と文明・地域社会 (Special Issue: Disasters, civilization, and local society) 10.18926/66193 This paper focuses on the recording and transmission of disaster information, and examines the accumulation of disaster information, its trends, and the intentions behind its accumulation through a survey of information records accumulated by individuals during the Meiji period. Endō Sanenobu, the subject of this paper, was active mainly in Kyoto during the Meiji period (1868-1912), and in the course of his activities, he accumulated a vast amount of information records called the Seizan Manroku (静山漫録), including records of his investigations of ancient documents handed down in various places and verification records of folk tales and customs passed down in various places. In the course of accumulating such information, he became increasingly interested in disaster information after the Yodogawa river flood in Osaka in 1885, and eventually began to compile a series of Suiin Hikkai（酔蚓筆芥）on disaster information as his main theme. The series of information activities by Sanenobu were also supported by the development and diffusion of information media during that period. At the same time, the fact that Sanenobu paid attention to disaster information among various types of information suggests that he regarded disasters as an important turning point in his understanding of national and social changes. Through this information, the reality of people's social perceptions formed by the media will be revealed. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 77 6 2023 Effects of Nutritional Support Combined with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Strength and Thickness: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Young Adult Males 635 645 EN Tomohiro Ikeda Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Kazunori Okamura Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima Masaki Hasegawa Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima Satoshi Tanaka Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima Shusaku Kanai Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima Original Article 10.18926/AMO/66156 In the management of post-injury patients with activity limitations, methods to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and hasten recovery are important. This randomized controlled, single-blinded study was a preliminary investigation of the combined effect of nutritional support with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on muscle strength and thickness. Healthy young adult males (median age, 21 years) were enrolled; each of their hands was randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: Placebo, Nutrition, NMES, and Nutrition + NMES. All participants received whey protein or placebo (3x/week for 6 weeks) and NMES training (3x/week for 6 weeks) on the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle of either the left or right hand. ADM muscle strength and thickness were analyzed at baseline and at week 7. We analyzed 38 hands (9 Placebo, 10 Nutrition, 9 NMES, 10 Nutrition + NMES). There was significantly greater muscle strengthening in the Nutrition + NMES group compared to the Placebo group or the NMES group, but no significant difference in gain of muscle thickness. The combined intervention may be effective in improving muscle strength. Future clinical trials targeting various muscles after sports-related injuries are warranted. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

耳鼻と臨床会 Acta Medica Okayama 0447-7227 68 4 2022 個人輸入した PDE-5 阻害薬の内服後に生じた急性感音難聴の 1 例 273 278 EN Akifumi KARIYA Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Japanese Red Cross Okayama Hospital Hisashi ISHIHARA Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Japanese Red Cross Okayama Hospital Naoki AKISADA Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Koji HAMADA Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Japanese Red Cross Okayama Hospital Sayaka FUJI Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Japanese Red Cross Okayama Hospital Seiko AKAGI Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Japanese Red Cross Okayama Hospital Ayako TAKEUCHI Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Japanese Red Cross Okayama Hospital 個人輸入した PDE-5 阻害薬内服後に急性感音難聴を生じた症例を経験したため報告する。症例は 40 代、男性。インターネット経由で購入したバルデナフィルを使用後に、感音難聴を生じた。プレドニゾロンの全身投与を行い、バルデナフィルを中止したところ、聴力はおおむね改善した。PDE-5 阻害薬は難聴との関連が指摘されているが、わが国では十分に周知されていない。PDE-5 阻害薬はインターネットで簡単に個人輸入できる一方で、偽造薬も数多く出回っており、健康被害も生じている。また、個人輸入薬は処方薬に比して服薬歴の把握が難しい場合があり、薬剤性難聴を疑う場合は詳細な問診を心掛ける必要がある。 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 77 3 2023 Endocrinological Changes after Anamorelin Administration in Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer 235 241 EN Sakiko Kuraoka Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Masaya Iwamuro Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Takuya Satomi Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tatsuhiro Yamazaki Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kenta Hamada Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yoshiyasu Kono Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hiromitsu Kanzaki Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hironari Kato Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Fumio Otsuka Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hiroyuki Okada Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Original Article 10.18926/AMO/65488 Changes in hormone levels in patients with cancer cachexia after anamorelin administration have not been fully investigated. This study aimed to determine how anamorelin affects the endocrine system in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and cachexia. We prospectively enrolled 13 patients and comprehensively investigated their body weight and levels of serum albumin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and hormones before (week 0) and 3 and 12 weeks after anamorelin administration. The variables were evaluated at week 3 in 9 patients and at week 12 in 5 patients. At week 3, anamorelin administration resulted in body weight gain and increased the levels of growth hormone and HbA1c, as well as insulin-like growth factor-1 standard deviation scores (IGF-1 SD scores). At the same time, negative correlations were observed between ΔIGF-1 SD score and Δthyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) and between ΔIGF-1 SD score and Δfree testosterone. ΔBody weight and ΔIGF-1 SD score correlated positively at week 12. These results suggest that TSH and free testosterone levels can be affected 3 weeks after anamorelin administration; however, those variables tend to return to a state of equilibrium, and anabolic effects of anamorelin appear in long-term (≥ 12 weeks) users. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学大学院ヘルスシステム統合科学研究科 Acta Medica Okayama 2436-3227 3 2023 特集にあたって 11 13 EN Masafumi MOTOMURA Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University This special feature is based on the symposium ,"Feelings of "Meiwaku/Burden" in Modern Japan’s Super-aging Society,” which was held on Monday, September 19, 2022. This symposium was sponsored by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP20A00007. This project focuses on the fact that when people think about aging, end-of-life care, and death in modern Japan, many feel that “they do not want to be a burden to others.” The project is divided into three research groups: historic studies, studies of contemporary Japan, and field research. The symposium reported the results of the contemporary Japan research group, which is halfway through its research. The symposium consisted of two sessions, and this special feature is based on the three participants in the session titled “Feelings of"Meiwaku/Burden" : A Comparison with Other Countries.” Ryozo Suzuki’s study focuses on “the giving of gifts as being mutual actions of giving and receiving” to understand the elderly’s feelings of meiwaku and analyzes the significance and complex structures of the feeling of “being a burden to others” at the end of one’s life. Haruka Hikasa’s study considers the feelings of meiwaku in relation to the subject’s autonomy in the context of medical care provided to people with terminal or chronic illnesses. Natsumi Tanaka’s study examines the feelings of meiwaku among the elderly in France and is based on the work of Simone de Beauvoir. She determines the motivations behind the elderly’s feelings of meiwaku and categorizes them. The abovementioned studies present important research results and facilitate future comparative research on the feelings of meiwaku between Japan and other countries. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Oxford University Press Acta Medica Okayama 2399-5300 6 4 2022 The Effects of Wages and Training on Intent to Switch or Leave Among Direct Care Workers igac035 EN Kensaku Kishida Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Okayama University Background and Objectives Although most studies have not separated turnover of direct care workers (DCWs) into those who switch to another organization (switchers) and those who leave the industry (leavers), switchers and leavers have different impacts on the facilities they quit and the labor market for DCWs. We distinguished between intent to switch and intent to leave and investigated the impact of wages and training on each turnover intention. Research Design and Methods Data were obtained from Japan's Fact-Finding Survey on Long-term Care Work. We included DCWs (n = 7,311) in the analyses and used multinomial regression by sex and provider type to compare those who wanted to switch and those who wanted to leave with those who wanted to remain in their current workplace. Results The impacts of an increase in wages and a higher training score were larger for intent to switch than intent to leave. Compared with wages, the impact of training was greater. The impact of job characteristics on turnover intention varied between women and men and across provider types. Discussion and Implications This study provides a better understanding of the difference in the determinants of switching and leaving and simultaneously increases our understanding of the differences between women and men and across provider types. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

BMC Acta Medica Okayama 1465-5411 24 1 2022 Exosomal Wnt7a from a low metastatic subclone promotes lung metastasis of a highly metastatic subclone in the murine 4t1 breast cancer 60 EN Chunning Li Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Teizo Yoshimura Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Miao Tian Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Yuze Wang Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Takamasa Kondo Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Ken-Ichi Yamamoto Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Masayoshi Fujisawa Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Toshiaki Ohara Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Masakiyo Sakaguchi Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Akihiro Matsukawa Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Background Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) often have poorer prognosis than those with other subtypes because of its aggressive behaviors. Cancer cells are heterogeneous, and only a few highly metastatic subclones metastasize. Although the majority of subclones may not metastasize, they could contribute by releasing factors that increase the capacity of highly metastatic cells and/or provide a favorable tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we analyzed the interclonal communication in TNBC which leads to efficient cancer progression, particularly lung metastasis, using the polyclonal murine 4T1 BC model. Methods We isolated two 4T1 subclones, LM.4T1 and HM.4T1 cells with a low and a high metastatic potential, respectively, and examined the effects of LM.4T1 cells on the behaviors of HM.4T1 cells using the cell scratch assay, sphere-forming assay, sphere invasion assay, RT-qPCR, and western blotting in vitro. We also examined the contribution of LM.4T1 cells to the lung metastasis of HM.4T1 cells and TME in vivo. To identify a critical factor which may be responsible for the effects by LM.4T1 cells, we analyzed the data obtained from the GEO database. Results Co-injection of LM.4T1 cells significantly augmented lung metastases by HM.4T1 cells. LM.4T1-derived exosomes promoted the migration and invasion of HM.4T1 cells in vitro, and blocking the secretion of exosome abrogated their effects on HM.4T1 cells. Analyses of data obtained from the GEO database suggested that Wnt7a might be a critical factor responsible for the enhancing effects. In fact, a higher level of Wnt7a was detected in LM.4T1 cells, especially in exosomes, than in HM.4T1 cells, and deletion of Wnt7a in LM.4T1 cells significantly decreased the lung metastasis of HM.4T1 cells. Further, treatment with Wnt7a increased the spheroid formation by HM.4T1 cells via activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Finally, infiltration of alpha SMA-positive fibroblasts and angiogenesis was more prominent in tumors of LM.4T1 cells and deletion of Wnt7a in LM.4T1 cells markedly reduced angiogenesis. Conclusions We demonstrated, for the first time, that a low metastatic subclone can enhance lung metastasis of highly metastatic subclone via exosomal Wnt7a and propose Wnt7a as a molecular target to treat TNBC patients. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 76 4 2022 Elucidation of the Mechanism and Significance of the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate from Clinical Laboratory Data 447 455 EN Hiroshi Umemura Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine Yoshiaki Fukuda Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nihon University Itabashi Hospital Tetsuo Miyashita Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nihon University Itabashi Hospital Tomohiro Nakayama Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine Original Article 10.18926/AMO/63904 The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a widely used marker of inflammation, but the detailed mechanisms underlying the ESR remain unclear. We retrospectively collected laboratory data from our hospital’s laboratory information system, and performed multiple linear regression analysis and correlation analysis to determine relationships between the ESR and other laboratory test parameters. The alpha-2, beta-2, and gamma fractions from serum protein electrophoresis, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, IgM, and complement C3 levels, plasma fibrinogen levels, and platelet count showed positive effects on the ESR; however, the serum albumin level showed negative effects. Since erythrocytes are negatively charged, an increase in positively charged proteins and a decrease in negatively charged albumin were suggested to increase the ESR. Notably, C-reactive protein (CRP) showed the third-strongest correlation with the ESR despite having no significant effect on the ESR. We also reviewed cases with discordant ESR and CRP levels to compare the disease profiles of high ESR/low CRP patients and low ESR/high CRP patients. The patients with high ESR/low CRP had a completely different disease profile from those with low ESR/high CRP. Since the ESR and CRP have different roles, they should be used as markers in a context-dependent manner. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 76 4 2022 Therapeutic Approaches Targeting miRNA in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 359 371 EN Sumie Hiramatsu-Asano Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Jun Wada Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Review 10.18926/AMO/63887 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a potentially fatal systemic autoimmune disease, and its etiology involves both genetic and environmental factors such as sex hormone imbalance, genetic predisposition, epigenetic regulation, and immunological factors. Dysregulation of microRNA (miRNA) is suggested to be one of the epigenetic factors in SLE. miRNA is a 22-nucleotide single-stranded noncoding RNA that contributes to post-transcriptional modulation of gene expression. miRNA targeting therapy has been suggested to be useful for the treatment of cancers and other diseases. Gene knockout and miRNA targeting therapy have been demonstrated to improve SLE disease activity in mice. However, these approaches have not yet reached the level of clinical application. miRNA targeting therapy is limited by the fact that each miRNA has multiple targets. In addition, the expression of certain miRNAs may differ among cell tissues within a single SLE patient. This limitation can be overcome by targeted delivery and chemical modifications. In the future, further research into miRNA chemical modifications and delivery systems will help us develop novel therapeutic agents for SLE. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Ceramic Society of Japan Acta Medica Okayama 1348-6535 130 8 2022 Environmental activities on glass in Japan 605 610 EN Tokuro Nanba Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Yasuhiko Benino Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Tomoko Akai National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) In general, glass has been recognized as an environmentally friendly material. However, the production of glass requires a lot of heat energy, and the raw materials also emit CO2 at the melting process. In fact, commercial glasses are not easy to recycle. In glass industry of Japan, various efforts have been made so far to reduce the environmental impact of glass. In this paper, not only glass manufacturing technologies but also glass recycling technologies were reviewed, and the future glass production technologies to achieve carbon neutrality were also introduced. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 2433-4146 53 3 2022 ポーランドにおける体制転換以降の政治・経済・社会的変動 －カトリック教会の動向とポピュリズム政治の台頭を中心に－ 21 44 EN Hiroichi Iemoto Masahiro Taguchi 10.18926/OER/63485 This paper describes the doctrinal trends of the Catholic Church and the rise of populist politics by analyzing the political, economic, and social changes that have occurred since the system transformation period.<br> In 1989, Poland became the first socialist country to establish a non-communist government and led the system transformations in Eastern European countries. Politically, Poland has broken the communist dictatorship and introduced political pluralism, economically she has promoted market liberalization, and socially she has achieved democratization and cultural pluralism. However, politicians, while superficially advocating political pluralism, often engaged in a battle of mutual accusations through “lustration,” which refers to policies that limit the participation of former communists, especially informants of the communist secret police, resulting in political chaos. In recent years, under the “Law and Justice” regime, Catholic traditions and conservative national and family values have been honored as values that must be upheld by Poles, while EU skepticism has been propagated, anti-immigrant sentiments have been fanned, and the clampdown on LGBT people has been tightened. Conflicts with the EU have also intensified, including political intervention in the judiciary and the supremacy of domestic law over EU law. Put simply, Law and Justice, while claiming to reintroduce pluralism into a Polish polity dominated by the monolithic technocratic liberalism that was dominant in the early years of the transition, has in fact empowered social groups that felt excluded from the post-1989 reforms to create a more exclusive monism. <br> Thus, while Poland received international attention as a country that led the way in democratization among the former Eastern European countries, even today pluralism has not taken stable root. In Chapter 1, the political and economic situation and changes of doctrine of the Church during the transition period will be analyzed. In Chapter 2, the political changes during the EU accession period and the church’s search for its position will mentioned. The chapter ３ will analyze the rise of populism after 2015 and its relationship to the Catholic Church. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 76 1 2022 Obesity’s Influence on Insulin Resistance in Pregnant Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 51 56 EN Eriko Eto Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kazumasa Tani Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Jota Maki Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kei Hayata Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hisashi Masuyama Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Original Article 10.18926/AMO/63209 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine metabolic disorder that is associated with high insulin resistance and obesity. However, ~70% of women with PCOS in Japan are non-obese. We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 163 Japanese women with PCOS who visited our Ob/Gyn department in 2006-2018 to determine which has a greater effect on insulin resistance: PCOS or obesity. We reviewed the women’s medical records and calculated their insulin resistance and insulin secretion. The women’s mean age and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) were 30±5.8 years and 24.8±5.6 kg/m2, respectively; their mean ± SD fasting plasma glucose, 94.1±13.7 mg/dL; HOMA-IR, 2.1±2.0; QUICKI, 0.4±0.0; and HOMA-β, 108.9±88.0%. Sixtyeight women were pregnant, and 37% (n=25) were obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Obesity had a greater effect on insulin resistance: fasting plasma glucose F(1, 53)=6.134, p<0.05; fasting insulin F(1, 53)=31.606, p<0.01; HOMA-IR F(1, 53)=31.670, p<0.01; QUICKI F(1, 53)=16.156, p<0.01. There was no significant difference in values other than QUICKI and testosterone between the women with and without PCOS. Obesity thus had a greater effect on increased insulin resistance in pregnant women with PCOS. Further studies of the insulin resistance of non-obese women with PCOS is needed, as non-obese women with PCOS are common in Asia. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0006-291X 587 2022 Oligomerization of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 160 165 EN Yusei Fukumoto Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Yuhei Harada Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Satomi Ohtsuka Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Naoki Kanayama Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Masaki Magari Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Naoya Hatano Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Hiroyuki Sakagami Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine Hiroshi Tokumitsu Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinases (CaMKKα and β) are regulatory kinases for multiple downstream kinases, including CaMKI, CaMKIV, PKB/Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through phosphorylation of each activation-loop Thr residue. In this report, we biochemically characterize the oligomeric structure of CaMKK isoforms through a heterologous expression system using COS-7 cells. Oligomerization of CaMKK isoforms was readily observed by treating CaMKK transfected cells with cell membrane permeable crosslinkers. In addition, His-tagged CaMKKα (His–CaMKKα) pulled down with FLAG-tagged CaMKKα (FLAG–CaMKKα) in transfected cells. The oligomerization of CaMKKα was confirmed by the fact that GST–CaMKKα/His–CaMKKα complex from transiently expressed COS-7 cells extracts was purified to near homogeneity by the sequential chromatography using glutathione-sepharose/Nisepharose and was observed in a Ca2+/CaM-independent manner by reciprocal pulldown assay, suggesting the direct interaction between monomeric CaMKKα. Furthermore, the His-CaMKKα kinase-dead mutant (D293A) complexed with FLAG–CaMKKα exhibited significant CaMKK activity, indicating the active CaMKKα multimeric complex. Collectively, these results suggest that CaMKKα can self-associate in the cells, constituting a catalytically active oligomer that might be important for the efficient activation of CaMKK-mediated intracellular signaling. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 1047-2797 28 1 2018 Covariate balance for no confounding in the sufficient-cause model 48 53 EN Etsuji Suzuki Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Toshihide Tsuda Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Eiji Yamamoto Department of Information Science, Faculty of Informatics, Okayama University of Science Purpose: To show conditions of covariate balance for no confounding in the sufficient-cause model and discuss its relationship with exchangeability conditions.<br> Methods: We consider the link between the sufficient-cause model and the counterfactual model, emphasizing that the target population plays a key role when discussing these conditions. Furthermore, we incorporate sufficient causes within the directed acyclic graph framework. We propose to use each of the background factors in sufficient causes as representing a set of covariates of interest and discuss the presence of covariate balance by comparing joint distributions of the relevant background factors between the exposed and the unexposed groups.<br> Results: We show conditions for partial covariate balance, covariate balance, and full covariate balance, each of which is stronger than partial exchangeability, exchangeability, and full exchangeability, respectively. This is consistent with the fact that the sufficient-cause model is a “finer” model than the counterfactual model.<br> Conclusions: Covariate balance is a sufficient, but not a necessary, condition for no confounding irrespective of the target population. Although our conceptualization of covariate imbalance is closely related to the recently proposed counterfactual-based definition of a confounder, the concepts of covariate balance and confounder should be clearly distinguished. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 75 6 2021 EG-VEGF Induces Invasion of a Human Trophoblast Cell Line via PROKR2 677 684 EN Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Takashi Mitsui Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Sakurako Mishima Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Akiko Ohira Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Jota Maki Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Eriko Eto Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kei Hayata Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Keiichiro Nakamura Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hisashi Masuyama Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Original Article 10.18926/AMO/62806 Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion is important for embryo implantation, placental development, and successful remodeling of the uterine spiral artery. Endocrine gland derived-vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in EVT invasion; however, the high con-centrations found in pregnancy pathologies have not been investigated in non-tumor trophoblasts. The roles of EG-VEGF, prokineticin receptors (PROKR1/2), MMP-2, and MMP-9 in EVT invasion during spiral artery remodeling were evaluated using human EVT from HTR-8/SVneo cell lines. The expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Akt pathways in HTR-8/SVneo cells treated with recom-binant EG-VEGF alongside anti-PROKR1 and/or anti-PROKR2 antibodies was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blotting. Wound-healing and cell invasion assays were performed to assess the migration and invasion of these treated cells. Interestingly, 20 nM EG-VEGF activated ERK1/2 sig-naling and upregulated MMP-2 and MMP-9. This effect was suppressed by anti-PROKR2 antibody via ERK1/2 downregulation. Anti-PROKR2 antibody inhibited the migration and invasion of EG-VEGF-stimulated HTR-8/SVneo cells. Elevated concentrations of EG-VEGF enhance EVT invasion in a human trophoblast cell line by upregulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 via PROKR2. These new insights into the regulation of epithelial cell invasion may help in developing therapeutic interventions for placental-related diseases during pregnancy. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier B.V. Acta Medica Okayama 0012-821X 574 15 2021 Heterogeneity within refractory organic matter from CM2 Carbonaceous Chondrites: Evidence from Raman spectroscopy 117149 EN Christian Potiszil Pheasant Memorial Laboratory, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University Wren Montgomery Imaging and Analysis Centre, The Natural History Museum Mark A. Sephton Impacts and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London CM2 chondrites experienced widespread aqueous and short term thermal alteration on their parent bodies. Whilst previous Raman spectroscopic investigations have investigated insoluble organic matter (IOM), they have not taken into account the binary nature of IOM. Studies employing mass spectrometry have indicated that IOM also known as macromolecular organic matter (MOM) is in fact composed of two distinct fractions: labile organic matter (LOM) and refractory organic matter (ROM). The ROM component represents the aromatic rich and heteroatom poor component of IOM/MOM, whilst the LOM fraction represents a more heteroatom and aliphatic rich component. Here we report Raman 2D maps and spectroscopic data for Murchison and Mighei, both before and after chemical degradation, which attacks and liberates LOM. The removal of LOM simulates the effects of aqueous alteration, where ester and ether bonds are broken and is thought to release some components to the soluble organic matter (SOM) fraction, also known as the free organic matter fraction (FOM). Raman spectroscopy can be used to reveal the nature of bonding (sp2and sp3) within carbonaceous materials such as meteoritic organic matter, through evaluation of the D and G band peak centres and FWHM values from the recorded data. The presence of sp3orbitals indicates that the organic materials contain aliphatic linkages and/or heteroatoms. Statistical analysis of the Raman parameters obtained here indicates that the organic matter originating the Raman response is indistinguishable between the bulk (chemically untreated) and chemically degraded (treated with KOH and HI) samples. Such an observation indicates that the ROM fraction is the major contributor to the Raman response of meteoritic organic matter and thus Raman spectroscopy is unlikely to record any aqueous alteration processes that have affected meteoritic organic matter. Therefore, studies which use Raman to probe the IOM are investigating just one of the components of IOM and not the entire fraction. Studies that aim to investigate the effects of aqueous alteration on meteoritic organic matter should use alternate techniques to Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the indistinguishable nature of the Raman response of ROM from Murchison and Mighei suggests these meteorites inherited a ROM component that is chemically similar, reflecting either a common process for the formation of CM2 meteoritic ROM and/or that these meteorites probed the same ROM reservoir. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Elsevier BV Acta Medica Okayama 0143-4160 96 2021 Regulation of the tubulin polymerization-promoting protein by Ca2+/S100 proteins 102404 EN Seita Doi Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Naoki Fujioka Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University Satomi Ohtsuka Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Rina Kondo Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Maho Yamamoto Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Miwako Denda CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd Masaki Magari Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Naoki Kanayama Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Naoya Hatano Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Ryo Morishita CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd Takafumi Hasegawa Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Hiroshi Tokumitsu Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University To elucidate S100 protein-mediated signaling pathways, we attempted to identify novel binding partners for S100A2 by screening protein arrays carrying 19,676 recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)-fused human proteins with biotinylated S100A2. Among newly discovered putative S100A2 interactants, including TMLHE, TRH, RPL36, MRPS34, CDR2L, OIP5, and MED29, we identified and characterized the tubulin polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP) as a novel S100A2-binding protein. We confirmed the interaction of TPPP with Ca2+/S100A2 by multiple independent methods, including the protein array method, S100A2 overlay, and pulldown assay in vitro and in transfected COS-7 cells. Based on the results from the S100A2 overlay assay using various GST-TPPP mutants, the S100A2-binding region was identified in the C-terminal (residues 111-160) of the central core domain of a monomeric form of TPPP that is involved in TPPP dimerization. Chemical cross-linking experiments indicated that S100A2 suppresses dimer formation of His-tagged TPPP in a dosedependent and a Ca2+-dependent manner. In addition to S100A2, TPPP dimerization is disrupted by other multiple S100 proteins, including S100A6 and S100B, in a Ca2+-dependent manner but not by S100A4. This is consistent with the fact that S100A6 and S100B, but not S100A4, are capable of interacting with GST-TPPP in the presence of Ca2+. Considering these results together, TPPP was identified as a novel target for S100A2, and it is a potential binding target for other multiple S100 proteins, including S100A6 and S100B. Direct binding of the S100 proteins with TPPP may cause disassembly of TPPP dimer formation in response to the increasing concentration of intracellular Ca2+, thus resulting in the regulation of the physiological function of TPPP, such as microtubule organization. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 133 1 2021 新型コロナウイルスを正しく知る 62 67 EN Tetsuya Mizutani Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI Acta Medica Okayama 2218-273X 11 4 2021 Identification and Biochemical Characterization of High Mobility Group Protein 20A as a Novel Ca2+/S100A6 Target 510 EN Maho Yamamoto Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Rina Kondo Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Haruka Hozumi Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University Seita Doi Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Miwako Denda Cell Free Sciences Co., Ltd. Masaki Magari Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Naoki Kanayama Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Naoya Hatano Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University Ryo Morishita Cell Free Sciences Co., Ltd. Hiroshi Tokumitsu Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University During screening of protein-protein interactions, using human protein arrays carrying 19,676 recombinant glutathione s-transferase (GST)-fused human proteins, we identified the high-mobility protein group 20A (HMG20A) as a novel S100A6 binding partner. We confirmed the Ca2+-dependent interaction of HMG20A with S100A6 by the protein array method, biotinylated S100A6 overlay, and GST-pulldown assay in vitro and in transfected COS-7 cells. Co-immunoprecipitation of S100A6 with HMG20A from HeLa cells in a Ca2+-dependent manner revealed the physiological relevance of the S100A6/HMG20A interaction. In addition, HMG20A has the ability to interact with S100A1, S100A2, and S100B in a Ca2+-dependent manner, but not with S100A4, A11, A12, and calmodulin. S100A6 binding experiments using various HMG20A mutants revealed that Ca2+/S100A6 interacts with the C-terminal region (residues 311-342) of HMG20A with stoichiometric binding (HMG20A:S100A6 dimer = 1:1). This was confirmed by the fact that a GST-HMG20A mutant lacking the S100A6 binding region (residues 311-347, HMG20A-Delta C) failed to interact with endogenous S100A6 in transfected COS-7 cells, unlike wild-type HMG20A. Taken together, these results identify, for the first time, HMG20A as a target of Ca2+/S100 proteins, and may suggest a novel linkage between Ca2+/S100 protein signaling and HMG20A function, including in the regulation of neural differentiation. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI Acta Medica Okayama 1996-1944 14 6 2021 Antibacterial Effect of Amino Acid-Silver Complex Loaded Montmorillonite Incorporated in Dental Acrylic Resin 1442 EN Kumiko Yoshihara Department of Pathology & Experimental Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Noriyuki Nagaoka Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School Aya Umeno Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Akinari Sonoda Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hideki Obika Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Yasuhiro Yoshida Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University Bart Van Meerbeek KU Leuven (University of Leuven) Department of Oral Health Research, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven Yoji Makita Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Several dental materials contain silver for antibacterial effect, however the effect is relatively low. The reason for the lower antibacterial efficacy of silver is considered to be the fact that silver ions bind to chloride ions in saliva. To develop new effective silver antibacterial agents that can be useful in the mouth, we synthesized two novel amino acid (methionine or histidine)-silver complexes (Met or His-Ag) loaded with montmorillonite (Mont) and analyzed their antibacterial efficacy. At first the complexes were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and amino acid-Ag complex-loaded Mont (amino acid-Ag-Mont) were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial efficacy of these materials in dental acrylic resin was then investigated by bacterial growth measurement using a spectrophotometer. As controls, commercially available silver-loaded zeolite and silver-zirconium phosphate were also tested. Dental acrylic resin incorporating His-Ag-Mont strongly inhibited Streptococcus mutans growth. This was explained by the fact that His-Ag complex revealed the highest amounts of silver ions in the presence of chloride. The structure of the amino acid-Ag complexes affected the silver ion presence in chloride and the antibacterial efficacy. His-Ag-Mont might be used as antibacterial agents for dental materials. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学教師教育開発センター Acta Medica Okayama 2186-1323 11 2021 大学生におけるインターネット使用態度，インターネット依存傾向とインターネット使用開始時の使用状況との関連 307 317 EN Motoko MIYAKE Graduate School of Education, Okayama University 10.18926/CTED/61582 大学生を対象として，インターネット使用態度，インターネット依存傾向と，インターネ ット使用開始時の使用状況との関連について，質問紙調査を用いて検討した。調査に参加した大学生 95 名のうち，インターネットの使用開始が小学５，６年生から中学３年生までの間であった 60 名を対象に分析を行った。分析の結果，主として以下のことが明らかとな った。使用開始時の使用実態が望ましいものであるほど大学生時点でも安全な使用ができている傾向があり，また，使用開始時の使用実態が望ましくかつ自律的に管理できているほど大学生時点においてインターネット依存に陥るリスクは低い可能性が示唆された。これらのことから，子どものインターネット使用をめぐる問題に関して，使用実態の望ましさだけでなく，自律的か他律的かという観点からも使用状況を捉えることの重要性が示唆された。 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

BMC Acta Medica Okayama 2051-5960 9 1 2021 Differentiated glioblastoma cells accelerate tumor progression by shaping the tumor microenvironment via CCN1-mediated macrophage infiltration 29 EN Atsuhito Uneda Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kazuhiko Kurozumi Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Atsushi Fujimura Department of Cellular Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kentaro Fujii Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Joji Ishida Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yosuke Shimazu Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yoshihiro Otani Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yusuke Tomita Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yasuhiko Hattori Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yuji Matsumoto Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Nobushige Tsuboi Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Keigo Makino Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Shuichiro Hirano Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Atsunori Kamiya Department of Cellular Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Isao Date Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor characterized by significant cellular heterogeneity, namely tumor cells, including GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) and differentiated GBM cells (DGCs), and non-tumor cells such as endothelial cells, vascular pericytes, macrophages, and other types of immune cells. GSCs are essential to drive tumor progression, whereas the biological roles of DGCs are largely unknown. In this study, we focused on the roles of DGCs in the tumor microenvironment. To this end, we extracted DGC-specific signature genes from transcriptomic profiles of matched pairs of in vitro GSC and DGC models. By evaluating the DGC signature using single cell data, we confirmed the presence of cell subpopulations emulated by in vitro culture models within a primary tumor. The DGC signature was correlated with the mesenchymal subtype and a poor prognosis in large GBM cohorts such as The Cancer Genome Atlas and Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project. In silico signaling pathway analysis suggested a role of DGCs in macrophage infiltration. Consistent with in silico findings, in vitro DGC models promoted macrophage migration. In vivo, coimplantation of DGCs and GSCs reduced the survival of tumor xenograft-bearing mice and increased macrophage infiltration into tumor tissue compared with transplantation of GSCs alone. DGCs exhibited a significant increase in YAP/TAZ/TEAD activity compared with GSCs. CCN1, a transcriptional target of YAP/TAZ, was selected from the DGC signature as a candidate secreted protein involved in macrophage recruitment. In fact, CCN1 was secreted abundantly from DGCs, but not GSCs. DGCs promoted macrophage migration in vitro and macrophage infiltration into tumor tissue in vivo through secretion of CCN1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that DGCs contribute to GSC-dependent tumor progression by shaping a mesenchymal microenvironment via CCN1-mediated macrophage infiltration. This study provides new insight into the complex GBM microenvironment consisting of heterogeneous cells. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI Acta Medica Okayama 1422-0067 22 3 2021 Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer: A Unique and Curious Disease Entity 1053 EN Tomoka Ikeda Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yuka Gion Division of Pathophysiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences Yoshito Nishimura Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Midori Filiz Nishimura Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tadashi Yoshino Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yasuharu Sato Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU) was first described as a lymphoproliferative disorder in 2010. EBVMCU is a unifocal mucosal or cutaneous ulcer that often occurs after local trauma in patients with immunosuppression; the patients generally have a good prognosis. It is histologically characterized by proliferating EBV-positive atypical B cells accompanied by ulcers. On the basis of conventional pathologic criteria, EBVMCU may be misdiagnosed as EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or other lymphomas. However, its prognosis differs from that of EBV-associated lymphomas, in that patients with EBVMCU frequently show spontaneous regression or complete remission without chemotherapy. Therefore, EBVMCU is now recognized as a low-grade malignancy or a pseudo-malignant lesion. Avoiding unnecessary chemotherapy by distinguishing EBVMCU from other EBV-associated lymphomas will reduce the burden and unnecessary harm on patients. On the basis of these facts, EBVMCU was first described as a new clinicopathological entity by the World Health Organization in 2017. In this review, we discuss the clinicopathological characteristics of previously reported EBVMCU cases, while focusing on up-to-date clinical, pathological, and genetic aspects. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Acta Medica Okayama 0021-9258 280 5 2005 Regulation of Chicken ccn2 Gene by Interaction between RNA cis-Element and Putative trans-Factor during Differentiation of Chondrocytes 3166 3177 EN Yoshiki Mukudai Biodental Research Center, Okayama University Dental School CCN2/CTGF is a multifunctional growth factor. Our previous studies have revealed that CCN2 plays important roles in both growth and differentiation of chondrocytes and that the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of ccn2 mRNA contains a cis-repressive element of gene expression. In the present study, we found that the stability of chicken ccn2 mRNA is regulated in a differentiation stage-dependent manner in chondrocytes. We also found that stimulation by bone morphogenetic protein 2, platelet-derived growth factor, and CCN2 stabilized ccn2 mRNA in proliferating chondrocytes but that it destabilized the mRNA in prehypertrophic-hypertrophic chondrocytes. The results of a reporter gene assay revealed that the minimal repressive cis-element of the 3′-UTR of chicken ccn2 mRNA was located within the area between 100 and 150 bases from the polyadenylation tail. Moreover, the stability of ccn2 mRNA was correlated with the interaction between this cis-element and a putative 40-kDa trans-factor in nuclei and cytoplasm. In fact, the binding between them was prominent in proliferating chondrocytes and attenuated in (pre)hypertrophic chondrocytes. Stimulation by the growth factors repressed the binding in proliferating chondrocytes; however, it enhanced it in (pre)hypertrophic chondrocytes. Therefore, gene expression of ccn2 mRNA during endochondral ossification is properly regulated, at least in part, by changing the stability of the mRNA, which arises from the interaction between the RNA cis-element and putative trans-factor. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Royal Society of Chemistry Acta Medica Okayama 2046-2069 11 2 2021 Adsorption enhancement of nitrogen gas by atomically heterogeneous nanospace of boron nitride 838 846 EN Jun Kimura Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Takahiro Ohkubo Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuta Nishina Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University Koki Urita Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University Yasushige Kuroda Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University In this study, porous boron nitride (p-BN) with hexagonal phase boron nitride (h-BN) pore walls was synthesized using high-temperature calcination. Negligible variation in pore-wall structure can be observed in powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles and infrared (IR) spectra. However, a highly stable p-BN with a stable pore structure even at 973 K under the oxidative conditions is obtained when synthesized at higher than 1573 K under nitrogen gas flow. For p-BN, this stability is obtained by generating h-BN microcrystals. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms at 77 K provide type-IV features and typical adsorption–desorption hysteresis, which suggests micropore and mesopore formation. Moreover, adsorption–desorption isotherms of Ar at 87 K are measured and compared with those of nitrogen. The relative adsorbed amount of nitrogen (i.e., the amount of nitrogen normalized by that of Ar at each relative pressure or adsorption potential value) on p-BN is considerably larger than that on microporous carbon at low-pressure regions, which suggests the existence of strong adsorption sites on the p-BN surface. In fact, the relative number of adsorbed nitrogen molecules to that of Ar on p-BN is, at most, 150%–200% larger than that on microporous carbon for the same adsorption potential state. Furthermore, additional adsorption enhancement to nitrogen between P/P0 = 10−5 and 10−3 can be observed for p-BN treated at 1673 K, which suggests the uniformly adsorbed layer formation of nitrogen molecules in the vicinity of a basal planar surface. Thus, unlike typical nanoporous sp2 carbons, p-BN materials have the potential to enhance adsorption for certain gas species because of their unique surface state. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Acta Medica Okayama 2095-0055 12 2 2021 Long-Term Improvement in Precautions for Flood Risk Mitigation: A Case Study in the Low-Lying Area of Central Vietnam 250 266 EN Cong Dinh Nguyen Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Fumikazu Ubukata Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Quang Tan Nguyen International School, Hue University Hoang Ha Vo Faculty of Economics and Development Studies, University of Economics, Hue University Local actors appear as inseparable components of the integrated flood risk mitigation strategy in Vietnam. Recognizing this fact, this study examined the long-term improvement in precautions taken by commune authorities and households between two major floods in 1999 and 2017 by applying both quantitative and qualitative methods. Two flood-prone villages were selected for a survey; one in a rural area and the other in a suburban area of Thua Thien Hue Province, central Vietnam. The findings indicate that most villagers doubted the structural works' efficacy and were dissatisfied with the current efforts of local authorities. Households' self-preparation thus became the decisive factor in mitigating risk. While most households have paid greater attention to flood precautions in 2017, others seem to be lagging. Poverty-related barriers were the root causes restraining households in both rural and suburban villages. The suburban riverine residents were further identified as vulnerable by their limitations in upgrading structural measures, which was ascribed to the inconsistency in the ancient town's preservation policy. This multidimensional comparison, in terms of vulnerability, emphasized the importance of space-function links in the suburb and the contradictions of different policy initiatives, such as landscape rehabilitation, disaster prevention, and livelihood maintenance. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI Acta Medica Okayama 2076-3417 11 1 2021 Multi-Period Maximal Covering Location Problem with Capacitated Facilities and Modules for Natural Disaster Relief Services 397 EN Roghayyeh Alizadeh Division of Mathematical Science for Social Systems, Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Tatsushi Nishi Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Department of Industrial Innovation Engineering, Okayama University Jafar Bagherinejad Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alzahra University Mahdi Bashiri School of Strategy and Leadership, Faculty of Business and Law, Coventry University The paper aims to study a multi-period maximal covering location problem with the configuration of different types of facilities, as an extension of the classical maximal covering location problem (MCLP). The proposed model can have applications such as locating disaster relief facilities, hospitals, and chain supermarkets. The facilities are supposed to be comprised of various units, called the modules. The modules have different sizes and can transfer between facilities during the planning horizon according to demand variation. Both the facilities and modules are capacitated as a real-life fact. To solve the problem, two upper bounds-(LR1) and (LR2)-and Lagrangian decomposition (LD) are developed. Two lower bounds are computed from feasible solutions obtained from (LR1), (LR2), and (LD) and a novel heuristic algorithm. The results demonstrate that the LD method combined with the lower bound obtained from the developed heuristic method (LD-HLB) shows better performance and is preferred to solve both small- and large-scale problems in terms of bound tightness and efficiency especially for solving large-scale problems. The upper bounds and lower bounds generated by the solution procedures can be used as the profit approximation by the managerial executives in their decision-making process. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

MDPI Acta Medica Okayama 1996-1944 13 22 2020 Micro-Architectural Investigation of Teleost Fish Rib Inducing Pliant Mechanical Property 5099 EN Yu Yang Jiao Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Masahiro Okada Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Emilio Satoshi Hara Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Shi Chao Xie Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Noriyuki Nagaoka Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Takayoshi Nakano Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Takuya Matsumoto Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Despite the fact that various reports have been discussing bone tissue regeneration, precise bone tissue manipulation, such as controlling the physical properties of the regenerated bone tissue, still remains a big challenge. Here, we focused on the teleost fish ribs showing flexible and tough mechanical properties to obtain a deeper insight into the structural and functional features of bone tissue from different species, which would be valuable for the superior design of bone-mimicking materials. Herein, we examined their compositions, microstructure, histology, and mechanical properties. The first rib of Carassius langsdorfii showed a higher Young's modulus with a small region of chondrocyte clusters compared with other smaller ribs. In addition, highly oriented collagen fibers and osteocytes were observed in the first rib, indicating that the longest first rib would be more mature. Moreover, the layer-by-layer structure of the oriented bone collagen was observed in each rib. These microarchitectural and compositional findings of fish rib bone would give one the useful idea to reproduce such a highly flexible rib bone-like material. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Acta Medica Okayama 2020 Studies on the facts of the loss of MMP3 on tumoroid formation and the integrity of extracellular vesicles EN Eman Ahmed Mohamed Mohamed Taha Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1566 63 1 2021 A weak Euler formula for l-adic Galois double zeta values 87 105 EN Wojtkowiak Zdzisław Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Déartement de Math ématiques Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné The fact that the double zeta values ζ(n, m) can be written in terms of zeta values, whenever n+m is odd is attributed to Euler. We shall show the weak version of this result for the l-adic Galois realization. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Acta Medica Okayama 0916-8532 E103.D 8 2020 An Algorithm for Automatic Collation of Vocabulary Decks Based on Word Frequency 1865 1874 EN Zeynep Yücel Okayama University Parisa Supitayakul Okayama University Akito Monden Okayama University Pattara Leelaprute Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University This study focuses on computer based foreign language vocabulary learning systems. Our objective is to automatically build vocabulary decks with desired levels of relative difficulty relations. To realize this goal, we exploit the fact that word frequency is a good indicator of vocabulary difficulty. Subsequently, for composing the decks, we pose two requirements as uniformity and diversity. Namely, the difficulty level of the cards in the same deck needs to be uniform enough so that they can be grouped together and difficulty levels of the cards in different decks need to be diverse enough so that they can be grouped in different decks. To assess uniformity and diversity, we use rank-biserial correlation and propose an iterative algorithm, which helps in attaining desired levels of uniformity and diversity based on word frequency in daily use of language. In experiments, we employed a spaced repetition flashcard software and presented users various decks built with the proposed algorithm, which contain cards from different content types. From users' activity logs, we derived several behavioral variables and examined the polyserial correlation between these variables and difficulty levels across different word classes. This analysis confirmed that the decks compiled with the proposed algorithm induce an effect on behavioral variables in line with the expectations. In addition, a series of experiments with decks involving varying content types confirmed that this relation is independent of word class. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Taylor and Francis Acta Medica Okayama 1044-7318 36 16 2020 Estimating Level of Engagement from Ocular Landmarks 1527 1539 EN Zeynep Yucel Department of Computer Science, Division of Industrial Innovation Sciences, Okayama University Serina Koyama Department of Computer Science, Division of Industrial Innovation Sciences, Okayama University Akito Monden Department of Computer Science, Division of Industrial Innovation Sciences, Okayama University Mariko Sasakura Department of Computer Science, Division of Industrial Innovation Sciences, Okayama University E-learning offers many advantages like being economical, flexible and customizable, but also has challenging aspects such as lack of – social-interaction, which results in contemplation and sense of remoteness. To overcome these and sustain learners’ motivation, various stimuli can be incorporated. Nevertheless, such adjustments initially require an assessment of engagement level. In this respect, we propose estimating engagement level from facial landmarks exploiting the facts that (i) perceptual decoupling is promoted by blinking during mentally demanding tasks; (ii) eye strain increases blinking rate, which also scales with task disengagement; (iii) eye aspect ratio is in close connection with attentional state and (iv) users’ head position is correlated with their level of involvement. Building empirical models of these actions, we devise a probabilistic estimation framework. Our results indicate that high and low levels of engagement are identified with considerable accuracy, whereas medium levels are inherently more challenging, which is also confirmed by inter-rater agreement of expert coders. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Acta Medica Okayama 1615-5262 20 2020 Additional kernel observer: privilege escalation attack prevention mechanism focusing on system call privilege changes 461 473 EN Toshihiro Yamauchi Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yohei Akao Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University. NTT Communications Corporation Ryota Yoshitani raduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Yuichi Nakamura Hitachi Ltd. Masaki Hashimoto Graduate School of Information Security, Institute of Information Security Cyberattacks, especially attacks that exploit operating system vulnerabilities, have been increasing in recent years. In particular, if administrator privileges are acquired by an attacker through a privilege escalation attack, the attacker can operate the entire system and cause serious damage. In this paper, we propose an additional kernel observer (AKO) that prevents privilege escalation attacks that exploit operating system vulnerabilities. We focus on the fact that a process privilege can be changed only by specific system calls. AKO monitors privilege information changes during system call processing. If AKO detects a privilege change after system call processing, whereby the invoked system call does not originally change the process privilege, AKO regards the change as a privilege escalation attack and applies countermeasures against it. AKO can therefore prevent privilege escalation attacks. Introducing the proposed method in advance can prevent this type of attack by changing any process privilege that was not originally changed in a system call, regardless of the vulnerability type. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of AKO for Linux x86 64-bit. Moreover, we show that AKO can be expanded to prevent the falsification of various data in the kernel space. Then, we present an expansion example that prevents the invalidation of Security-Enhanced Linux. Finally, our evaluation results show that AKO is effective against privilege escalation attacks, while maintaining low overhead. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Nature Publishing Group Acta Medica Okayama 2397-4648 4 2019 Breathing chromium spinels: a showcase for a variety of pyrochlore Heisenberg Hamiltonians 63 EN Pratyay Ghosh Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Yasir Iqbal Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Tobias Müller Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Ravi T. Ponnaganti Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Ronny Thomale Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Rajesh Narayanan Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Johannes Reuther Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin Michel J. P. Gingras Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo Harald O. Jeschke Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University We address the long-standing problem of the microscopic origin of the richly diverse phenomena in the chromium breathing pyrochlore material family. Combining electronic structure and renormalization group techniques we resolve the magnetic interactions and analyze their reciprocal-space susceptibility. We show that the physics of these materials is principally governed by long-range Heisenberg Hamiltonian interactions, a hitherto unappreciated fact. Our calculations uncover that in these isostructural compounds, the choice of chalcogen triggers a proximity of the materials to classical spin liquids featuring degenerate manifolds of wave-vectors of different dimensions: A Coulomb phase with three-dimensional degeneracy for LiInCr4O8 and LiGaCr4O8, a spiral spin liquid with two-dimensional degeneracy for CuInCr4Se8 and one-dimensional line degeneracies characteristic of the face-centered cubic antiferromagnet for LiInCr4S8, LiGaCr4S8, and CuInCr4S8. The surprisingly complex array of prototypical pyrochlore behaviors we discovered in chromium spinels may inspire studies of transition paths between different semi-classical spin liquids by doping or pressure. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

American Chemical Society Acta Medica Okayama 00222623 62 19 2019 Competitive Binding Assay with an Umbelliferone-Based Fluorescent Rexinoid for Retinoid X Receptor Ligand Screening 8809 8818 EN Shoya Yamada Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Mayu Kawasaki Michiko Fujihara Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Masaki Watanabe Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yuta Takamura Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Maho Takioku Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hiromi Nishioka Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yasuo Takeuchi Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Makoto Makishima Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine Tomoharu Motoyama Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka Sohei Ito Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka Hiroaki Tokiwa Department of Chemistry and Research Center of Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University Shogo Nakano Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka Hiroki Kakuta Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Ligands for retinoid X receptors (RXRs), "rexinoids", are attracting interest as candidates for therapy of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. However, current screening methods for rexinoids are slow and require special apparatus or facilities. Here, we created 7-hydroxy-2-oxo-6-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid (10, CU-6PMN) as a new fluorescent RXR agonist and developed a screening system of rexinoids using 10. Compound 10 was designed based on the fact that umbelliferone emits strong fluorescence in a hydrophilic environment, but the fluorescence intensity decreases in hydrophobic environments such as the interior of proteins. The developed assay using 10 enabled screening of rexinoids to be performed easily within a few hours by monitoring changes of fluorescence intensity with widely available fluorescence microplate readers, without the need for processes such as filtration. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 73 3 2019 A Case of Nager Syndrome Diagnosed Before Birth 273 277 EN Kei Hayata Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Hisashi Masuyama Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Eriko Eto Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Takashi Mitsui Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Shoko Tamada Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Takeshi Eguchi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Jota Maki Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kazumasa Tani Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Akiko Ohira Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Yosuke Washio Department Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Junko Yoshimoto Department Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kosei Hasegawa Department Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Case Report 10.18926/AMO/56872 Nager syndrome is a rare disease involving severe micrognathia and upper limb shortening. In this report, we describe a case in which micrognathia of the fetus was suspected based on the observation of upper limb shortening during detailed B mode and 3D/4D ultrasonographic observation, and combined fetal MRI and 3D-CT led to a prenatal diagnosis of Nager syndrome. Upon birth, because severe micrognathia caused airway obstruction and made it difficult to spread the larynx for intubation, effective ventilation could not be carried out and a tracheostomy was necessary. Since a differential diagnosis of Nager syndrome can be made based on the fact that micrognathia typically co-occurs with upper limb shortening, it is possible to diagnose the disease before birth and prepare for life-saving measures accordingly. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 73 2 2019 Effect of Self-perceived Fatigue on Balance and Functional Mobility in Middle-Aged Obese Women 95 100 EN Sabriye Ercan Department of Sports Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Medicine Faculty, Sports Medicine Department Ferdi Başkurt Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Suleyman Demirel University, Health Sciences Faculty Zeliha Başkurt Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Suleyman Demirel University, Health Sciences Faculty Cem Çetin Department of Sports Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Medicine Faculty Original Article 10.18926/AMO/56644 The aim of this study was to examine effect of fatigue levels on functional mobility and balance in middle-aged obese females. The study included 98 healthy females aged 40-60 years with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Self-perceived fatigue was evaluated with a self-administered questionnaire, the Checklist of Individual Strength in Turkish (CIS-T), on which 62.3% of the study subjects identified themselves as fatigued. The body weight and BMI values of fatigued subjects were found to be higher than those of the non-fatigue group (p<0.05). The reported exercise habits of the fatigue group were found to be significantly lower than their non-fatigued peers (p<0.05). The level of functional mobility (Timed Up and Go Test), static balance (One-Legged Stance Test with Eyes Open) and dynamic balance (Functional Reach Test and the 3-meter Timed Tandem Walk Test) were measured, and statistically significant differences were found between fatigue and non-fatigue groups on all of them (p<0.05). In addition, correlations were found between the sub-parameters of the CIS-T scale and the functional tests at No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 2433-4146 49 2 2018 アダム・スミスの大きな政府論の形成過程に関する一考察 : 『法学講義』から『国富論』への租税論の発展 1 15 EN Satoshi Niimura 10.18926/OER/55673 Adam Smith is well known as an archetypal, leading economist and advocate of laissez-faire capitalism. In fact, Smith analyses the autonomous mechanism of a market economy, criticises mercantile protection, and strongly advocates a free trade policy. However, a considerable number of Smith’s interpreters such as J.Viner have recognised that Smith himself offers many exceptions to laissez-faire. Interestingly, most of the exceptions are not presented in Lectures on Jurisprudence（ LJ）; they appear for the first time in The Wealth of Nations（ WN）. Rather than inconsistencies in the passing, these references seem to reflect a conscious shift in Smith’s policy principle from laissez-faire with a small government to state intervention under a big government. In WN, Smith maintains support for the laissez-faire approach only in the area of foreign trade, and prescribes state intervention in other areas such as banking, financial markets, public works and institutions, and taxation. This article focuses particularly on the evolution of Smith’s view on taxation from LJ to WN. Smith insists in LJ that taxation should be minimised so as not to interfere with the behaviour of various economic agents and the autonomous mechanism of a market economy. However, Smith renounces his fundamental idea of taxation in WN, which indicates support for the imposition of heavier taxes on the rich and reduced taxes on the poor. He proposes an increase in land tax and rejects taxes on profit and wages. He favours various types of progressive taxes and criticises regressive ones, concerning land, houses, and toll, among others. Notably, Smith strongly supports various kinds of “taxes upon the capital value of lands, houses and stock” such as succession tax, land tax, house-rent tax and“ stampduties and duties of registration” indirectly taxed on interest. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学理学部地球科学教室 Acta Medica Okayama 1340-7414 23 1 2016 Prelithification shear structures of mélange unit in Shiofuki-iwa area, the upper Cretaceous Shimanto Belt, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan 9 15 EN Norito Takesue Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shigeyuki Suzuki Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University 10.18926/ESR/55322 Analyzing of sedimentary facies and structure together with regional field mapping were studied in the mélange unit, upper Cretaceous Shimanto Belt, Wakayama Pref., SW Japan. The field survey was concentrated in the coast of Shiofuki-iwa, Miyama Complex, Hidakagawa Belt where soft deformations penetrate throughout the mélange unit. Brittle to ductile faults associated as later deformations are excluded. The mélange unit is subdivided into the Y-shear zone (YSZ) and P-foliation zone (PFZ). The YSZ is composed of thick lenticular sandstone (trends subparallel to the direction of the mélange), intense shear band (thin layer with concentrated prelithification shear deformation) and mudstone dominant mélange. The PFZ is composed of mudstone dominant mélange (associated with foliations which slightly oblique to the direction of the YSZ) and lenticular sandstone (slightly oblique to the direction of the YSZ). The intense shear band separates the YSZ and PFZ. Preserved radiolarian fossils free from deformation in the intense shear band is the evidence of the prelithification shear deformation in the mélange. A remarkable-fact is that the structures of mélange unit are formed under sinistral sense of shear. The mélange unit in the Shiofuki-iwa is ascribed to be formed by sinistral sense of shear during sediments were prelithified. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 48 3 2017 オレゴン州ポートランドにおけるエコリバブルシティの形成 : 都市計画と参加民主主義の視点から 35 57 EN Yasushi Iwabuchi Academic and General Okayama University Regional Research Association Seltzer Ethan Toulan School of Urban Studies and Planning, Portland State University Takehito Ujihara Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University 10.18926/OER/54901 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学大学院法務研究科 Acta Medica Okayama 1881-1485 18 2017 立証趣旨とその拘束力についての一考察 : 平成17年決定および平成27年決定を手がかりとして 1 14 EN Miho Koura 10.18926/OLR/54886 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE Acta Medica Okayama 0021-8693 459 2016 Equivariant class group. I. Finite generation of the Picard and the class groups of an invariant subring 76 108 EN Mitsuyasu Hashimoto Okayama University The purpose of this paper is to define equivariant class group of a locally Krull scheme (that is, a scheme which is locally a prime spectrum of a Krull domain) with an action of a flat group scheme, study its basic properties, and apply it to prove the finite generation of the class group of an invariant subring. In particular, we prove the following. Let k be a field, G a smooth k-group scheme of finite type, and X a quasi-compact quasi-separated locally Krull G-scheme. Assume that there is a k-scheme Z of finite type and a dominant k -morphism Z→XZ→X. Let φ:X→Yφ:X→Y be a G -invariant morphism such that OY→(φ⁎OX)GOY→(φ⁎OX)G is an isomorphism. Then Y is locally Krull. If, moreover, Cl(X)Cl(X) is finitely generated, then Cl(G,X)Cl(G,X) and Cl(Y)Cl(Y) are also finitely generated, where Cl(G,X)Cl(G,X) is the equivariant class group. In fact, Cl(Y)Cl(Y) is a subquotient of Cl(G,X)Cl(G,X). For actions of connected group schemes on affine schemes, there are similar results of Magid and Waterhouse, but our result also holds for disconnected G. The proof depends on a similar result on (equivariant) Picard groups. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学農学部 Acta Medica Okayama 2186-7755 105 2016 Molecular-based analysis of genetic diversity and classification of Japanese melon breeding lines 7 15 EN Tran Phuong Dung Katsunori Tanaka Yukari Akashi Duong Thanh Thuy Hidetaka Nishida Kenji Kato For the breeding of Japanese netted melon, various types of foreign cultivars have been utilized for improving adaptability, disease and pest resistance, fruit quality and so on. However, little is known about their genetic diversity and relationships, since most cultivars derived from crosses between various horticultural groups. To figure out the genetic structure of Japanese melon, in this study, 57 melon accessions from three horticultural groups were examined using 55 RAPD markers produced by 24 RAPD primers. Genetic diversity of the Japanese netted melon was as high as those of cultivar groups of Groups Cantalupensis and Inodorus, while it was low in Group Conomon irrespective of large variations in fruit traits. Cluster analysis and PCO analysis based on genetic distance showed that Group Conomon was distantly related to other melon accessions. Among the latter, European cantaloupe (nonnetted) and American open-field type (netted) proved to be genetically close, while England glasshouse melon (netted) including ‘Earl’s Favourite’ is distantly related to these two groups and closely related with Group Inodorus. It was therefore suggested that England glasshouse type was established from hybrids between European cantaloupe and Group Inodorus. Japanese netted melon was most closely related with England glasshouse type, irrespective of the fact that various kinds of melon accessions have been crossed to improve adaptability, disease resistance and so on. In contrast, pure line cultivars of the Japanese netted melon bred by pure line selection from ‘Earl's Favourite’ or by crossing ‘Earl’s Favourite’ with ‘British Queen’ were confirmed to be mostly homogenous, and it was difficult to establish RAPD markers to discriminate each cultivar. Group Conomon var. makuwa and var. conomon, which have been cultivated and utilized as different crops, proved to be genetically indistinguishable and were considered to share the same gene pool. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学農学部 Acta Medica Okayama 2186-7755 104 2015 ウサギはなぜ糞を食べる？ 23 34 EN Ei Sakaguchi 　The utilization of dietary energy and protein must depend on microbial activity in the gut in every herbivore. For animals adopting the cecum as a microbial habitat, from the viewpoint of the protein utilization, the position of the cecum in the digestive tract is less advantageous than that of foregut fermenters. As a solution to this problem, cecum fermenters perform cecotrophy in order to utilize microbial protein proliferating in the cecum. Cecotrophy is supported by the mechanism that separates microbes from digesta in the colon, sends them back into the cecum and promotes microbial proliferation in the cecum. The colonic separation mechanism can be classified into two types. One is the mucus-trap type separation of bacteria with mucus from digesta in the proximal colon of rodents. The other is the wash-back type separation of particle phase of the colonic contents and liquid phase containing microbes in the colon of rabbits. For microbes guaranteed to inhabit the cecum under colonic separation mechanism, it is necessary for them to obtain sufficient nutrients for survival and proliferation. The source of nitrogen is easily obtained as urea transfered from the blood flow. On the other hand, the energy source is considered to be the limiting factor for bacterial proliferation due to the limited amount of easily usable energy source. In fact, cecal microbial proliferation of rabbits and guinea pigs increases when adding indigestible but fermentable sugars to the feed. As a result, the amount of cecotrophy increases, and the percentage of nitrogen accumulation in the body tends to increase. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Acta Medica Okayama 1880-7046 33 3 2011 Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Increases Urate Level and Decreases Glutathione Level in Larval Drosophila melanogaster 89 95 EN Masaru Fujiwara Yuko Hamatake Sakae Arimoto Keinosuke Okamoto Toshinori Suzuki Tomoe Negishi Recently, we reported experimental evidence to support the notion that in Drosophila melanogaster, urate is involved in defense against toxic effects of environmental cigarette smoke (ECS). To obtain further information pertaining to the defense mechanisms involving urate and other antioxidants, the present study measured the levels of urate, its precursors and glutathione, and SOD activity in larval flies of wild-type strains (Oregon-R and Canton-S) and two urate-null mutant strains (ma-l and ry1) following exposure to ECS for various durations. In both wild type strains, unlike the case in either of the mutant strains, the urate level significantly increased above the basal level in a manner dependent on the duration of ECS exposure. Similar increases in the level of urate precursors were found in Canton-S and in both of the urate-null strains. There was a slight increase in glutathione level above the control level following ECS exposure for a short time, followed by an exposure-dependent decrease to less than 60% of the control level within the exposure range used in all of the four strains. On the other hand, no appreciable change was found in the SOD activity prior to or following ECS exposure, irrespective of the strain examined. In terms of the survival of treated larvae to adulthood under the conditions used for the measurements of urate and others, it was found that wild-type strain Canton-S was as sensitive as the urate-null mutant strains and clearly more sensitive than wild-type strains Oregon-R and Hikone-R. This was so despite the fact that, compared with Oregon-R, Canton-S contained urate at relatively higher levels prior to and following ECS exposure, and that the glutathione levels in Canton-S prior to and following treatment were comparable with those in other strains. These results are discussed with respect to the involvement of urate and glutathione in defense against the toxicity of ECS and the possible existence of another defense mechanism which is deficient in the Canton-S strain. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Okayama University Medical School Acta Medica Okayama 0386-300X 67 5 2013 Double Congenital Fistulae with Aneurysm Diagnosed by Combining Imaging Modalities 305 309 EN Motomi Tachibana Naoki Mukouhara Ryouichi Hirami Hideki Fujio Akihisa Yumoto Yutaka Watanuki Aiko Hayashi Isao Suminoe Hiroshi Koudani Case Report 10.18926/AMO/51866 Congenital coronary pulmonary artery fistula (CAF) is rare, and systemic-to-pulmonary artery fistula (SPAF) is even more so. Furthermore, congenital coronary pulmonary fistula associated with congenital SPAF is extremely rare. As far as we know, CAF and SPAF connected with an aneurysm have not been described very often. We described an 83-year-old woman with an aneurysm originating from a CAF connected to an aortopulmonary artery fistula. Chest radiography revealed a shadow at the left edge of the heart line. Multi-detector-row computed tomography (MDCT) with contrast enhancement and coronary cine angiography revealed that the shadow was an aneurysm connected to a tortuous fistula at the left anterior descending coronary artery. The aneurysm was formed by congenital coronary pulmonary and aortopulmonary artery fistulae. Echocardiography revealed predominantly systolic blood flow in the fistula from the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Although neither MDCT, echocardiography nor coronary angiography alone could provide a comprehensive image of the anomaly, including the hemodynamics in the fistulae and their relationship with surrounding organs and tissues, their combination could provided important facts the led to a deeper understanding of this very uncommon occurrence. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science Acta Medica Okayama 0006-291X 430 2 2013 PML tumor suppressor protein is required for HCV production 592 597 EN Misao Kuroki Yasuo Ariumi Makoto Hijikata Masanori Ikeda Hiromichi Dansako Takaji Wakita Kunitada Shimotohno Nobuyuki Kato PML tumor suppressor protein, which forms discrete nuclear structures termed PML-nuclear bodies, has been associated with several cellular functions, including cell proliferation, apoptosis and antiviral defense. Recently, it was reported that the HCV core protein colocalizes with PML in PML-NBs and abrogates the PML function through interaction with PML. However, role(s) of PML in HCV life cycle is unknown. To test whether or not PML affects HCV life cycle, we examined the level of secreted HCV core and the infectivity of HCV in the culture supernatants as well as the level of HCV RNA in HuH-7-derived RSc cells, in which HCV-JFH1 can infect and efficiently replicate, stably expressing short hairpin RNA targeted to PML. In this context, the level of secreted HCV core and the infectivity in the supernatants from PML knockdown cells was remarkably reduced, whereas the level of HCV RNA in the PML knockdown cells was not significantly affected in spite of very effective knockdown of PML. In fact, we showed that PML is unrelated to HCV RNA replication using the subgenomic HCV-JFH1 replicon RNA, JRN/3-5B. Furthermore, the infectivity of HCV-like particle in the culture supernatants was significantly reduced in PML knockdown JRN/3-5B cells expressing core to NS2 coding region of HCV-JFH1 genome using the trans-packaging system. Finally, we also demonstrated that INI1 and DDX5, the PML-related proteins, are involved in HCV production. Taken together, these findings suggest that PML is required for HCV production. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University Acta Medica Okayama 1349-6115 47 2013 Representation of Torsion Points on Pairing Curves of Embedding Degree 1 19 24 EN Yasuyuki Nogami Taichi Sumo 10.18926/49321 Recent efficient pairings such as Ate pairing use two efficient rational point subgroups such that π(P) = P and π(Q) = [p]Q, where π, p, P, and Q are the Frobenius map for rational point, the characteristic of definition field, and torsion points for pairing, respectively. This relation accelerates not only pairing but also pairing–related operations such as scalar multiplications. It holds in the case that the embedding degree k divides r − 1, where r is the order of torsion rational points. Thus, such a case has been well studied. Alternatively, this paper focuses on the case that the degree divides r + 1 but does not divide r − 1. Then, this paper shows a multiplicative representation for r–torsion points based on the fact that the characteristic polynomial f(π) becomes irreducible over Fr for which π also plays a role of variable. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 44 2 2012 ポーランド経済の成長と地方自治政策および地方自治体の財政状況 1 23 EN Masahiro Taguchi 10.18926/OER/48989 This paper conducts a critical analysis on the political-economic situation of Poland and the current financial condition of the Polish local governments. Poland was the only country in the EU that avoided recession in 2009, i.e. just after the financial crisis it the world in 2008. While a number of studies suggest that the strong exports and individual consumption expenditures have been supporting the economy, they tend to miss the crucial fact that local government finance in the country is relatively well-balanced, and it became one of the factors of the economic stability. Aiming at examining such curious steadiness of the Polish local governments, this paper first focuses on the political and economic situation in Poland to understand the background of the financial condition of the local governments. Secondly, the system of local autonomy and its changes will be reviewed. Thirdly, the paper outlines the current political situation of the country, particularly the outcome of the general election held in 2012. Different regional strategies of the major political parties will be analyzed as well. Finally, the condition of local government finance will be examined to clarify their problems and challenges. From the analysis of this paper, the following points will be elucidated: (1) The solid economic performance has been maintained in Poland even after the global economic crisis. (2) The disparity of economic growth by prefecture and the disparity of the domestic product per capita by prefecture both show observable trend of its increase. (3) There is a big difference in the regional policy between the two major political parties in the country. The ruling party, the Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska; PO), bases its policy on the EU cohesion fund and adopts the economic growth model, in which the economies of metropolises are the engine to lead the country’s economy. On the other hand, the main opposition party, Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość; PiS), sets the liquidation of domestic disparities based on the “Polish” policies as its main goal. (4) The local government system of Poland is characterized by the great authority of commune (gmina) and the securing of tax revenue by the state. This model has been ensuring financial stability of the local government. (5) Many state-owned real estates have been changed to come under local government ownership during the period of systemic transformation. The incomes from the real estates and gains upon their sale have been contributing to the stability of local government finance. (6) Local governments have been one of the factors of Poland’s stable growth. However, many local governments recently started to fall into deficit. The causes of the deficit are as follows: a slowdown in tax revenues due to the recession; the falling real estate prices, the rising prices of construction materials for public works; the rising energy prices; and natural disasters that occur frequently in recent years. (7) The reduction policy of the state budget, directly bound up with the tighter condition of local government finance, as well as the decrease of financial supports from the EU Cohesion Fund and its related cuts in budgets for public works, has a negative impact on the local economy. They consequently affect the growth of the Polish economy to cause its slowing down. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学教師教育開発センター Acta Medica Okayama 2186-1323 2 2012 心理教育的アプローチに対する教育現場の実態とニーズ 33 42 EN Yumiko Okazaki Mikayo Ando 10.18926/CTED/48191 小中学生の不登校・いじめ・暴力行為などの問題行動は，学業や友人関係と関連していることが報告されており，それらに対する対策として心理教育的アプローチの重要性が認識されつつある。そこで本研究では，学校における児童生徒の能力や特性の実態を理解するとともに，心理教育的アプローチの現状と課題を検討することを目的とした。小学校教員489名，中学校教員387名を対象に，教員から見た学校生活で不足している児童生徒の能力や特性，心理教育的アプローチの実施状況について調査を行った。その結果，小中学校教員の半数以上が自己コントロールや対人関係に関する力が，児童生徒に不足していると感じていた。心理教育的アプローチについては，必要性を認識しているものの，実施するための時間的，人的，資源的な課題や，教育の機会に関する課題があることが示された。今後は，研修や専門家との連携などを進めていくことが必要であると考えられた。 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University Acta Medica Okayama 1349-6115 46 2012 Calibration of Ultra-Wide Fisheye Lens Cameras by Eigenvalue Minimization 10 20 EN Kenichi Kanatani 10.18926/48126 We present a new technique for calibrating ultra-wide fisheye lens cameras by imposing the constraint that collinear points be rectified to be collinear, parallel lines to be parallel, and orthogonal lines to be orthogonal. Exploiting the fact that line fitting reduces to an eigenvalue problem, we do a rigorous perturbation analysis to obtain a Levenberg-Marquardt procedure for the optimization. Doing experiments, we point out that spurious solutions exist if collinearity and parallelism alone are imposed. Our technique has many desirable properties. For example, no metric information is required about the reference pattern or the camera position, and separate stripe patterns can be displayed on a video screen to generate a virtual grid, eliminating the grid point extraction processing. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 33 372 1921 ELECTRIC CHARGES OF THE RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES 1 34 EN K. Kosaka M. Seki 1. It is stated that the erythrocytes show a different cataphoresis in the same solution according to the species of the animals and the erythrocytes of the same animal in two different solutions. 2. The erythrocytes of the rabbit possess in 0,9% NaCl solution a positive charge unlike those of the other animals, while they are charged in the isotonic sugar solution most negatively charged. 3. The cataphoresis of the erythrocytes was observed under the microscope not only in the NaCl solution but in many other salt solutions. 4. The statement follows how the cataphoretic phenomena which the erythrocytes show in the isotonic solution of NaCl or cane-sugar are modified by the addition of several reagents. 5. A test is made showing the change of pH of different solutions after the addition of the erythrocytes. 6. It is demonstrated that some Cl-ions in solutions of NaCl or KCl are taken by the erythrocytes which in turn give off some HCO3-ions. 7. Of all the animals the efficiency of the erythrocytes to raise pH of some salt solutions, especially of acid salt solutions is the greatest in the rabbit and the least in the dog as far as they were examined. 8. On the other hand the erythrocytes of the rabbit have a weaker efficacy to neutralize an alkaline solution than those of the dog, guinea-pig or goat. 9. While the erythrocytes absorb some Cl-ions in an acid salt solution, they release these in an alkaline salt solution. 10. The strong efficiency of the rabbit erythrocytes to raise pH of some solutions is an important factor, the explanation, perhaps, being that they possess a positive charge in the salt solution unlike those of almost all other animals. Likewise the fact that the erythrocytes of the dog have a strong negative charge in the salt solution seems to bear upon their weak efficacy to neutralize an acid solution. 11. In order to explain the cataphoresis of the erythrocytes in the sugarsolution a hypothesis is offered concerning the permeability of the membrane of the erythrocytes. If the erythrocytes of the rabbit are thrown into a sugar solution which contains no electrolytes, there would occur a condensation of the cell membrane, so that it would hinder the passage of some anions, while the diffusion of cations goes on unaffected. On the other hand the permeability of the erythrocytes of the dog and cat seems to remain almost unchanged in the sugar solution as well as in the salt solution. For this reason the erythrocytes of the rabbit become in the sugar-solution strongly negatively charged, while those of the dog and cat remain weakly negatively charged. 12. Such solutions as 3,0% glycerine, 5,0% d-glucose, 5,0% laevulose, 9,5 % lactose and 2,0% glycocoll have the same effect as that of 9,5% canesugar solution on the cataphoresis of the erythrocytes. 13. The erythrocytes of the rabbit which have a strong power to neutralize an acid solution and are slightly positively charged in 0,9% NaCl solution resist the haemolytic effect of the acid more obstinately than those of other animals. On the contrary the crythrocytes of the goat which show a strong negative potential in 0,9% NaCl solution are most liable to the haemolysis caused by the acid. Generally speaking it seems probable that erythrocytes which are strongly negatively charged in the NaCl solution dissolve in an acid solution more easily than those weakly charged. 14. But in a solution of reserve acidity in which some substance acts as "buffer" the erythrocytes of the rabbit are most liable to haemolysis, while those of the goat and dog show a great resistance at least during the first few hours. 15. The erythrocytes of the dog are most easily dissolved in the alkaline solution. With this special exception, the erythrocytes of the rabbit are most liable to haemolysis and those of the goat and rat show the greatest resistance when they are thrown into the solution. Generally speaking it seems probable, that less negatively charged erythrocytes in the NaCl solution are more liable to the haemolytic effect of the base, the case of the dog being excluded. 16. Those elements which possess lower solution pressures than hydrogen have generally a strong power to dissolve or destroy the erythrocytes, and less negatively charged erythrocytes seem to be more liable to haemolysis in solutions of the copper, mercury, silver, gold or platinum compounds. 17. Those elements which possess higher solution pressures than hydrogen have generally only a weak haemolytic effect or none at all, but the trivalent cations Fe(…) and Al(…) are powerful in causing haemolysis, their effect resembling that of the acid. 18. The haemolytic effect of saponin, natrium oleat and alcohol has no bearing on the electric charge of the erythrocytes and seems to be chiefly concerned with the action to dissolve the lipoid. 19. Likewise the haemolysis caused by hypotonic solutions has no relation to the electric charge of the erythrocytes.20. The resistance of the erythrocytes towards hypotonic NaCl solutions is increased by the effect of the alkali and decreased by that of the acid (HAMBURGER). This change is seen very markedly in the goat erythrocytes which have a strong negative potential, while the positively charged erythrocytes of the rabbit in such cases show very little or no change at all. 21. The haemolytic serum has a power to neutralize the charge of the erythrocytes. This action must be attributed to either the amboceptor or agglutinin, the complement having surely nothing to do with it. An experiment on the goat erythrocytes gave a result, which seems to suggest, that the amboceptor acts upon the erythrocytes more effectually than the agglutinin, as far as the electric charge is concerned. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

情報処理学会 Acta Medica Okayama 09196072 2007 113 2007 メタファ分析に基づく置換可能な動詞カテゴリの作成 31 38 EN Mitsuru Ichinose Koichi Takeuchi 動詞と名詞による表現において動詞の意味のずれにより生じるメタファが機械翻訳や要約などの自然言語処理や文章の理解において問題となる場合がある。そのメタファに内在する事実を扱うためには、前もって一般的な表現へと変換処理をする必要があると考えられる。例えば「風が遊ぶ」というメタファを「風が吹く」などの一般的な表現に言い換える処理が必要であろう。本稿ではこの処理に必要となる動詞カテゴリの作成を提案する。実際に 50 の動詞について類似性に基づきカテゴリを作成し考察をすることで、置換可能な動詞間の類似性や共起する名詞の扱い方が動詞カテゴリの網羅性と信頼性の向上にどのように関わるかを明らかにする。 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 37 431 1925 大網乳斑ノ發生ニ關スル研究 附. 大網々眼ノ成立機轉ニ就テ 1281 1308 EN Yukio Hamazaki In the preceding paper on the milk-spots of omentum of rabbit, I concluded that in the mesothelial cell-layer of the milk-spots there exist the peculiar epithelioid cells (histiocytes) and apertures, and also affirmed that the majority of the epithelioid cells are penetrating the mesothelial cell-layer to regain their position in the milk-spots from the peritoneal cavity. From this fact, I cannot agree with the views of Renaut and Goldmann-"Diese Zelle (Histiozyt) wandert nicht aus der serösen Höhlen in das Netz, um hier tâches laiteuses aufzubauen, die Wanderung ist vielmehr eine umgekehrte". Elaborating upon my view, the mother cells which bring forth the milk-spots also may be considered to be the similar cells reappeared as above mentioned. To investigate the above subject, this study was experimentally done. In addition, the developmental process of the four groups of milk-spots (Follicular, adventitial, mixed and solitary form by the author) was also investigated. Concerning to the development of the omentum, there are two important questions hitherto discussed, namely: the one is the formation of the net-meshes in omentum: the other is Ranvier's cellules vasoformatives et sanguiformatives, and these matters were also some illustrated in this paper. However, the latter question, relating to the system of the blood-vessels was here limited to its objective observation only and its detail will be carried out in another paper. Conclusions:- 1. The mother cells of the milk-spots may probably be those cells which once emigrated from the peritoneum into the abdominal cavity and then deposit on the surface of the omentum. 2. The mother cells are grouped or disseminated on the surface of the omentum and form the milk-spots, having depositted deeper and deeper into the omental tissue. However, the adveventitial milk-spots may be built partly by the adventitia-cells which have existed embryonally in the omentum. 3. The milk-spots will be developped by means of mitotic cell-division of the mother cells and by the continuous deposition of the large mononuclear wandering cells from the abdominal cavity. 4. In the beginning of the development of milk-spots, all of them, excluding the adventitial form, belong to the solitary form, and after a little while some of the solitary form are supplied with blood-vessels and consequently they become the follicular form. The follicular form developed along the relatively large bloog-vessel will become a mixed form, combining with the adventitial form. 5. Considering the origin of the milk-spots, I cannot quite agree with Renaut's classification hitherto used. 6. The formation of the net-meshes in omentum of rat is originated from the necrosis or falling of the nuclei of the mesothelial cells and Auerbach's "Schaltplättchen". No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 43 3 2011 資産の下向的評価損失を巡る会計と税務の対立と交錯 : 債務（損失）確定主義と公正価値会計との相克 1 13 EN Hiroaki Kobayashi 10.18926/OER/47296 This paper first refers to the key concept of recognition of asset losses under the corporate tax law. The tax law basically restricts the loss deduction and imposes requirements of "settlements" with a fact of physical or monetary damage for the special loss deduction unless potential nonrecognized losses may be deducted under the accounting standards from the viewpoint of disclosure for asset fair values. This loss deduction rule is derived from the foreseeability and legal stability in calculation of taxable income. This paper secondly explains the content and legislative context of the recent amendments in the depreciation system and allowance expenses. Some allowance systems has been repealed in order to enlarge the tax base and increase the tax revenue, however, the accelerated depreciation, newly introduced system in the recent corporate tax reform, brought a broad accrual expense, where it caused an opposite result to the tax base. I would rather mention the background of the past tax reforms and suggest the range of estimated accrual expenses should be more broadened. Finally, this paper would clarify the contemporary signification in the loss deduction rule. ASBJ has issued the cumulative accounting standards for the global convergence, and is now required the final decision for the IFRS adoption. It would likely be said that harmonization between the accounting and tax enforcement would be continuously pursed through this convergence process. The loss deduction rule would have a vital role in the fair value measurement in tax accounting, where tax income and each tax item on a balance sheet are measured by an index with high accuracy and legal settlement. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1566 54 1 2012 ON A GENERALIZATION OF CQF-3′ MODULES AND COHEREDITARY TORSION THEORIES 65 76 EN Yasuhiko Takehana 10.18926/mjou/47194 Throughout this paper we assume that R is a right perfect ring with identity and let Mod-R be the category of right R-modules. Let M be a right R-module. We denote by 0 → K(M) → P(M) → M → 0 the projective cover of M. M is called a CQF-3′ module, if P(M) is M-generated, that is, P(M) is isomorphic to a homomorphic image of a direct sum ⊕M of some copies of M. A subfunctor of the identity functor of Mod-R is called a preradical. For a preradical σ, T_σ := {M ∈ Mod-R : σ(M) = M} is called the class of σ-torsion right R-modules, and F_σ := {M ∈ Mod-R : σ(M) = 0} is called the class of σ-torsionfree right R-modules. A right R-module M is called σ-projective if the functor Hom_R(M,−) preserves the exactness for any exact sequence 0 → A → B → C → 0 with A ∈ F_σ. We put P_σ(M) = P(M)/σ(K(M)) for a module M. We call a right R-module M a σ-CQF-3′ module if P_σ(M) is M-generated. In this paper, we characterize σ-CQF-3′ modules and give some related facts. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Okayama University Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1566 54 1 2012 ON A GENERALIZATION OF QF-3′ MODULES AND HEREDITARY TORSION THEORIES 53 63 EN Yasuhiko Takehana 10.18926/mjou/47193 Let R be a ring with identity, and let Mod-R be the category of right R-modules. Let M be a right R-module. We denote by E(M) the injective hull of M. M is called QF-3′ module, if E(M) is M-torsionless, that is, E(M) is isomorphic to a submodule of a direct product ΠM of some copies of M. A subfunctor of the identity functor of Mod-R is called a preradical. For a preradical σ, T_σ := {M ∈ Mod-R : σ(M) = M} is the class of σ-torsion right R-modules, and F_σ := {M ∈ Mod-R : σ(M) = 0} is the class of σ-torsionfree right R-modules. A right R-module M is called σ-injective if the functor Hom_R(−,M) preserves the exactness for any exact sequence 0 → A → B → C → 0 with C ∈ T_σ. A right R-module M is called σ-QF-3′ module if E_σ(M) is M-torsionless, where E_σ(M) is defined by E_σ(M)/M := σ(E(M)/M). In this paper, we characterize σ-QF-3′ modules and give some related facts. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 40 11 1928 脾臟ト甲状腺トノ交互作用ニ關スル研究 第3囘報告 脾動靜脉ノ血小板ニ就テ 2347 2368 EN Yoshito Tsunashima As was reported in the Okayama Igakkai-Zasshi last year, an inquiry of mine into the influence of the spleen and the thyroid gland upon the blood-picture has proved the fact that it is the blood-platelet, which undergoes the most remarkable changes, in other words, that there exist, even through the blood-platelet a certain antagonistic function between these two organs. Then, having examined by various procedures the numerical and morphological changes of the blood-platelets in arteries and veins of the spleen, such results as following were attaind. 1) In the case of normal rabbit, the number of blood-platelets in splenic veins is far less than those in splenic arteries, and the blood-platelets which decrease in number are, for the most part, those of smaller types. This numerical difference becomes indistinct when thyreoidin is given or silver-elecroid injected continually, while morphologically no remarkable changes occur. On the other hand, when adrenalin is injected, the difference between the number of the blood-platelets in veins and those in arteries of the spleen diminishes slightly, while the number of the smaller blood-platelets in veinous blood increases. 2) After the thyroidectomy and the injection of phenylhydrazin, the number of the blood-platelets in splenic veins obviously exceeds that in splenic arteries, and morphologically that of the larger ones increases. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 40 9 1928 「カフェイン」ノ腎臟血管擴大作用ノ本態ニ就テ 1950 1957 EN Masanori Okada It has long been known that caffeine has dilator effect upon the renal vessels. There is, however, no decided theory as for the dilator action of caffeine. Sollmann, Pilcher and others concluded that the dilator action of caffeine upon the blood vessels is due to the paralysis of sympathetic nerves, which Stillnumkes, Desgrez and Dolean supporting, On the other hand, Yamamoto and some others, by their observation, are of another opinion that the dilator action of caffeine is based on the stimulation of the vasodilator nevres. I have attempted to decide the question and come to the following results. Caffeine causes the dilatation of renal vessels, when it is perfused, notwithstanding the fact that the sympathetic nerves are degenerated completely; it must act, therefore, upon "Myoneural junction" or muscles themselves. And even when the action of adrenalin upon the renal vessels was baffled perfectly by perfusion of quinine chloride, still caffeine produces appreciable dilator effect, which proves that caffeine operates upon muscles themselves. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 10 suppl 1955 日本脳炎の研究 （第6報） 日本脳炎赤血球凝集反応用抗原抽出の種々相に就て 特に中山株に依る抗原抽出に就て 79 90 EN Itsuo Fujimoto In this study have been examined, prozone phenomen as well as titer rising after extracted and centrifuged, employing Okayama 53 C and 53 D Japanese B Encephalitis strain, both I have isolated. The antigen of hemagglutination of Japanese B Encephalitis that has undergone a lowspeed centrifuge, indicates certain lowest value, at immediately after it expanding gradually to the maximum in a week. This is due to inhibiting substances contained in mouse brain, which the antigen is known to digest and reduce at a low temperature, owing to its fermentative action. With the Nakayama strain, it is due to this fact that the antigenal property has often been referred to; if we aim at a low density as well as at a comparatively high temperature in its preparation, this ability would appear without fail. In case the pH at the time of production proves higher than 7.0, antigenical effect appears marked, while weak in inhibition; in case it is low, antigenal virtue proves weak, but strong in inhibiton. These inhibitive substances are the same with those containd in normal component of mouse brain, which, would not change because of infection to virus. The antigen of hemagglutination of Japanese B encephalitis prepared from virus infected mouse brain possesses such ferments as to change not only those inhibitive substances of normal compenent of mouse brain, but also those that exist in chickserum. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 10 suppl 1955 日本脳炎の研究 （第5報） 日本脳炎赤血球凝集反応用抗原に対する保護物質の影響に就て 67 78 EN Itsuo Fujimoto In this experiment the protective ability of the guinea-pig serum as well as sugar and glucose against hemagglutine substance of Japanese B encephalitis virus was reported. In case 0.85% physiological saline water with 5% of inactive guinea-pig serum has been added to antigen, its antigen ability was seen to be made double, and protected from heat under 37°C. That protcctive ability has risen to the top at 5%. When we have prepared some antigens using 0.85% physiololgical scaline water that was added certain inactive guineapig serum to the extent of 2.5%, antigens which has a good titer, and can stand both for the temperature as well as duration of time, besides, preservable, moreover would not lose its specificity may be obtained. Turnip sugar, glucose as well as fruit sugar give certain injurious effect on antigens ; then its action bears close relalion to, not only density, but temperature and lapse of time. Such function of sugars could only be inhibited by antigen protein, a fact that hints at the cue for the future study of antigenal struchlre. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 10 suppl 1955 日本脳炎の研究 第4報 日本脳炎の血球擬集反応の擬集元物質に就て 53 65 EN Itsuo Fujimoto Having investigated about those receptor substances contained in a chick erythrocytes that were used in hemagglutination reaction by both Okayama 52 A strain as well as Okayama 52 B strain of Japanese B encephalitis virus, obtained the following results. 1) There are contained mach receptor substances in a chick erythrocytes immediately after having been hatched; however, as they grew up, indicated a decrease at 11-14 days, reducing itself to below 10%. 2) likewise, in a chick serum immediately after hatching, various kinds of inhibiting substances may be found out, due to an inhibition test, but they indicate a marked decrease at about 8-11 days, coming down below 10%. From this fact, it, is considered that these two factors have the same or very closely resembled properties. 3) In case we have fixed certain blood preparation specimens by dint of melthanol-formalin 9 : 1 solution and have stained it with Victorian blau, the erythrocytes are apt to be stained deep within one week of hatching, leaving some lipo-protein, non-stainable grobules around those erythrocytes. Thew grobules indicate nothing but lipo-protein contained in plasmas, which bear a close relation to any inhibition-test. 4) Because in case we have inoculated a rabbit with the serum of chick just has been hatched, which contained a great deal of lipo-protein, there would be produced agglutinin that reacts well to chick erythrocytes; this lipo-protein has been taken for a substance quite the same or closely akin to agglutinin receptor substance of chick erythrocytes. 5) If an inhibition test should be carried out by cholesterin and lecithin, the former acts on antigens, which results in depriving the reactions power of erythrocytes toward receptor. From this, it has come to pass that the behavior of cholesterin as inhibition substance as well as receptor substance bears a great significance. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 93 1-2 suppl 1981 日本脳炎の流行時期及び流行規模の予測について （日本脳炎の疫学的研究 66） 1 7 EN Masana Ogata Hirokazu Osaki In order to forecast the median date or the incidence rate in the prevalence of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in Okayama Prefecture, the authors took the following factors into consideration: for deciding the median date, climatic elements, date showing immunological positivity of hemoagglutination inhibition reaction (called HI Reaction, in short) on 50 per cent number of swine and the latitude and longitude as geographical elements; and for deciding the incidence rate, the logarithm of Cule Tritaneorhychus (Ct) number and also climatic factors. They made up the multiple regression equation from the various elements in each year of 1966 to 1980 and estimated the degree of the prevalence of Japanese Entcephalitis by use of this, regression with the advancing selection method. The relation between the fact, only one patient of this disease in this Prefecture, Okayama was dIagnosed on the 10th. September, this year (1980) and the value estimated and forecased, are as followes. 1) There was not a large difference between the real date and the forecasted median date. 2) The authors forecasted and estimated the incidence rate very low and proved their forecasting to be very reliable by the fact. only one patient was dia~nosed. in the year, 1980. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Springer Acta Medica Okayama 0167-6806 128 3 2011 Associations among baseline variables, treatment-related factors and health-related quality of life 2 years after breast cancer surgery 735 747 EN Naruto Taira Kojiro Shimozuma Takeru Shiroiwa Shozo Ohsumi Katsumasa Kuroi Shigehira Saji Mitsue Saito Shigemichi Iha Takanori Watanabe Noriyuki Katsumata Provision of social support and rehabilitation for patients with physical, mental, and functional problems after cancer treatment is important for long-term health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Effective use of human and financial healthcare resources requires identification of patients requiring rehabilitation. The objectives of the current study were to clarify the patterns of physical and psychosocial recovery over time, to evaluate the associations among baseline variables, treatment-related factors and HRQOL at 6 months, 1, and 2 years after breast cancer surgery, and to identify the significant factors predicting HRQOL at each point. A multicenter longitudinal study was performed to evaluate physical conditions, anxiety, depression, and HRQOL at 1 month (baseline), 6 months, 1, and 2 years after surgery in 196 patients (mean age: 53.3 years old) with early breast cancer and no postoperative recurrence. Physical conditions were evaluated using a patient-reported symptom checklist. HRQOL was rated using the functional assessment of cancer treatment scalegeneral (FACT-G) and the breast cancer subscale (FACTB). Anxiety and depression were rated using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). More than 50% of patients had local problems of "tightness", "arm weakness." and "arm lymphedema", and systemic problems of "reduced energy, fatigue, and general weakness" postoperatively. The HRQOL score significantly improved 1 year after surgery, and scores for physical, emotional and functional well-being also increased with time, whereas the score for social well-being was the highest at baseline and decreased with time. Depression and anxiety significantly improved with time. Concomitant disease, marital status, and the presence of a partner, anxiety and depression at baseline, pathological lymph node involvement, and adjuvant intravenous chemotherapy were significant factors predicting FACT-G scores at 6 months, 1, and 2 years after surgery. Depression at baseline was a strong predictor of HRQOL up to 2 years after surgery. These results suggest that physical rehabilitation is required for tightness and lymphedema to improve long-term postoperative physical function. A further study of psychosocial interventions is required to improve depression and social well-being after breast cancer surgery. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 40 3 1928 藥物學的ニ窺ヒタル血液凝固ノ調節機轉ニ關スル研究 其1 血液凝固時間及ビ凝固要素ノ測定法竝ニ之ニ影響スル諸種ノ條件ニ就テ 546 569 EN Hisashi Tanaka Before the regulation of blood coagulation should be studied pharmacologically, I have, first of all as a means requisite for the desired object, selected out of or improved the existing method of determining both the coagulation time and coagulable components. In the second place, after giving some critical comments on those methods and making carful experiments upon various ploblems that have not yet been solved comprehensively, I have brought to light some conclusive evidences which stand test fairly, as follows: I 1; My own apparatus used for measuring the required time for clotting is but simple. As seen in Fig. 1, two glass-cylinders are put in an oblong kettle, Petres' diches of big size being put in each cylinder. Either cold or hot water or ice-water is filled up in these vessels, in order to keep on a difinite temperature. while the dishes being filled with a piece of gauze well soaked in water. A piece of filter-paper is laid on it, on which a watch-glass is put. The mater to be tested is run dawn on the glass. As for the determination of coagulation time, a hooked glass-thread is used for hooking the matter up at about the middle of it every 15 seconds. The first period of coagulation time lasts until when a tiny piece of fibrin sticks on the end of the glass-thread, and the second period comes to an end as a whole coagulated blood is crear of the face of the watch-glass by means of a glass-rod. This method requires no special skill in practice, and is good for oft-repeated experiments because of a little amount of blood used, and is not only affected by the change of external temperature and humidity, but has also an advantage of pointing out each end of the two periods precisely. 2. While there is an average value of 30 minutes for the coagulation time of a normal rabbit at the temperature ranging from 21°C to 23°C by Fonio's method, my own method takes far less time, an average time for coagulation being 7 minutes at 20°C in the first period, varying from 6.5 to 8 minutes, while taking 15.5 minutes on an average the second period, ranging from 12 minutes to 18.5 minutes. When tried with a single animal, it takes 15 seconds in the first period, and 30 to 45 seconds in the second period respectively, under repeated tests of blood. 3. By my method, as by Fonio's, there is some difference in coagulation time according as the amount of blood used. There exists, however, but little disparity in time in either experiment with a difinite amount used from 0.5 to 2.0 cc by Fonio's method, or with the amount of 2 to 4 gtt. by mine. Any increased amount of blood does not always run parallel to the length of its coagulation time, nor the coagulation is strikingly belated on account of a little amount used. 4. It is an unchangeable fact that the external temperature has no less influence upon the coagulation time. It has been tried by my method at the temperature ranging from 5° to 42°C, marking by drawing a curve line, as do by Bürker's, the result, which shows both the first and second period of coagulation become shorter as the external temperature rises higher. 5. The influence of body temperature upon the coagulation time of blood was inspected by means of heat puncture with a result showing the fact that there is a well-defined parallelism between the curves of the change of body temperature and coagulation time. 6. While it is true that certain amount of carbonic acid in blood plays part in its coagulation time, scholars opinion on the variation of clotting time between the venous and arterial blood has not agreed yet, it has been confirmed the fact that the coagulation time of the former is certainly longer than that of the latter in my own experiments by Fonio's method; but it is not certain whether it is due to only the difference in the tension of carbonic gas. II 1. My methods of measuring fibrinogen, thrombin, anti-thrombin have been much improved based on the principle of Wohlgemuth's methods, are not only good for repeated examinations, but are, also, able to indicate the desired results in a mere fragments of time. 2. Owing to the individuality of animals, the contained amount of those components varies, but when it is repeatedly experimented on the same animal, the result is generally unchangeable. 3. Fibrinogen solution used by myself contains prothrombin. 4. While the potency of serum decreases with the lapse of time, if it is applied to actively, no preeeptible change can be seen in its activity so long as several houres after its being taken out. It is, therefore, best fitted, accompany-ing no great troubles, to use an active serum as thrombin solution in measuring fibrinogen in blood. 5. Serum contains some amount of kinase, yet the amount of calcium in serum is too little for kinase to present itself in its activity, so that the coagulable power of serum on fibrinogen is strengthend when some of calcium is added to the serum in case the power relaxes in both normal condition and wanting in calcium. I doubt kinase will sway a great influence upon my method of measuring thrombin in serum. 6. Hybrid-serum coagulate fibrinogen and transform it into fibrin but the speed of transforming being greatly varied, it may be safely be said the serum has a singular property so far as coagulation time is conserned. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 41 12 1929 Metagonimus yokogawai, Metagonimusノ1新種及ビExorchis majorノ發育史ニ就テ 2687 2755 EN Shozo Takahashi Prof. Dr. M. Suzuki hold the opinion that the so-called Metagonimus yokogawai includes two different species, the one containing the smaller eggs in its uterus and the other the larger ones. He named the latter species temporarily “Large egg type of Metagonimus”, and differentiated it from the former (proper Metagonimus yokogawai). Under guidance of the professor, the author made the investigations on the morphologie and life-history of the above-mentioned two species of Metagonimus, and came to the following results: 1) Many adult worms of Metagonimus yokogawai were found in the intestines of a certain animals fed on Plecoglossus altivelis. 2) Many adult worms of so-called “Large egg type of Metagonimus” were found in the similar animals fed on each one of the following fishes: Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, pseudorasbora parva, Parasilurus asotus and Mugil cephalus. 3) The so-called “Large egg type of Metagonimus” differs from the other species of Metagonimus ever described such as M. ovatus, M. romanicus, and M. dobrogensis in regards mainly to the following points: a) The posterior ends of the both vitellaria of this new species are located very closely each other in the posterior end of the body. b) The eggs of this new species are larger than those of the other species of Metagonimus [0.033 (0.030-0.036): 0.021 (0.018-0.023) mm]. 4) Having examined the structure of the cercariae which are found in the liver of Thiára (Melania) libertina Gould and belong to the “Cercaria A of Cercaria fulvopunctata group (by Kobayashi's classification)”, the author found that they are not of single species but include three different species of cercaria. The author gave the name “Cercaria A(1) (Taf. I), Cercaria A(2) (Taf. VIII) and Cercaria A(3) (Taf. IV)” to these three species of cercaria respectively. The morphological differences in these three species are chiefly those of the size of the body and tail, the clor of the body, the size and color of the eyespots and the number of the oral spines. 5) As to the life-history of these three species of cercaria, the author confirmed experimentally the following facts: a) The “Cercaria A1” encysts itself in the gold-fish or Carassius auratus readily, and the encysted larvae ingested by a certain animals further deevrop into adult worms of so-called “Large egg type of Metagonimus”, b) The “Cercaria A(3)” encysts itself in the fins and scales of Plecoglossus altivelis readily, and the encysted larvae develop into adult worms of Metagonimus yokogawai in the similar animals. c) It was extremely difficult to induce the infection of the “Cercaria A1” to the Plecoglossus altivelis, as well the infection of the “Cercaria A(3)” to the gold-fish or Carassius auratus. d) The “Cercaria A(2)” encysts in the gold-fish or Carassius auratus, and the encysted larvae develop into Exorchis maior Hasegawa in the intestine of Parasilurus asotus. 6) The above-mentioned differences between Cercaria A1 and Cercaria A3 in regards to the morphological and biological data prove the fact that the so-called “Large egg type of Metagonimus” is quite different from M. yokogawai. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 41 9 1929 日本産内部寄生吸蟲類ノ雌性生殖器ノ構造ニ關スル知見補遺 1924 1933 EN Shozo Takahashi The author studied of the detailed structure of the female genital organs in 18 specieses (Table, P. 1924) out of mammalian-, avian-, amphibian- and fish-trematoes and came to the following conclusions: 1) In all specieses the author examied, the terminal end of the ciliated epithelium of the oviduct is limited constantly and sharply at the point slightly peripheral to the point of junction of the oviduct and the common vitelline duct. It seems highly probable that this fact is common for all digenetic trematodes. 2) In Loxogenes liberum, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Echinochasmus perfoliatus, E. japonicus, E. elongatus and Echinostoma gotoi, the “Befruchtungsraum (Looss)” [“Verschluckapparat (Kobayashi)”] developes prominently, while in the other 12 specieses rudimentary. 3) In Stamnosoma armatum, Pygidiopsis summus, Exorchis oviformis and a new species of Exorchis (Exorchis major Hasegawa) the direction of the ciliary movement of the cilia of the Laurer's canal is constantly centripetal (towards the oviduct), while in the other 14 specieses on the contrary constantly centrifugal (towards the dorsal opening of the Laurer's canal.) 4) In all specimens examined, the Laurer's canal opens on the dorsal surface of the body and it seems to eliminate the contents of the seminal receptacle and the oviduct. 5) In Loxogenes liberum and Genarchopsis goppo, a group of especially long cilia is recognizable in the orifice of the seminal receptacle, by its ciliary movement the contents of the latter are constantly stired. 6) In Stamnosoma armatum, the contents of the seminal receptacle are arranged like a whirl. 7) About the relation of the Laurer's canal with the seminal receptacle recognized the author following four types: a) The seminal receptacle itself does not open separatly in the oviduct but is merely a dilated part of the Laurer's canal near its junction with the oviduct. (for example: A new species of Podocotyle and Genarchopsis goppo). b) The seminal receptacle is connected to the Laurer's canal near its junction with the oviduct by a short duct. (for example: Clonorchis sinensis). c) The seminal receptacle and Laurer's canal open together into the oviduct by one orifice. (for example; Stamnosoma armatum and Loxogenes liberum). d) The seminal receptacle and Laurer's canal open separately but very closely into the oviduct. (for example: Metorchis orientalis). 8) In Stellantchasmus falcatus Echinochasmus perfoliatus, E. japonicus, E. elongatus and Echinostoma gotoi, there is no true seminal receptacle. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 41 8 1929 Stamnosoma armatum Tanabeノ發育史知見補遺 1759 1771 EN Shozo Takahashi 1) The author confirmed that the first intermediate host of Stamnosoma armatum is Thiara (Melania) libertina Gould on the following grounds: a) The author obtained characteristic metacercariae (encysted cercariae) which are morphologically identical with that of Stamnosoma armatum by infection-experiment to noninfected fishes (goldfish, Zacco platypus and Acheilognathus limbata) with a sort of cercariae which were found in the liver of Thiara libertina and belong to the “Cercaria B of fulvopunctata group (by Kobayashi's classification).” b) The author brought up characteristic adult worms which are morphologically identical with that of Stamnosoma armatum from the above mentioned metacercariae by feeding-experiment to noninfected dogs. 2) The above mentioned cercaria is rich in yellowish-brown pigment in the body and has a pair of eye-spots. Its body measures 0.098 (0.084-0.119) mm in length and 0.056 (0.049-0.063) mm in breadth; its tail 0.111 (0.091-0.133) in length and 0.015 (0.014-0.018) mm in breadth on an average. 3) Moreover proved the author experimentally the following facts: a) Opposite to the Nishigori's description a group of larger spines which are situated on the dorsal side of the mouth of this cercaria is not the anlage of the “head spine” of the metacercaria, but it seems highly probable that it is a sort of apparatus which functions mechanically to assist the penetration of the cercaria into the second intermediate hosts. The author termed those spines “oral spine” instead of “head spine”. b) This cercaria encysts and develops to a complete metacercaria not only in the gills but also rarely in the fins of certain fishes. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 41 7 1929 肝臟「ヂストマ」ノ卵子ニ類似スル諸種ノ腸寄生吸蟲卵子, 特ニ吾人ノ糞便内ニ見ラレタルStellantchasmus falcatus及ビPygidiopsis summusノソレニ就テ 1502 1513 EN Shozo Takahashi The auther examined the distribution of the helminthic parasites, especially intestinal trematodes of man and domestic animals in Okayama district, and came to the following results: (1 The eggs of Stellantchasmus falcatus were found at 1.5 per. cent. and Pygidiopsis summus at 0.3 per. cent. in the stools of the natives of Okayama district. No human case of these trematodes has yet been recorded in Japan, owing probabely to the fact that the eggs of these trematodes resemble closely those of Clonorchis sinensis. 2) By stool-examination or section were found the eggs resp. worms of Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani, Metagonimus yokogawai, *a new species of Metagonimus, Heterophyes nocens, Pygidiopsis summus, Cornatrium fuscatum, Stephanopirumus longus, Echinochasmus perfoliatus and Lepoderma muris in the dogs, and those of Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani, *a new species of Metagonimus, Heterophyes nocens, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Echinochasmus perfoliatus und Echinochasmus japonicus in the cats in Okayama Prefecture. 3) It was confirmed by feeding-examination that Mugil cephalus in Okayama district were infested with the encysted larvae of Stellantchasmus falcatus, Pygidiopsis, summus, *a new species of Metagonimus etc., Pseudorasbora parva with those of Clonorchis sinensis, Cornatrium fuscatum, *a new species of Metagonimus etc. and Acheilognathus lanceolatum with those of Clonorchis sinensis, Heterophyes nocens, Echinochasmus perfoliatus etc. The original paper containes a comparative table and microphotographs of the eggs of Clonorchis sinensis, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Pygidiopsis summus, Heterophyes nocens, Metagonimus yokogawai and *a new species of Metagonimus. *This new species will be named Metagonimus takahashii n. sp. by prof. M. Suzuki. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 41 1 1929 生物發光ニ關スル研究（其ノ1） 153 187 EN Kanae Hayasi Misao Okuyama The bioluminescence is especially interesting for physiologists in the sense that the end of the intracellular mechanism of the light producing cells is revealed by the light. Whole energy liberated by the process is represented by the light only, unmixed by other energies e. g. movement or heat. This special fact simplifies the experiment enormously, because the light intensity can be measured accurately and conveniently. Photometries used for these studies were following two, according for the purpose. a) Photographic method comparing either of the intensity grade or the diameter of the dark spot on the negative plate or film. b) Comparison method of the brightness of the light with the aid of the adjustable dark glasses (double frame detached from the Hess' differential pupilloscope). The results obtained on the Japanese firefly (Genzi-hotaru and Heike-hotaru) were summariesed as follows. 1) The light producing organ kept in exsicator could be brought to emitt light again by moisting with water, even after two years. 2) The spectrum of the light of the Japanese firefly extends continuously from the reddish orange (660μμ) to the bluish green (480μμ). 3) The intensity of the light increases by the stimulation of the light producing organ with the faradic current or by the chemicals which affect only muscle but not nerve. This phenomenon does not suggest the excitability of the organ or the presence of the exciting nerve for the organ, but can be explained by the increased supply of air by the contraction of the tracheal muscle. 4) The light extinguishes at temperature 0°--7°C., it reappears again dy warming. At the temperature over 40°C. the light becomes gradually reddish and extinguishes at 48°C-54°C. It does not reappear by cooling. The temperature coefficient for intervals 10°C. of the light intensity is 1.2-1.3. The same for the velocity of decay of light is 1.9-2.1. 5) Oxygen is indispensable to the light production of the light producing substance of firefly, which does not emit light under 1/40 atomospheric pressure of oxygen. The intensity of the light increases propotional to the oxygen pressure in the extent of 1/40 to I atomospheric pressure; over that pressure the light intensity approaches asymptotic to the maximum. Further increase of pressure beyond the maximum, also until 4-5 atomospheric pressure or even to 15 atm. pr. does not show any tendency to decrease the light intensity. 6) The light emission from the minced light producing organ of the firefly is not affected by carbon monoxide. It shows that the oxidizable substance does not combine with CO more forcible than with oxygen as haemoglobin does. 7) The light is given out, when the hot water extract from the light producing organ or the non-luminous part of the firefly or from certain animals like cocoonworm (Kaikono-Mayu) which have no light producing organ, is added to the cold water extract from the light producing organ of the firefly. 8) HCN-gas has no influence upon light production of the light producing organ or the mixture of cold water and hot water extracts from the light producing organ, the oxidation concerned with the light production by the firefly would refer to other than the oxidation connected with iron. 9) The authers measured the CO(2) production from the isolated light producing part and non-luminous part of the firefly with Osterhout's indicater method applied for the CO(2) -gas measurement of nerve fibre by Parker and came to the conclusion that the oxidation reaction does not accompany with CO(2) production, for the light producing part did not give out more CO(2)-gas than the non-luminous part. 10) The decay curve of the light emitted from the mixture of the hot water extract from non-luminous part of the firefly or from the larva of the Dendrolimus pini (Matu-Kemusi) and the cold water extract from the light producing part of the firefly indicates that the luminescent reaction in the firefly belongs to a monomolecular reaction, provided, the light intensity at any instant is assumed to be proportional to reaction velocity at that instant. 11) The velocity of the decay of the light intensity which emits from the mixture of cold and hot extract quickens by the increase of the quantity of the cold water extract of the light producing part of firefly. From this fact it seems that the cold water extract contains an enzymlike substance which hastens the luminescent reaction. On the contrary, when the quantity of the hot water extract from luminous part or non-luminous part of the firefly or from non-luminous animals increases, the light of the mixture decays slowly and lasts longer. This fact is explained by an assumption that the hot water extract lets the photogenic substance active (e. g. it sets the inactive photogenic substance combined with protein free.) and at the same time enzymlike substance becomes correspondingly inactive (e. g. by the adsorption). At the addition of the cold water extract into the cold and hot water mixture, it sometimes brightens the emitted light and sometimes lessons it. This initial flash is accounted for granting that the hot water extract acts at bravest at an optimal concentration which is proved especially in case of that from non-luminous part of the firefly. 12) The extinguished but still active cold water extract emits the light by the addition of alkali instead of the hot water extract. On the contrary, we could not let shine the hot water extract by any means. 13) Potassium bromide or erytrosin inhibits luminescence of the light mixture, but Potassium cyanide does not. 14) The active hot water extract is formed by heat from the firefly or certain non- luminous animals; i.e. by the convertion of the precursor into its efficacious form and by the destruction of material preventing the action of the active substance. Required temparature and time for this purpose is about over 3 min. at 50℃. or 15-16 min. at 100℃.. On the contrary, the active cold water extract loses its power by warming at 42°-43°C. over 3 min. 15) The active hot water extract in solution does not degenerate in half a day, and is efficacious even after a day, but the active cold water extract diminishes in power remarkably in 1-2 hours at room temperature. 16) The active component in the hot water extract passes easily through filterpaper, Chamberand filter and collodium membrane, but the active substance in the cold water extract does not filter through collodium membrane. 17) Charcoal adsorbs the active part both in hot and cold water extracts, but the latter is less adsorbed than the former. 18) Such an efficacious component as that in the active hot or cold water extract can not be extracted by alkohol or ether. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 41 1 1929 再歸熱「スピロヘータ」ト温度竝ニ明暗ノ關係ニ就テ 137 152 EN Iseo Murayama The following facts were obtained by experiments about the relation between the inoculated mice or spirochaete recurrens and the temperature, light and darkness: 1) The length of the incubation period varies in accordance with the condition of the inoculated mice with spirochaete recurrens, that is in case it is heated (33-36°C), or refrigerated (6-8°C), or kept in the sunshine, in the darkness and in the room. 2) When heated, the incubation period is shorter than any other case, and when refrigerated, it is the longest of all. The mice being kept in the room or in the dark room, the incubation period is nearly the same. When the mice is exposed in the sunshine, the period seems to be longer than the experiment in the dark room on many occasions. 3) Spirochaete recurrens itself has a certain resisting power to the temperature, darkness and light; namely, its resistance is weak to the high temperature and sunshine but it has the longest life in the room. To the refrigeration its resistance is comparatively strong. 4) In the experiment of the inoculated mice, the increase of spirochaete is comparatively remarkable, in case the mice is heated. On the other hand, the increase is slow when refrigerated. As for me, in the spirochaete recurrens experiment the resistance is weak when heated, and strong when refrigerated. Thus, the result of the inoculated experiment apparently seems to be contrary to the spirochaete recurrens. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 41 1 1929 脾臟ト甲状腺トノ交互作用ニ關スル研究 第5囘報告 赤血球沈降速度ニ就テ 20 26 EN Yoshito Tsunashima From the investigation into the influence of the spleen and the thyroid gland upon sedimentation, the following results were obtained. 1. Thyroidectomy seems to bring about the tendency of retardation of the blood sedimentation. On the other hand, this reaction is prompted by the administration of thyreoidin. On these occasions no definite changes was seen in the quantitative proportion of globulin to albumin. 2. This reaction is prompted by splenectomy, and at the same time the degree of viscosity increases, that of globulin remarkably, and when silverelecroid is injected continually, the same reactions occur, though less strongly. 3. Judging from the above-stated experimental fact we are led to believe that the thyroid gland has a function of prompting the sedimentation of the red blood corpuscles, which the spleen restricts when they are operative in the function of blood-making, in the same way as these two organs have two diflerent infiuences on the bone-marrow. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 42 12 1930 人臍帯血管及ビ胎盤血管ノ藥理學的研究 第1囘報告 植物性神經毒ノ作用ニ就テ 3059 3080 EN Kensuke Murakami This paper deals with pharmacological studies of the blood vessels of the human umbilical cord and placenta, for the purpose of investigating the innervation of those vessels and their pharmacological reactions, a matter which is as yet not established. In the research on this subject, the following results were obtained: 1. Adrenalin manifests vasoconstrictor action on the arteries of the umbilical cord and placenta, as well as on the vein of the cord. Also this action may be depressed or reversed by the use of atropin or ergotamine. Adrenalin in high concentration causes all of these vessels to dilate, while the vein of the placenta is dilated by adrenalin in any degree of concentration, within the limits of an efficient dose. The constrictor and dilator action of this drug on the blood vessels is understood to be due to the stimulation of the motor and inhibitory fibres of the sympathetic nerve respectively. 2. Acethyl-cholin acts as vasoconstrictor on the arteries of the cord and placenta. This action may be attributed to the stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve, as it is antagonized by a small dose of atropin. This suggests that the arteries of the cord and placenta are innervated by the vasoconstrictor fibres of the parasympathetic nerve. Despite these facts, it was not possible to recognize the vasoconstrictor action of acethylcholin on the veins of the cord. and placenta. Acethyl-cholin in high concentration dilates both kinds of the blood vessels of the cord and placenta. This dilating action is due not to the paralysis of the muscles of the vessels, but probably to the stimulation of the vasodilator fibres of the sympathetic nerve. 3. The action of pilocarpin on the blood vessels of the umbilical cord and placenta is to dilate them, and its point of attack seems to be the vasodilator of the sympathetic nerve. The effect of this drug on the parasympathetic nerve in these vessels was not observed in this experiment. 4. Physostigmin shows itself to be a vasoconstrictor on the vessels of the cord and placenta. It affects the muscles chiefly and the parasympathetic nerve of the vessels to some extent. 5. Atropin by itself does not have any definite action on the vessels of the cord and placenta, but it can depress the effect of acethyl-cholin by a very small dose, and it can also depress or reverse the effect of adranalin by a larger dose. So, it is clearly seen that the parasympathetic nerve and the motor fibre of the sympathetic nerve are paralyzed by a certain concentration of atropin, but the inhibitory fibre of the latter is not influenced by this drug. Atropin in very high concentration dilates these vessels, owing to the paralysis of the muscle. 6. From the facts learned in this research regarding the pharmacological reactions, it may be concluded that the arteries of both umbilical cord and placenta are innervated by the vasoconstrictor fibre of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and the dilatation of these vessels is controlled by the dilator fibre of the sympathetic nerve. The existence of the constrictor fibre of the parasympathetic nerve in the vein of the cord could not be proved. The sympathetic constrictor in the vein is inferior in its developement to the same in the artery. In the vein of the placenta, it was not possible to confirm the innervation of the vasoconstrictor of either the parasympathetic or the sympathetic nerve. 7. The arteries of the umbilical cord and placenta show similar pharmacological reaction to the drugs. Therefore it may be concluded that they are under the same innervation. The vein of the placenta reacts to the drugs in a somewhat different way from what the arteries do. The action of the drugs on the vein of the cord coincides partly with the action observed on the arteries, and partly with that on the placental vein. 8. These embryonic blood vessels manifest nearly the same pharmacological reactions as in the general blood vessels of the body, though there is more or less difference between them. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 42 12 1930 人血液型ノ遺傳學的研究 第2編 人血液型遺傳ニ關スル私ノ新説 3003 3032 EN Gennosuke Oku As a result of observation of the already known facts concerning bloods types, of personal investigation, and comprehensive study of other world-wide statistical investigations, it was seen that the inheritance of blood groups can be explained by the phenomenon of Linkage. The author's hypothesis is that there are three prototypes of blood and two pairs of coequal formative and qualitative factors, A……a; B……b, which occupy the conjugating position of the chromatic bodies that exercise a multifarious influence upon form and substance, corpuscle and serum. In other words, the structure of the factors in the three prototypes is ab/ab (O type), ab/Ab (A type), ab/aB (B type). From the free combination of the zygotes, there spring the three new zygotes, Ab/Ab (A type), aB/aB (B type), Ab/aB (AB type). Five kinds of zygotes which belong to the O, A, and B types do not appear in any result even if linkage takes place, and a gametes will be respectively divided into ab, Ab, aB, heredity thus continuing according to simple hereditary law. On the other hand, when the linkage of Ab/aB, belonging to the AB type, is followed, the kinds of the gametes and the numerical ratio which are derived from that formula will be by repulsion, the gamete AB being thus generated for the first time. The newly genrated AB gamete conjugates with the other kinds of gametes and generates the other four new kinds, ab/AB, Ab/AB, aB/AB, AB/AB. (all of which belong to the AB type). The ab/AB form among the last mentioned four kinds produces the subdivided kinds of gametes and the ratio, according to the coupling. Even if other kinds of zygotes are produced by linkage, they will not appear in the result, and will have only simple heredity. There are thus produced ten hereditary blood types which indicate the heredity in the mutual relation of coupling. The author calculated the frequency of the appearance of these ten types of heredity, from which twelve formulae were made in order to calculate the differentiation that might be anticipated in the next generation. When these formulae are thus employed, complete agreement is found qualitatively and quantitatively between the actual fact and the theoretical anticipation. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 42 11 1930 人類子宮ノ藥理學的研究 第1報 子宮ノ自働運動竝ニ神經司配 2813 2834 EN Kensuke Murakami Although the innervation of the female genital organs of the various kinds of animals, and the reactions of those organs to the drugs, are fairly well understood, the questions as to the innervation and pharmacological reactions of the human reproductive organs are however but partly solved. The present investigations have been made for the purpose of throwing some light on those problems, and the following conclusions were reached in the research on the human uterus. 1. The strip of the human uterus musculature manifests rhythmical automatism by means of the Magnus' method, regardless of the portion and direction of the strip towards the uterus itself. The automatism of the strip out of the corpus uteri is more active than that of the strip from the cervix uteri. The intensity of the automatism of the strips of the different muscular layers and of the different directions coincides with the histological view as to the arrangement of the muscular fibres in the human uterus. 2. Carcinoma hampers the automatism of the strip taken out of the adjacent portion of the tumor, while myoma does not interfere with it. The difference in the ages of patients between 26 and 54 years has no influence upon tne automatism of the uterus strip. The strip of a multiparaous uterus is more vigorous than that of a nulliparaous uterus in its automatism. 3. Adrenalin manifests both pressing and depressing effects on the human uterus, so it is clearly seen that the sympathetic nerve in the human uterus is provided with both kinds of fibres, pressing and depressing. 4. Pilocarpin shows stimulating action on the uterus in low or moderate concentration. Owing to this fact it may be said that the parasympathetic nerve in the human uterus is pressor in its nature. Pilocarpin in high concentration produces stimulating action on the depressor of the sympathetic nerve of the uterus. 5. Acethylcholin exerts pressing action on the strip of the uterus by stimulating the parasympathetic nerve, but its highly concentrated solution produces stimulation on the muscle, followed by paralysis. 6. Physostigmin causes the contraction of the uterus owing chiefly to the stimulation of the muscle itself. 7. Atropin in low concentration paralizes the periphery of the parasympathetic nerve, while a moderately concentrated solution paralizes selectively the pressing fibres of the sympathetic nerve, and a highly concentrated solution causes the paralysis of the muscle. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 42 10 1930 心筋纖維ニ及ボス直電流ノ影響 2511 2519 EN Yoshirô Tate Experimenting on rabbits, I exposed their pectoral muscles in order to send a direct current of 14-20 volt through their hearts. Corresponding to the heart region I applied a platinum electrode to the muscles until the animals died. Some of them died as early as in 25 minutes under asphyxiating symptoms, while others in 1 1/2 hours. Each heart was taken out at once and put in a 10 per cent. solution of formalin in order to make microscopical sections which were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. In the case where the anode was applied to the heart region the heart muscle fibres became condensed and were stained deeply, showing a shrinkage of their nuclei which take up especially much stain. Macroscopically the surface of the heart showed an excavation. In the case where the cathode was put on the heart region, the cardic muscle fibres became loose, staining only lightly. Above all the nuclei were stained slightly and showed a swollen aspect. Macroscopically the surface of the heart corresponding to the place of the electrode was convexed. Concerning the cause of the above mentioned facts, I am of opinion that the electroendosmose plays the most important role. On account of the water stream which is directed towards the cathode the tissue becomes loose and edematous in the cathodic region and condensed in the anodic. Besides the quotient of K/Ca which becomes geater in the cathodic place and smaller in the anodic must be taken into consideration. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 43 6 1931 人類子宮圓靱帯ノ藥理學的研究 1485 1503 EN Kensuke Murakami Notwithstanding the fact that pharmacological studies on the ligamentum teres uteri of various animals have been pretty thoroughly made by a number of research workers, little is known about the human round ligament. The present paper deals with the results of study on the round ligament of the human uterus for the purpose of investigating the automatism and innervation of the ligament, together with the reactions of the organ to drugs. The following results have been obtained by the author's investigation. 1) The round ligament of the human uterus shows rhythmical spontaneous contraction when examined by Magnus' method. 2) Diseases of the uterus, such as adhesion, myoma and, in their early stages, carcinoma and syncytioma malignum, do not hamper the automatism of the round ligament belonging to the uteri so affected, but a round ligament of a somewhat advanced carcinomatous uterus and an atrophied ligament show weak and irregular automatism. 3) The difference in age in patients between 20 and 59 years is not a factor in the automatism of the round ligaments. But ligament of a multiparous uterus produces more active contraction than of one that is nulliparous. 4) Adrenalin exerts either stimulative or depressive effect on the round ligament, according to the degree of its concentration, by affecting the sympathetic nerve. This fact proves that the round ligament of the human uterus is innervated by both the motor and inhibitory fibres of the sympathetic nerve. 5) A small or moderate quantity of pilocarpin causes stimulative action in the round ligament by affecting the parasympathetic nerve, while a large quantity of this drug leads to inhibition, owing to the stimulation of the sympathetic inhibitor. So, it may be seen that the human round ligament is innervated by the parasympathetic nerve which is motor in its function. 6) Acetylcholin exerts stimulative action on the round ligament by affecting the parasympathetic nerve, but in very large quantity it causes the paralysis of the muscle of the ligament. The former justifies the view as to the parasympathetic innervation of the ligament. 7) The action of atropin on the round ligament is uncertain. It is ineffective in some cases, while a stimulative or depressive effect is manifested in other cases. A small quantity of atropin paralyzes the parasympathetic nerve and a somewhat larger quantity causes the paralysis of the motor sympathetic. Very large dose results in the paralysis of the muscle. 8) Pituitrin, in low concentration, produces a stimulative effect on the round ligament by stimulating the motorsympathetic, while a moderately concentrated solution causes either stimulation, by affecting both the motorsympothetic and the muscle itself, or inhibition, owing to the stimulation of the sympathetic inhibitor. In high concentration it causes the paralysis of the muscle, which may be attributed to the effect of chloretone. 9) Bombelon manifests depressive action on the round ligament by acting on the inhibitory fibre of the sympathetic nerve. 10) Nicotin exerts stimulative or depressive effect on the round ligament by stimulating either the motor or inhibitory fibres of the sympathetic nerve. The effect of a small quantity is mainly stimulative, while in moderate quantity it is likely to cause inhibition. A large quantity of this drug affects the muscle, resulting in its paralysis. 11) A small quantity of cocain produces stimulative action on the round ligament by stimulating the motorsympathetic, and a moderate quantity affects the muscle also. A large quantity paralyzes the muscle. 12) Comparing the results above mentioned with those seen in the human uterine musculature, it may be said that adrenalin, pituitrin, bombelon and nicotin cause somewhat different reactions in those two organs, while pilocarpin, acetylcholin, cocain and barium exert the same effect on both of them, but a more active effect on the round ligament than on the uterus. Atropin shows the same effects in both. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 43 6 1931 血液型ノ人種學的應用價値及ビ東播地方ニ於ケル血液型ノ分佈状態ニ就テ 1426 1440 EN Gennosuke Oku 1. With regard to the grounds for the applicability of the human blood groups to ethnology, former investigators were of opinion that the rate of distribution of the blood groups possessed by one tribe is proper to the tribe and invariable from the beginning of the existence of the tribe down to the present time; and that therefore if the rate of distribution of the blood groups of the existing tribe is investigated, the result thus obtained can be directly applied to the inference of the rate of distribution of the human blood groups in the ancestors of the tribe. It is very difficult, however, to say that in man the number of gametes generated by each individual is definite, and that they maintain their existence and fulfils their function without exception. The human race may be said to have extraneous fertilization, in the borader sense of the term, but customarily people are amrried among their own kind, and therefore something very near to “inter-fertilization, ” in the narrower sense, ought to take place in an extremely slow degree. Moreover, there is the phenomenon of ‘linkage’ as recognizable from the hypothesis on heredity established by the present writer. From these facts it is perhaps difficult to say that the frequency of the gametes of the blood groups can constantly have an invariable equilibrium. Besides, every human race in general shows the rate of distribution of blood groups proper to itself. When the same race is observed in the same district, an approximate rate of distribution is recognized, but when it is locally discriminated, the fact that considerable difference is present in the distribution is always experienced in actual experiment. This experimental fact, indeed, properly corresponds to the theoretical expectation above-mentioned. Thus the frequency of the gametes of blood groups is variable at the present time and a constantly invariable equilibrium is not yet reached; it is still in the transition stage towards that equilibrium. But as the blood type is inherited according to a definite rule, the comparative frequency of the gametes possessed by one tribe is also proper to the tribe, and the comparative frequency of the zygotes formed by the former is also proper to the tribe, and in consequence the rate of distribution of blood groups is naturally proper to the trible. Therefore all the tribes with the same ancestors in their origin show the same rate of distribution of blood groups. Therefore the opinion held by former investigators that the rate of distribution in a tribe is constantly invariable from the origin of the tribe down to the present time must be said to be improper. 2. With regard to the rate of distribution of blood groups in the masses, the frequency of the unit of inheritance in four types can be calculated, upon the basis of the author's linkage hypothesis. On this ground, it is possible to observe the rate in which the unit of inheritance is distributed in a tribe, and accordingly comparative investigation of several kinds of tribes is possible. The unit of inheritance in four types is as follows: Ref.: Factors of two pair allelomorphism: a……The blood corpuscles not possessing A agglutinogen, but the serum possessing α aggultinin. A……The corpuscles possessing A agglutinogen, but the serum not possessing α agglutinin. b……The corpuscles not possessing B agglutinogen, but the serum possessing β agglutinin. B……The corpuscles possessing B agglutinogen, but the serum possessing β agglutinin. The units of inheritance, and accordingly the kinds of gametes, are ab, Ab, aB and AB; and the respective frequency is represented by R, P, Q and Z. n (=11) indicates the number of non-cross-overs. R=√O P=1/2{√A+O-√O+1-(√B+O+1-√O+A+B+AB×2n+2/2n+3)} Q=1/2{√B+O-√O+1-(√A+O+1-√O+A+B+AB×2n+2/2n+3)} Z=1-√O+A+B+AB×2n+2/2n+3 3. The rate of distribution of the blood groups in the masses in the eastern part of Harima Province is O type 31.30% A type 39.23% B type 21.11% AB type 8.36% Rassen index 1.61, which agrees with the Japanese blood type as Furuhata calls it. When the frequency of the unit of inheritance is calculated according to the author's linkage hypothesis, we find R=55.9464% P=27.7229% Q=16.1355% Z=0.1952% When the rate of distribution of the blood groups in the two sexes is observed, no particular difference can be recognized between them. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 43 4 1931 人血液型ノ遺傳學術的研究 續編 人血液型遺傳ニ關スル私ノ新説增訂 845 849 EN Gennosuke Oku The author published in his present investigation of the heredity of the human blood group types, Part II, his own theory. The hypothesis he then propounded required as a matter of course a supplementary hypothesis, which, however, was left unstated; hence it may be here supplemented. The supplementary hypothesis in question is the theory of the “Lethal Factor” put forward by Dyke & Budge. The gamete AB is weak in vitality, and, moreover, some phenomenon yet unexplained today takes place in the perion in which a blood type is formed. From these facts it is assumed that the gamete AB perishes in one generation. This assumption also corresponds to the instances reported by Fujitaka and Ito. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 43 3 1931 人血液型ノ遺傳學的研究 第4編 人血液型遺傳ニ關スル總括的考察 756 764 EN Gennosuke Oku Many hypotheses have been advanced to explain the inheritance of blood types, but none of them could account theoretically for the actual facts. My own hypothesis of linkage alone can perfectly explain the actual facts of inheritance both quantitatively and qualitatively. I observed from my own experience and statistical material that ab and AB gametes can be formed by crossing over from the AB type and I have been able to prove the validity of my own hypothesis theoretically and actually. There has been much controversy as to the kind of children that should be born of parents of the AB type, but I have been able to show that children of 0, A, B and AB types can be born of parents of the AB type. The rate of the appearance of the so-called “questionable children” born of parents of the AB type has been considered as irregular, and sometimes even their appearance has been doubted. Such a phenomenon, however, is not to be wondered at. When my hypotheses are accepted, it can be easily explained by the existence of the phenomenon of linkage, the numerical ratio of spermatozoa and ova, the conditions under which they are ejected, and the fecundity. When one refers to the literature concerned, it seems that the crossing over takes place comparatively frequently in the genital cells of the maternal body. But minute observation leads to the opinion that this phenomenon also depends upon the conditions under which spermatozoa and ova are ejected. The settlement of the question of the inheritance of blood types is of service in anthropological observation, and establishes a standard for the medico-legal judgment of parentship. Moreover the existence of the phenomenon of linkage, to which no great attention has hitherto been paid in the problem of human heredity, has been demonstrated. It is to be supposed that the study of human heredity will develop in this direction on the basis of the present demonstration. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 43 1 1931 人類子宮ノ藥理學的研究 第3報 妊娠及ビ非妊時ニ於ケル子宮ノ自働運動竝ニ二三藥物ニ對スル反應ノ比較 21 41 EN Kensuke Murakami In two previous communications the author reported the results of pharmacological studies on the nonpregnant human uterus. The present paper deals with the results of comparative studies on the automatism and pharmacological reactions between pregnant and nonpregnant uterus, such as have never been tried by any investigator. The follo wing conclusions have been reached. I. The strip of a pregnant human uterus produces more vigorous automatism, by means of Magnus' method, than that of nonpregnant uterus. II. Automatism in the human uterus, and its sensibility to autonomic poisons, uterine stimulants and other drups, are the same regardless of the state of pregnancy, whether early or late, or normal or ectopic. III. A pregnant uterus reacts to the drugs more vigorously than a nonpregnant one. The difference in the effect of the drugs on a pregnant and a nonpregnant uterus is quantitative with certain kinds of drugs, while a qualitative difference is shown with some other drugs. Adrenalin, pilocarpin, acetylcholin, pituitrin and nicotin belong to the former group, while bombelon, secacornin and caffein are included in the latter. Atropin shows no difference in its action on the uterus whether it is pregnant or nonpregnant. 1. Adrenalin and pituitrin show a stronger stimulative effect on a pregnant uterus than on a nonpregnant one. The effect of caffein on a pregnant uterus is stimulative, while it acts as the depressant on a nonpregnant uterus. Therefore it may be said that the excitability of the motor-sympathetic is increased during pregnancy. 2. The stimulative actions of pilocarpin and acetylcholin are more evident in a pregnant uterus than in a nonpregnant one. So the excitability of the parasympathetic nerve is also accelerated during pregnancy. 3. Nicotin exerts a more actively depressive effect on a pregnant uterus than on a nonpregnant uterus. From this fact it may be learned that the excitability of the sympathetic nerve is increased, not only in the motor fibres but also in the depressor. 4. Bombelon and secacornin produce a stimulative effect on a pregnant uterus owing to the stimulation of the muscle. Such action from these drugs is not seen in a nonpregnant uterus. This fact shows us that the excitability of the uterine muscle is heightened during pregnancy and that this increased excitability is greater in the uterin muscle than that shown in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 44 9 1932 人類輸卵管ノ藥理學的研究 2353 2366 EN Kensuke Murakami Masayuki Kinoshita In the previous papers K. Murakami, one of the authors published the results of his pharmacological researches on human uterus and Lig. teres uteri. The present paper deals with the similar studies on the human Fallopian tube. Human isolated tube produces rhythmical automatism by means of Magnus' method. The automatism of this organ is more frequent but somewhat irregular as compared with those of the uterus or the round ligament of uterus. The tube with its peritoneal cover manifests more irregular automatism than a denuded one, and its peritoneal layer alone produces automatism too. Uterine end of the tube shows more marked automatism than its ovarian end. Ovarial cyst or myoma of uterus do not interfere with the automatism of the Fallopian tube of respective individuals so affected, but careinoma of uterus causes decreased automatism of tube. The difference of ages in patient between 16 and 59 years shows no influence on automatism of this organ, and the Status of wether multiparous or nulliparous has no factor in this respect. Adrenalin in low concentration manifests a stimulative action on the tube, while in high concentration it produces stimulative effect in most cases, but sometimes depressive action. This fact suggests us that the sympathetic nerve of this organ has both motor and inhibitory functions. A smoll dose of pilocarpin produces a stimulative action on the tube. The same reaction is recognized in the experiment with acetylcholin. So, it is clearly understood that the parasympathetic nerve in this organ is motor in its function. But pilocarpin in high concentration stimulate the sympathetic inhibitor while acetylcholin in high concentration paralyzes the muscle of the tube, both causing the depressing effect on the automatism of the organ. Physostigmin manifests stimulative effect on the human tube, acting mainly on its muscle. Its action on the parasympathetic nerve can hardly be proved. Atropin shows very inconsistent effect on the tube, but in low concentration, it paralizes parasympathetic nerve, while motor sympathetic nerve is affected by its moderately concentrated solution. Pituitrin acts as inhibitory on the tube by affecting the inhibitory sympathetic nerve. Secacornin in low concentration manifests stimulative action on the tube by affecting muscle, while in high concentration, it causes the depression of automatism by acting on inhibitory fibre of the sympathetic nerve. Barium affects the muscle of the tube and stimulative action is recognized. As it has been mentioned above, actions of adrenalin, pilocarpin, acetylcholin, physostigmin, atropin and barium on the human tube do not vary from the some on the uterus and round ligament, while pituitrin and secacornin show somewhat different actions on those organs. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 46 8 1934 防蟲劑竝ニ水藻類ノ蚊(幼蟲蛹)ノ發生發育ニ對スル影響 2037 2066 EN Setutaro Yasuhara The author made comparative studies of the effects of different kinds of oil, insecticide, and disinfectant on the development of mosquito larvae or chrysalises. He found from the experiments that the effects of oil increase in proportion to the thickness of the oil sheet on the water, that the effects of insecticide or disinfectant depend upon the concentration of the medical solution, and that, if subjected to insecticide and disinfectant, the chrysalis has stronger resistance than the larva, but that, on the contrary, the chrysalis has the weaker resistance when exposed to oil. He further established the fact that the light and the heavy oils, which were hitherto generally used, are relatively cheap and moreover the most effective expellants among the many tested. He showed also that it is very difficult to exterminate with oil the innumerable developed larvae and chrysalises in drains in summer, but that oil is very effective in destroying those larvae which pass the winter. Therefore he maintained that the extermination of larvae and chrysalises is to be carried on in winter. Next he experimented concerning the effects on mosquito development of the following eight species of water plants: 1) Potamogeton oxyphyllus, Miq. 2) Potamogeton crispus, L. 3) Hydrilla verticillata, Casp. var. Roxburghii, Casp. 4) Trapa natans, L. var. bispinosa, Makino. 5) Lemna paucicostata, Hegelm. 6) Spirendera polyrhiza, Schleid. 7) Hydrocharis asiatika, Miq. 8) Potamogeton Polygonifoius, pourr. The experiments clearly indicate that these species have a marked effect on the development of the mosquito. In his research as to the cause of this effect, the water plants in the dark room had no effect on the development of the larva; it began to decay, and no further work could be undertaken. This single experiment, in connection with other works, would indicate that the larvicidal action of the water plants is associated with the excessive production of oxygen caused by photosynthetic activity. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 48 4 1936 急性腹膜炎ノ心臟ニ及ボス影響特ニEKG及ビ組織學的變化ニ就テ(實驗的研究)附. 出血トEKGトノ關係 833 930 EN Shozo Hiraide The literature on the influence of acute peritonitis upon the heart is very rare, and especially the investigation of this subject by electrocardiography is only published by Steinberg so far, whose description is not clear enough and not sufficient. Attempting to examine experimentally the changes of the heart due to acute peritonitis during the whole course from its beginn to the end, the author took the electrocardiogram changing all the time during the life period of the experimentally diseased dog by bacterious infection or artificial perforation. Bacterious infected acute peritonitis were produced by streptococcus haemolyticus, coli bacillus, Fraenkel's bacillus and mixed strains of all these kinds, and artificial perforation was performed in different dogs in stomach, ileum, jejumum and colon to ploduce acute perforated peritonitis. The careful studies comparing the changes of the electrocardiogram, clinical symptoms, postmortem findings, histological changes and bacteriological features revealed the following fact. As a preparatory experiment the statistic investigation of the electrocardiogram of 31 dogs which were employed to the research was made and proved difficult to define the typical form of the graph. The end wave T of the electrocardiogram varied complicatedly and in spite of various explanations given experimentally and theoretically by many writers the definite meaning of the alteration in the T wave of the electrocardiogram is not still decided. Investigating in healthy dogs the alteration in the T wave related to the depression of the bloodpressure caused by the haemorrhage from carotid, femoral and internal mammary artery and also from femoral vein, and on the other hand to the elevation of the bloodpressure due to the injections of Locke's solution, adrenalin and other cardiacs, the author revealed an important relationship i.e. the elevation of the bloodpressure caused a depression in the T wave, and the lowering of the bloodpressure made T wave enlarged. In the pathological heart this relation was not evident. Standing the systolic period of the heart and the number of pulse in geometrical relation, the increase of the latter causes the shortening of the former. Finding the average value of both factors in the electrocardiogram in 22 healthy dogs the author found a parabora shown in the following formula; A=139.57 P-0.374236 A is the systolic period, P is the nomber of pulse. In the same way the relationship between the period of heart beat (B) and the systolic period (A) was shown in the next formula; A=4.5167 B0.373227 Considering the error between the calculated value by these formulae and the measured value, the maxinum error should be 0.09 second. Therefore the greater difference than 0.09 second between the measured and calculated values means pathological heart conditions. The average life duration in the dogs suffered from acute experimental peritonitis due to bacterious infection was about 32 hours concerning with only lethal ending animals. Although in most of cases by Fraenkel's bacillus only death did not occur, the mixed infections by Fraenkel's bacillus and other germs showed a serious condition. The average life duration in the dogs produced acute experimental perforated peritonitis in them was 24.5 hours which was much shorter than in the former group, and another evidence was that no case of complete recovery was recorded, nevertheless among the former group some of cases were recovered. Among the perforated peritonitis in various parts the animal of the perforation in stomach died in the earliest stadium, and in jejunum in the latest, in ileum and in colon between them. In the bacteriological examination of the ascites in the perforated peritonitis Fraenkel's bacillus was found in all cases, coli bacillus in most of cases. In some cases of the short life duration after the ouset of the disease Fraenkel's bacillus was only recognized, on the contrary in cases of long life duration after the onset of the disease streptococcus was discovered most frequently, Speaking only about the perforated peritonitis the prognosis does not appear to depend on the sort of bacillus of abdominal infection, but on the site of the perforation.In most cases of streptococcus infection very quick weakness caused by malignant diarrhoea was observed, and in spite of the relative long life duration the features in abdominal cavity were malignant, and the heart was affected seriously showing endocarditis in some, destruction of the muscles of heart and karyolysis in the other, and subsequently the findings in the electrocardiogram suggested these changes of the heart.In some cases the irritant condition was seen after the onset of the disease, but there was no relationship to the prognosis and the findings in the heart.As the result of the postmortem findings, the. presence of gas, the character of the ascites and the changes of the parenchymatous organs did not show any. parallel relation to the physiological and anatomical changes of the heart, i.e. in cases of high grade affection in abdominal cavity only slight changes in the heart were recognised. In seven cases, 30 per cent of the peritonitis affected animals the changes in thoracic cavity especially in the lobe of the lung; congestion of the lobe, pneumonia and gangrene of the lung were detected, and in seven cases, 30 per cent, the congestion of the coronal artery was found in high grade, but not always parallel to the changes in the lobe of the lung, but speaking generally the changes of pleura and the lobes of the lung in high grade accompany the heart disorder. The heart of the animals of the infection of Fraenkel's bacillus and of short life duration after the onset of disease showed systolic stoppage. but the heart of mixed infected animals and of those which continued the serious condition in long period showed diastolic stoppage. In a case accompanied by serious pneumonia, the right ventricle in the diastolic stoppage and systolic stoppage of the left ventricle were observed.As the result of the investigation of the electrocardiogram in acute peritonitis the following facts should be noticed.P wave shows temporary enlargement, specially in cases of the haemorrhagic peritonitis the changes are most significant. In the animals of prolonged life duration and of weakness in high grade P becomes smaller and some times shows diphasic and inverted at times, but there was no parallelism to the pathological changes of the heart. In cases of abnormal prolongation of the auriculoventriclar transmission of stimulus could not find any histological changes of the heart.When the swelling of the abdominal cavity, the upwards compression of diaphragm and the dislocation of the heart to the left side by the accumulation of gas and ascites in the abdominal cavity and also by the paralysis and distension of the digestive tract were observed after the onset of peritonitis, the principal ventricular waves Q R S show laevogram very frequently, but not so often before death. Laevogram was observed in cases of the congestion of the coronal artery in high grade, and in cases of the pathological changes of the lobes of the lung or pleura laevogram was seen in many occasions.After the onset of peritonitis cases of the depression of S T line increased gradually and became 52% of cases before death, and even in cases of nondepression, non-typical form was observed. In most cases of the depression of S T line the heart showed diastolic stoppage, and the destruction of the muscles of the heart, and karyolysis were detected and sometimes occurred endocarditis,The granuler mitochondria was stained thin in various size and irregular arrangement. It is understood that the depression of the S T line or non-typical form represents the weakness of the heart or the cardiac diseases.After the onset of peritonitis T rises always temporarily and shows a large normal type as the depression of the bloodpressure, and when the animals died in the early stadium by the acute haemorrhagic peritonitis the electrocardiogram resembles to that of the animals before death by loss of blood. But when the animals lived long time and the weakness of the heart increased gradually, T became smaller and sometimes showed an inversion or diphasic. Coronal T was observed in cases of high grade changes of the heart accompanying pericarditis, pneumonia or gangrene of the lung as a complication or in pregnant cases.Investigating the influonce of peritonitis upon the time of the transmission of stimulus by the resistration of the curve and the comparison of the measured values to the calculated values, the author recognized that the time of the auriculoventriclar transmission of stimulus and the systolic period of ventricles were shortened together, as the progress of peritonitis, but when the changes of the heart increased in high grade, showed evident prol ongation of the time and greater value than maximum error.When pneumonia appeared, Sm enlarged greatly and Tn, m showed large normal type and at the same time the depression of S T line proved significant, and it was proved that the socalled dominance of the left ventricle or laevogram appeared similarly in the complication of peritonitis with pneumonia as well as in oases of simple pneumonia. But in one of the peritonitis affected animals suffered from the gangrene of the left lung, empyema and pericarditis as complications dextrogram was experienced. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 47 4 1935 電流ノ生物ニ對スル作用ニ就テ（第2報）電流ニヨル溶血現象ニ關スル研究 1063 1068 EN Nobutane Mori The author studied on the haemolytic action of the electric current upon the red blood corpuscles of rabbits, suspended in the 0.9% NaCl solution. He confirmed the following facts. 1) Red blood corpuscles were haemolysed only by the constant current, but never by the alternating current, if the alternation is sufficiently frequent. 2) In regard to the relationship between the strength of the electric current and its duration holds good the Weiss-Hoorweg's formula for the excitation of muscle and nerve. 3) It is highly probable that the alkalinity, which has been produced in the neighbourhood of the negative Pole, plays the important rôle on the electrical haemolysis. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 47 2 1935 興奮性ト夫レヲ支配スル物理化學的條件 338 351 EN Hisasi Kosaka Nerve fibres have two properties, excitability and conductivity. These properties are characterised, accompanied by, and perhaps actually due to, electrical changes. As to the excitation of nerve fibres by electrical stimulation, Nernst put forward the hypothesis that electrical excitation depended on an electrolytic concentration of ions at membranes impermeable to them. On the other hand, recently Lapicque came to the conclusion that there are intimate relations between excitability of living tissues and the duration. and strength of the stimulating current, formulated the law of chronaxie, which as may be stated as follows; the chronaxie may be defined as the shortest duration of twice the rheobasic strength (galvanic threshold) which will produce stimulation. According to him the chronaxie of a tissue is a definite measure of its excitability, since in that time a current of twice the rheobasic strength is to able to produce those physico-chemical alterations which determine excitation. The author performed investigations for the purpose of examining these two opinions upon the excitation of nerve, using a nerve model of Hermann's type, modified for this purpose and nerves of different animals (sciatics of frog and of toad, vagus of tortoise). Especially precise determinations were made on the relations between some physico-chemical conditions and these influences upon the excitation of nerve fibres. From the results obtained the following may be concluded. 1) If a galvanic current of known strength and of know duration be passed through a nerve model, filled with electrolytic solution, the polarisation potential developed through the current, dimiuishes as the viscosity of the solution increases. 2) It is ascertained that there is a definite relation between chronaxie and polarisation of nerve fibres, i.e. the polarisation potential developed in nerve fibres, through the passage of a galvanic current of known strength and of known duration, is higher in the more excitable nerve with shorter chronaxie than the less excitable one with longer chronaxie. 3) The nerve model of larger calibre has a shorter chronaxie and a lower rheobase than that of smaller calibre. This fact may be considered due to their having different capacities and resistances for electricity, according as their calibres are larger or smaller. 4) The chronaxie of the nerve model is longer when it is measured in electrolytic solution than when it is measured in the air. It increases to a certain extent as the ionic concentration of the solution increases, until the ionic dissociation reaches its maximum. 5) The influence of electrolytic solution upon the increase of both the chronaxie and rheobase of nerve model varies inversely with calibre of the nerve model. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 49 11 1937 逆流作用(Antidromic action)ニ對スル知見補遺 2143 2148 EN Keniti Kawamura The author made experiments to find out wheter the dilation of blood-vessels of a frog's webs is really due to the antidromic action or not when mustard oil is applied to the N. ischiadicus of the amphibian. The results are as follows: 1. Cut the N. ischiadicus at the central part before it unites with the R. communicans, making the nerve fall into degeneration, and then apply mustard oil to it, and you will see that the blood-vessels contracts. 2. Cut R. communicans, making it fall into degeneration, and then apply mustard oil to the nerve, and you will see that the blood-vessels dilates. From the above stated facts, it is plain that the dilation of the blood-vessels of a frog's webs is due to the antidromic action. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 49 3 1937 昭和10年晩夏岡山市地方ニ流行シタルー熱性黄疸病ニ就テ 635 642 EN S. Murakami Y. Miki T. Abe There occurred an epidemic of a kind of feveric jaundice in some parts of Okayama City and its vicinity from the later part of Summer till early autumn 1935. As we had never learned such an outbreak of such an epidemic in these districts, we wished to make it clear. We have studied it under the guidance of Prof. M. Suzuki and our study as a whole resulted as follows: 1) To our regret, we could not succeed in isolating the causal agent. This may be we think, for when we set about the study, the epidemic had already come to its closing period. 2) The clinical symptoms of this disease, we observed, were quite identical with those of the Sakushu fever. 3) And as the serological tests we examined the Pfeiffers phenomenon test and the agglomeration reaction on 12 cases and obtained: 7 positive reaction with Akiyami repto. type A. 3 positive reaction with Akiyami repto. type B. these 10 negative reaction with repto. ict. haemorrha. and the rest 2 of 12 cases gave negative reaction with any of these reptospiras. 4) We cannot yet dare to describe clearly from the epidemiological point of view why such a prevalence of this disease broke out in 1935, but it might be regarded as remarkable facts to indicate some relationship between the great inundation and the epidemic that the infected locality was visited by a disastrous inundation in the preceding year, that the upper course district of the flooded river Asahi was known as the region influenced by the Sakushu fever, and that the infected parts of Okayama City borders the suburbs where a great number of the rats, regarded as the mediators of the Sakushu fever are living, etc. You will have still more reports after our further study in the future. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 50 11 1938 海猽急性化膿性汎發性腹膜炎ニ於ケル副腎含有「アスコルビン酸」量ノ變化 2135 2149 EN Teruo Miyagi Our knowledge concerning vitamin C has made remarkable progress recently. On the other hand, in the surgical domain, especially in case of acute peritonitis, known as one of the prineipal surgical disease, we have very little or no literature on this subject at home and abroad. So the author performed the following experiments witn regard to the hourly change of vitamin C content in the suprarenal gland of guinea-pigs, suffering from acute peritonitis through artificial infection of bac. coli. For the quantitative determination of vitamin C, strict care was taken to avoid harmful factors, which make the results uncertain, eg. only male guinea-pigs (400-500) were used, and the "methylenblue method" after Martini and Bonsignore was adopted, which Ammon and Hinsberg had recommended. As a control, he took preliminary experiments on the effect of starvation to the vitamin C content and confirmed that it diminished as in the case of scurvy. Then in the case of acute peritonitis, this decrease was much more pronounced than that of both former cases. At the same time, he measured variations of the weight of this organ and confirmed that vitamin C was relatively richer in the smaller organ of normal animal and that the vitamin C content and the weight of the organ were in inversed proportion in some cases of peritonitis. Also he observed that the organ of guinea-pigs was generally larger in the left side than in the right. From the fact that the vitamin C content in the suprarenal gland of guinea-pigs, though it diminished as the time passes through starvation, showed a remarkable decrease in the case of peritonitis, it may be concluded that there exists an intimate relation between the inflammation and vitamin C, so far as other conditions are constant. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 50 7 1938 蛔蟲ノ新陳代謝ニ就テ 1373 1384 EN Tadasi Miyazima Since E. Weinland had carried out the experiment on the anaerobic metabolism of intestinal worms, it has been regarded that its source of energy owed to the fermentative breakdown of glycogen to CO2 and avolatile fatty acid, probably valerianic acid. On the other hand, Adam and O. Harnisch, etc. certified its oxidative mechanism in its body. I have made an experiment to see if its metabolism is fermentative or not and how its products of metabolism may be influenced when monoiodo-acetic acid will be circumfused in its medium, and compare with its results in case of earthworms. The results obtained are as follows. 1) A. lumbricoides in opened vessel which contains 0.9% Ringer's solution at 38°C in the thermostat survive for 2-9 days long, but most of them for 5-6 days. 2) In the vessel of same solution, shut from air, the Worms 2 hours later an average its oxygen intake is 0.060mg. by 1 hour and 1g., CO(2) output 0.312mg., and its respiratory quotient is 3.3. And 18-20 houurs later O(2) intake decreases to 0.0158mg. and CO(2). output 0.125mg. Its respiratory quotient is 5.9. 3) In the vessel which filled with 0.9% Ringer's solution made from underground water which contains about 3-4cc. of O(2) in 100cc., the worms could not longer survive than 4 days. The gasmetabolism in the vessel shows O(2) intake by 1 hour and 1g. 0.002mg. and its respiratory quotient 3.7. 4) Through the bubbling of H(2)-gas in this solution its O(2)-content was reduced to 1.062cc. per L., the worms output CO(2) extraordinary large in spite of its O(2)-intake 0.00176mg., its respiratory quotient 161. 5) In 0.01% M.I.A.-Ringer's solution the worms 2 hours later O(2)-intake 0.063mg., CO(2)-output 0.378 mg. and its respiratory quotient 3.6. 15-20hours later, its O(2)-intake and CO(2)-output reduced to 0.0074 and 0.087mg respectively. Its respiratory quotient 6.1. 6) When these results compared with those of earthworms, CO(2)-output is always greater than earthworms in spite of similar amounts of O(2)-intake. O(2)-intake does not influenced by M.L.A. From these facts, it seems the metabolism in anaerobic life of A. lumbricoides owes much more to fermentative breakdown of glycogen than in case of earthworms, by which oxidation plays some part of metabolism. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 50 6 1938 蚯蚓ノ新陳代謝ニ就テ 1235 1248 EN Tadasi Miyazima 1. In the vessel which completely filled with common water and shut from air, the earthworm during 2 hours shows an average O(2)-intake of 0.07109mg. and CO(2)-output of 0.16449mg. per hour and per g. of bodyweight. The respiratory quotients are always above 1. Twenty hours later O2-intake decreases to 0.02365mg. and CO(2)-output to 0.06099mg. per hour and g. These facts indicate that the worms exhale cabon dioxide more than the amount which formed by oxidation during the same time. A. fermentative production of CO(2) in the body is Plausible. 2. In 0.01% monoiodo-acetic acid solution the worms take 0 05208mg. of oxygen and put out 0.2786mg. of carbon dioxide per hour and g. of bodyweight. Twenty hours later O(2)-intake sunk to 0 02036mg. CO(2)-output to 0.04845mg. It seems to take place in the tissues of earthworms some degree of oxidative processes in addition to fermentation. 3. During 11 hours in nitrogen atmosphare glycogen-content of the tissue of earthworm decreases from 1.217g. to 0.353g. per 100g. of earthworms. 4. The worms staying in the medium of 0.01% mouoiodo-acetic acid solution during 7.4 hours decrease their glycogen-contents to 0.228g. per 100g. of worms. 5. On normal worms 16 hours in nitrogen, I found 2.9cc. of valerie acid per hour and 100g. of worms; on the worms poisoned with monoiodo-acetic acid 4.32cc. per hour and 100g. of worms. 6. From (3) aud (4), it makes probable that the source of energy in anaerobic life of worms owes to the breakdown of glycogen into CO(2) and fatty acid, and one part to the oxidation of glycogen. 7. As another supporting fact I Gan point out that the blood of earthworms has coloured blood which contained haemoglobin. From these facts we can conclude that the life of earthworm is not absolute anaerobic but facultative. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 51 1 1939 海猽急性化膿性汎發性腹膜炎ニ於ケル副腎ノ病理組織學的變化 88 104 EN Teruo Miyagi By means of various staining methods, the author investigated the pathohistological changes in the suprarenal gland of guinea-pigs, suffering from acute diffuse peritonitis through the injection of bac. coli in abdominal cavity, and compared these alterations with other accompanying changes. The results may be pointed out as follows: 1) Structure of the suprarenal gland of guinea-pigs, which were suffering from acute diffuse peritonitis, shows definite pathohistological alterations accompanied by the change of ascorbic acid content at the same time. 2) Histological changes occur most profoudly at the 13th hour. Ascorbic acid content also diminished greatly by this time. 3) Prevalent alterations observable under haematoxylin-eosin staining are swelling, turbidity, vacuole formation and necrosis of cell, hyperchromatic staining of nucleus, karyoklasis and karyolysis, vasodilatation, hyperaemia, blood stagnation and haemorrhagia. These alterations are due to the direct action of bacteria or to its toxin. 4) The above described histological alterations as well as the change of ascorbic acid content are rather diminished in degree at the 24th hour than at the 13th hour. This facts indicate that the pathological process has been stopped or becomes healing by this time. 5) Neutral fat increases slightly at the 6th hour, highly at the 24th hour. 6) Increase or decrease of lipoid content., tested by Ciaccio's method, are inconsistent compared with those of neutral fat. 7) Double refractive substances and silver granules diminished at the 24th hour even in control animals, but these diminution is profound in all cases of suffering ones after the 6th hour. Though the former substance could not be detected in medulla, the latter are richly distributed in it. 8) The histological alterations in medulla are very feeble, compared with those in cortex, and lipoid substances are not detectable in the former. 9) If there are increases of the weight of suprarenal gland in case of purulent peritonitis, we could always confirm the presence of oedema, hyperaemia and blood stagnation of high grade in the gland. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 54 10 1942 落花生種子成分ノHeparin樣血液凝固抑制物質ニ關スル知見補遣 前編 落花生種子成分ノ血液凝固抑制機轉ニ就テ 1669 1679 EN Nobutada Tamao Few years ago it was reported by Kurahasi from the Physiology Laboratory here, that the extract of the peanut and the soya-bean contained an anticoagulant substance, of which chemical nature and working mechanisms having been undecided. The author investigated on this subject and came to the following conclusions: Considering from the fact that 1) The anticoagulant action of the extract did not interfere with the presence of Ca-ion, 2) The extract acted as an antagonist to the action of serum thrombin, 3) The extract acted as an antagonist to cephalin-protein-compound, it may he concluded that the extract acted as antiprothrombin as well as as antithrombin. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 54 3 1942 低壓ガ家兎耳朶血管ノ赤血球數ニ及ボス影響ニ就テノ研究 468 478 EN Yosiyuki Okamura The author has carried out some observations about rabbits at 450mmHg pressure in low pressure chamber and has obtained the following results. 1) The number of red corpuscles in the peripheral blood vessel increases 7-20% per cubic millimeter. 2) The haemoglobinvalue also increases with the red corpuscle but the former is a little fewer than the latter. 3) The body temperature expresses no remarkable change. 4) The capillary blood vessel of ear increases the width of, it. 5) The following fact is experimentaly proved at normal pressure that the number of red corpuscles in thicker blood vessel is greater than that in smaller blood vessel. 6) The spleen which is fined outside the abdomen contract at low barometric and oxygen pressure. For some days after spleen extirpation, the increase of red corpuscles at low pressure is not to be seen or very slight but on 49th day red corpuscles increase under low pressure as much as normal rabbit. 7) Injektion of pilocarpin. into vein increases the number of red corpuscles, and injektion of adrenalin and atropin decreases of it. From the above mentioned facts the auther recognized as principal cause the change of distribution of red corpuscles following the dilatation of peripheral blood vessels under low pressure. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 55 4 1943 蛙筋ノ「メチレン青」還元作用ニ及ボス「アドレナリン」ノ影響特ニ其ノpHトノ關係竝ニ家兎ノ2, 3臟器ノpH 489 494 EN Asao Matumoto Radsma and Tjhan have recently reported that the influence of adrenaline upon the methylenblue reducing action of frog's muscle was reversed at certain pH, Under the supposition that blood vessels are dilated or constricted through the action of adrenaline may be due to the influence of pH of the tissues, the author measured the pH of some organs of rabbits and investigated at the same time on the relation between the effect of adrenaline to the methylenblue reducing action of frog's muscle under several value of pH. Assumption was not fully realised, but an unexpected new fact was obtained, which may be described as follows: 1) Adrenaline accelerated the methylenblue reducing action of frog's muscle at about pH 7.4, but on either side of this pH the action of adrenaline was diminished gradually, until it was reversed at pH 6.1 or 9.0. 2) The extracts of cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and lung of the rabbit with 1% common salt solution show similarily faint acid reaction, lying between pH 6.0-6.9. pH lues may be classified as follows: Cardiac muscle<skeletal muscle<lung. 3) The influence of adrenaline upon the methylenblue reducing action are reversed only once a time within the limit of above pH range. We cannot, therefore, understand from this ground why the blood vessels of the heart and the lung are dilated and that of the skeletal muscle are constricted through adrenaline. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 56 2 1944 複眼ノ活動電流 118 126 EN Minoru Kôno Since the discovery of Holmgren, the retinal action current has been investigated by many authors; recently Hartline on limulus, Jahn and Crescitteli on grasshopper, and Adrian on water beetle. The author studied on this subject using the compound eyes of grasshopper (Locusta danica), locust, water beetle (Cybister japonica) and fire-fly (Luciola cruciata). The experimental procedure and the results are in short, summarized as follows: Method: The retinal action current from the eye of decapitated animals was obtained with a pair of nonpolarizable electrode, placing the one on the decapitated cut end and the other on the surface of the cornea, and the current was recorded by Siemen's oscillograph. A small electric lamp from short distance was employed as stimulus. Results: 1) When the eye was stimulated by allight, a complex effect, i.e. after a small positive deflection (a-wave), soon followed by a sharp negative one (b-wave), after which a very slower one (c-wave) was observed. When the lithdrawn, there occurred also an off-effect (d wave). These waves coincide with those observed on frog's retina, indicating that three different processes occur together in the stimulated retina. 2) The magnitude of the deflection of b-wave increased with the duration of dark adaptation. 3) The magnitude of the deflection of b-wave was proportinal to the strength of the light. 4) Among amylalcohol, cocain, taurocholic acid and digitonine, when applied to the eye externally, the most effective drug, which diminishes the magnitude of the negative variation of retinal action current, was digitonine, while other drugs have little or no effect. 5) From the fact that cocain has no effect, we can conclude that the action current of retina does not depend on nervous element, but depends on the photosensitive substance which was dissolved out and disintegrated by digitonine. The substance is perhaps photosensitive substance in cone, because grasshopper retina has no rods. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 12 1954 骨髓埋沒に関する研究 第1編 骨髄埋沒の正常家兎血液像に及ぼす影響 2569 2581 EN Senichi Mizote 1) When 0.5 gram per body weight kilogram of homogeneous red bone marrow was embedded to normal rabbits at the inner part of thigh, both the hemoglobin and the number of erythrocyte showed a temporary reduction, followed by a remarkable and comparatively long-lasting increase of them. In this connection, the increase of reticulocyte was, prior to that of erythrocyte, also notably found. 2) The same response was shown also in the case of embedding 0.3 gram per body weight kilogram, but in this case the response was rather slight. 3) In the case of embedding 1.0 gram per body weight kilogram, only the anemia was resulted, no increase of erythrocyte being caused. 4) The same response as in the first imbedding was found in another experiment under the same condition (0.5 gram per body weight kilogrem), but this time the reduction of erythrocyte on early stage was slight and no particular disorder was noted. 5) When 0.5 gram per body weight kilogram of heterogeneous (- of a young dog -) red bone marrow was embedded to normal rabbits, the response was almost the same with the case of embedding homogeneous one, although the respose in slighter degree. 6) In the cases of embedding 0.5 gram per body weight kilogram both of homogeneous and heterogeneous muscles instead of red bone marrow, the blood-picture of embedded body did not show any notable change. 7) Judging from above experiences, the fact has become clear that the imbedding of bone marrow has its peculiar function inpromoting the production of blood, and that the fittest puantity of it is 0.5 gram per body weight kilogram. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 12 1954 癌患者の血清対熱非凝固物質中チロジン量について 2485 2489 EN Jyunzo Tanino Human serum contains resolved materials of protein and these resolution shows one section of protein metabolism. It is observed that the consumption of protein is clear in patients with cancer, and the quantity of non-heat precipitated protein-like materials increases in certain periods during the course of this disease. The examination of the resolving condition of protein was performed by means of the quantitative analysis of the tyrosine content in non-heat precipitated protein-like materials using the phenol reagent. In comparison with 3.2 mg% (2-5 mg%) which was the average tyrosine level of healthy human serum (10 cases), that of cancer of the lung (3 cases) was 11.2 mg% (8-17 mg%); of the stomach (42 cases) was 8.4 mg% (3-13 mg%); of the breast (8 cases) was 5.8 mg% (2-8 mg); of the rectum (5 cases) was 4.9 mg% (2-8 mg%); and of the sarcoma (5 cases) was 11.8 mg% (8-16 mg%). The tyrosine level of ulcer of the stomach and duodenum (35 cases) was 4.7 mg% (2-8 mg%), and this is lower than the level of cancer of the stomach. The tyrosine level of penetrating ulcer (5 cases), however, was 9.3 mg% (8-12 mg%) and it is higher than that of cancer of the stomach. In such diseases the resolution of protein is supposed to be evident, and this fact suggests hypoproteinemia and shows the necessity of supplying protein prior to operation in order to be favourable prognosis. Futhermore, the fact that the tyrosine level in the terminal stadium of cancer of the stomach with cancerous peritonitis becomes the same with that in healthy condition suggests us to be cautious in making diagnosis in the case of hypoproteinemia and cancer. Moreover, in the case of inflammatory and wasting disease except cancer. for instance, abscess of the lung, tuberculosis of the intestine, that of the kidney, and peripleural abscess, the tyrosine level becomes higher than 7-10 mg%. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 12 1954 肝疾患時の胸・腹水発生機序の一考察 2395 2401 EN Kiyowo Kosaka By mentioning 5 cases of liver patients who have been accompanied by not only ascites but also pleural fluid, the starting mechanism for ascites has been examined. Now, in order to start ascites, such factors as portal vein congestion, portal vein hypertension, colloidchemical change of blood as well as of ascites, hindrance against water metabolism regulator etc. may be pondered on, yet these alone cannot explain the starting mechanism for those five cases. Rather, as in every case, ascites has started violently immediately after those symptoms suggestive of some infection have appeared, and ascites was a transsudat from the beginning of accumulation, but contains comparatively great amount of protein; as these facts being recognizable, it can be identified that the principal factor was serous inflammation, as H. Eppinger declared. That is to say, at the same time certain kind of toxine so influenced the liver that it has given rise to serous hepatitis, and by injuring portal vein, augmenting its permeability, which, in turn, urged the lay-up of ascites. Furthermore, 3 cases have been studied that were accompanied with pleural fluid as to the factor to start pleural fluid, and so it has been concluded that even on this occasion the like factor in case of ascites should be thought as its starting mechanism too. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 11 1954 重症消化不良症（乳児腸炎）の血清蛋白分屑変動の意義に関する研究 第2篇 低蛋白食にて飼育せる慢性鬱熱幼若犬の血清蛋白分屑像 2259 2265 EN Eiji Sano Young dogs were divided into the following 3 groups. Group 1: Reared with normal food in a normal temperature for 30 days (4 dogs). Group 2: Reared on a low protein diet in a normal temperature for 30 days (5 dogs). Group 3: Reared on a low protein diet in high temperature and high humidity for 30 days (5 dogs). Serum protein fractions of each of these 3 groups were electrophoretically studied and compared each other. The results were as follows: In group 1. total protein, albumin and γ-globulin content increased 117%, 117% and 142%, respectively, during this period as compared with those before this experiment. In group 2, total protein and albumin content decreased to 74% and 28%, respectively, as compared with those before this experment, but γ-globulin content increased to 145%. In group 3, total protein and albumin content remarkably decreased to 63% and 20%, respectively, but γ-globulin content increased to 114%. However this increase is smaller than in other groups. These results indicate that when low protein diet is given, arbumin decreases but γ-globulin does not decrease, and only after the mesenchymal function is damaged by high temprature and high humidity does hypo-γ-globulinaemia occur. From this fact it is thought that hypo-γ-globulinaemia in patient with Jusho-shokafuryosho is due to mesenchymal functional disturbances caused by high temperature and high humidity rather than due to low protein feeding that the human infant in the weaning period is apt to receive. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 10 1954 皮膚科領域におけるVitamin B(1)の研究 第2編 皮膚疾患における血中総B(1)量と肝機能との関係について 2125 2138 EN Taisuke Ichiyama According to the fact that the Synthesis of Co-carboxylase from Vit. B(1) takes place in the liver, and in the case of Vit. B(1) deficiency the insufficiency of the liver function could often be observed, therefore. the close relation between Vit. B(1) and liver function could be presumed. I have examined the relation between Vit. B(1) and liver function in 71 cases of various dermatologic diseases, according to Takata's reaction, hepatosulphalein method and urobilinogen reaction in urine, as the examination of liver function and obtained the following results. 1) 55.6% of the cases in which the blood level of Vit. B(1) was below 6.0γ% showed liver dysfunction, especially the allergic diseases such as eczema, urticaria and prurigo tended to liver dysfunction, and the similar tendency could also be seen in Duhring's dermatitis, pemphigus and pellagra. 2) 66.7% of the cases in which the blood level of Vit. B(1) was above 6.0γ% showed normal liver function, and chloasma, alopecia areata, verrucae planae juveniles and trichophytia showed normal function. 3) In acne vulgaris, erythema induratum Bazin, erythematodes and psoriasis vulgaris no definite relation between Vit. B(1) and liver function could be observed. 4) Including allergic dermatoses, in the dermatologic diseases which tend to exsudation, both positive urobilinogen reaction and deficiency of Vit. B(1) could be observed in many cases. 5) Among the 3 reactions for the examination of liver function, the hepatosulphalein method concured closely with blood level of Vit. B(1). 6) Approximately 90% of the cases had both normal liver function and normal Vit. B(1) value, and 90% with liver dysfunction and deficiency of Vit. B(1). Etiology of many skin diseases are still unknown, and in the relation of Vit. B(1) deficiency and the liver dysfunction to the cause of various dermatologic disorders, the cause and the result are also not clear, but according to my experiments it could be said that the Vit. B(1) deficiency and the liver dysfunction play an impostant roll in the cause and course of some dermatologic disorders. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 10 1954 細胞膜透過性に及ぼす高圧の影響 第4編 電導度に就て 2089 2094 EN Katuki Okada When some high pressure (1500 atm. at maximum) is applied to various living celltissue, (such as, red corpuscle, bladder, mesenterium, plant cell etc.), their electric conductivity may greatly be enhanced. These facts may probably ascribed to the augmented permeability of plasma membrane, due to high pressure. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 10 1954 細胞膜透過性に及ぼす高圧の影響 第3編 塩流に就て 2083 2088 EN Katuki Okada In case any high pressure (that amounts to 400 atm.) has been directed toward isolated frog's skin, electric pressure of salt current reduces considerably. These facts may probably ascribed to the augmented permeability of plasma membrane of the epithelium, due to high pressure. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 10 1954 細胞膜透過性に及ぼす高圧の影響 第2編 上皮流に就て 2077 2081 EN Katsuki Okada In case certain high pressure (400 atm.) is imposed on excised skin of a frog, its resting potential abates itself considerably, while its electric conductivity increases great deal. These facts may probably be ascribed to the augmented permeability of plasma membrane of the epithelium, due to high pressure. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 10 1954 細胞膜透過性に及ぼす高圧の影響 第1編 筯肉負傷流に就て 2071 2075 EN Katuki Okada Having taken observation on the resting current as hydrostatic high pressure has been evenly imposed upon isolated muscle (frog's gastrocnemius), obtained the following results;- Due to the high pressure, injury potential of skeletal muscle decreases remarkably, while electric conductivity of any muscle indieafes a great inerease. These facts may probably ascribed to the augmented permeabilily of plasma membrane, due to high pressure. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 8 1954 Newcastle Disease Virusの免疫に関する研究 第3編 Newcastle disease virusの毒素の研究 1675 1685 EN Fumio Nakagawa There have been made few reports on the virus toxins except those of psitacossis-lymphogranuloma and influenza groups, and, as to the Newcastle disease virus, the existence of its toxin is only presumed by Upton. Considering the fact that this toxin is neutralized by the immune serum of Newcastle disease virus, this toxin seems to have some relationship with the immunity of the virus. Therefore, the author makes reports on the fact that the Newcastle disease virus has its toxin, and about the various results gained by studying its properties. 1) The intraveneous and intraabdominal injection of the chorioallantoic fluid inoculated with this virus, could kill the injected hosts such as chickens and mice. In the case of chickens, it took less than 24 hours to kill, and in the case of mice, the animals died with convulsion. 2) This toxic substance seems to be the virus itself, because the virulence of this toxin and the concentration of virus went parallel to each other and this toxin was not able to be separated from the virus by means of kaolin-adsorption and-dissociation. 3) This virus proliferated for 48 hours in embryonated eggs showed greater virulence than that proliferated for 24 hours. In this test, however, the quantities of virus were adjusted that their infectious titer might be the same one. 4) If this virus is kept at 6°C, it lost its virulence earlier than the infectious titer. Against heating, however, this virulence was a little more stable than the infectious titer, and, in the presence of formalin, these two were lost parallel to each other. 5) The lethal toxin of Newcastle disease virus was neutralized by antiserum and was also neutralized in the bodies of immunized hosts. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 66 8 1954 Newcastle Disease Virusの免疫に関する研究 第1編 Newcastle Disease Virusの免疫反応に就て 1647 1660 EN Fumio Nakagawa Although there have been made many reports that the infection and vaccination of Neweastle disease virus can produce high immunity, the vaccination in the case of virus diseases is, still now, not sufficiently effective. This experiment is performed to make some contribution to the production of general virus vaccines, by studying the problems of immunity engendered with inactivated vaccines. Here the author makes reports on the results of re-examination of various serum reactions, which are often applied to immune rections, and, at the same time, on the various new facts observed through this experiment. The materials used for this experiment were the emulsions of the fowl brains and embryos, and chorioallantoic fluid. The strain of virus used was Miyadera strain of Newcastle disease virus. 1) The LD50 of this strain for the embryonated eggs, 3-day chickens, 20-day chickens and 35-day chickens were 10-11.5, 10-15.5, 10-13.1 and 10-4.8 respectively. Therefore, the infectious titer falls remarkably as the age of chickens increases. 2) The positive titers of Hirst's phenomenon of this Miyadera strain were from 320 to 1280, and hemagglutination test with fowl immune serum showed inhibitation titers from 320 to 640. 3) The guinea-pig serum, immunized with Newcastle disease virus-infected chorioallantoic fluid, showed complement fixation with the antigen of chorioallantoic membrane, with the antigen separated with kaolin from chorioallantoic fluid, and the antigen purified from chick-embryos. In this case, the condensation of purified antigen is not so necessary. 4) Complement fixation inhibitation is completed by using the fowl immune serum. 5) The neutralization with fowl immune serum drawn on the fifteenth and thirty-fifth day after injection of the antigen, showed the log. neutralization of 3.1 and 3.7 respectively. 6) The sensitized red cell agglutination was tested with the serum drawn, as days went by after the inoculation, from the adult fowls inoculated with Newcastle disease virus-infected chorioallantoic fluid. This agglutination test showed the maximum positive titer of 640 on the sixth or eighth day and disappeared on the twenty-second day after the inoculation. 7) As to the hemagglutination inhibitation test, however, it showed the maximum titer of 640 on the twenty-second day, but, on the thirty-fifth day, it fell to fairly low titer. 8) The log. neutralization showed the maximum titer of 5.5 on the twenty-second day after inoculation, but, on the thirty-fifth day, it fell to 5.2, the same titer as that on tho twenty-second day. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 7-12 1955 実験的衝撃の生化学的研究 第5篇 電撃施行猫脳髓の遊離アミノ酸特にグルタミン・グルタミン酸・γ-アミノ酪酸の相互関係に就いて 1395 1398 EN Takashi Nishimon The change of the free aminoacids in the cat-brains treated repeatedly by electric shocks was in vestigated. Both the systems of glutamic acid→γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid→glutamine were influenced by the treatment. Especially the change in the former proved more remarkable than in the latter. In other words, glutamic acid decarboxylase has been activated and in the latter system, glutamine, has been formulated, though in a slight degree. These facts are considered to show certain rise in the brain function as results of E. C. T. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 7-12 1955 「馬宿病」に関する研究 殊に，病毒淫浸地区住民の血清学的研究 1253 1302 EN Kenji Miyazawa The Weil-Felix reaction test performed on the blood sera of healthy persons in Aioi village which had been affected with “Umayado-Disease” and 51 other cities, towns and villages in Kagawa Prefecture revealed as follows: 1) The aggultination titer against the OXK strain on the blood sera of healthy persons in Aioi village is remarkably higher as compared with that in other areas in Kagawa prefecture. This fact shows that the inhabitants of Aioi village are constantly exposed to a danger of the infection of this disease. 2) The strength of the OXK reaction observed in Aioi village seems to be varied according to lacalities; i.e., it is higher at the localities nearer the mountaineous area. In other words, the possible extent of this disease's infection is inversely propotional to the geological elevation of land. 3) My observation on the amount of the antigen produced against the OXK strain shows that the possible extent of the infection of this disease is expecially remarkable at Umayado and Sakamoto. 4) The antigen titer against the OXK strain in healthy persons in Aioi village always changes according to the seasons of the year. For instance, it is constantly higher in autumn, and in spring it drops lower. In view of this fact, it is possibly understood that this disease prevails chiefly in summer-time. 5) With the people in Kagawa prefecture as a whole, the strength of the OX19 reaction becomes higher among the people westward, and lower eastward. This is in coincidence with the conditions of the prevalence of fleck fever in this prefecture. 6) The strength of the OXK reaction, with the people of Kagawa prefecture as a whole, is higher in the easten part of the prefecture, including Aioi village, and in the western part the antigen against the OXK strain has hardly been discovered so far. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 6 1955 「馬宿病」に関する研究 篇1. 疫学的,臨床的観察 1105 1143 EN S. Nokihara I have made researches on the kernel of an eruptive febrile disease which is usually seen, exceptionally in summer, at Aioi-mura, Okawa-gun, the eastern part of Kagawaken. The nature of this disease was unknown but I have succeeded in the isolation of Rickettsia from a patient, and made it clear that bacteriological natures and the Rickettsia isolated are identical with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (orientalis). A similar disease in Tsuda-cho, Okawa-gun has been proved also to be Tsutsugamushi disease. while it can be seen in winter. This proves that there is a serious kind of Tsutsugamushi disease that develops in summer and a comparatively mild kind that develops in winter. The following shows the research I have made through clinical findings on each of the different types of tsutsugamushi disease. 1. Both Aioi-mura and Tsuda-cho are topographically located near the sea. It is usually the case that the patients houses are situated in lower land districts. 2. It develops only in summer in Aioi-mura with the duration of months from June to September. 3. It develops irrespective of age. In the block of Umayado (Aza Umayado) and Sakamoto (Aza Sakamoto) of Aioi-mura, I have found all the people, regardless of their ages, exposed in their home to the attack of the disease. 4. People of the contaminated areas are engaged in farming with fishing as their side job. Almost none of them raise pigs. This shows that pigs are not the cause of it. It is not as yet clear whether it is from the migratory birds. 5. No relation of cause and effect can be found between the occupation of the villagers snd the outbreak of the disease of the patients. 6. Clinical findings of the patients Mr. Mitani who had the disease in summer in Aioimura, and Mr. Tanizawa, in winter in Tsuda-cho are both found to be the same with those of Tsutsugamushi disease, and antibiotics especially the Terramycin is effective for it. Serums of the patients agglutinated the OXK remarkably, and assurance of the rising of the agglutination titers shows that it does not differ from the Tsutsugamushi disease. 7. The antibiotics especially the Chloromycetin and Terramycin are very effective. With these antibiotics the fever goes down. After the fever drops, it is difficult to isolate the Rickettsia from the blood. In brief, I have analyzed the clinical findings of de-velopment of "Umayado Disease", a local eruptive febrile disease, and at the same time, classified the peculiar local type of Tsutsugamushi disease according to the clinical findings into the summer type and the winter one. This leads to the fact that in a single prefecture and moreover at the places quite close to each other there can be seen a serious and a mild type of Tsutsugamushi disease in summer and winter respectively, which I think is sure to contribute to the study on the distribution and epidemic researches of Tsutsugamushi disease. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 6 1955 「馬宿病」に関する研究 第二編 ハツカネズミにおける恙虫病々毒の接種方法と感受性について 1089 1104 EN Shuhei Miki One of the most important factors for the study of endemic Tsutsugamushi Disease is to isolate surely Rickettsia tsutsugamushi from morbid materials. Judging from the fact that the results of the ordinary isolation by the intraperitoneal blind passage in mice were not necessarily satisfactory, investigations were in the first generation of mice carried on comparing intraperitoneal with intracutaneous inoculation of Rickettsia strain. Material of inoculation is 0.2ml, 10(-2)-10(-8) dilution of hepatolienal emulsion of mice which were infected and diseased by IV-strain of "Umayado". 2 groups of mice, the one inoculated with definite quantity of material intraperitoneally and the other intracutaneously, were observed for 30 days in the 1st generation. From 2nd to 4th generation, intraperitoneal passage was tried with 10(-1), 0.4ml hepatolienal emulsion of conditional mice: in the 1st group of the 1st generation that employed intraperitoneal inoculation, the survived during the observation or the suceumbed to infection and yet Rickettsia in their peritoneal fluid was not proved on the microscope, while then in the 2nd group of the 1st generation that employed intracutaneous inoculation, for all mice, living or dead. By these blind passage from 1st to 4th generation, Rickett is in the peritoneal fluid was observed on the microscope, and disseminating limit was investigated as follows: in case of 1st group was 10(-4) dilution, and in 2nd group 10(-6) dilution of the emulsion by the inoculation at the 1st generation. In short, it is recognized that Rickettsia of the same density and the same quantity, is more easily and surely preserved, when inoculated in the 1st generation intracutaneously than intraperitoneally. This fact suggests that the adoption of the intracutaneous inoculation should be recommended for the isolation of Rickettsia from diseased person and mouse. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 6 1955 「馬宿病」に関する研究 第一編 弱毒化恙虫病毒の免疫原性に関する研究 1049 1088 EN Shuhei Miki This experiment suggest that Bile and Bile acid has an antidotal effect for every strain of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (orientalis), and that immunological hetegenity among strains of Rickettsia orientalis can be differentiated by the serological cross test with the immune state of mice surviving infection as a result of treatment with Bile and Bile acid. Observation was made in many mice which were injected with the "Umayado", Ozeki and Shichito strain of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (orientalis). Material of inoculation as follows; 1, 3, 5% Solution of Bile, and 10(-4)-10(-5.5) Natrium salt of Bile acid mixed with 10(-2), 10(-3) brain emulsion of infected mice by these strains, in same quantity, for 10, 20, 30 minutes at 4 C. 1. 0.2ml of this material (Umayado), in each dencity and time, was inoculated subcutaneously for primary immunization of mice and these mice were challenged intraperitoneally after 65 days inoculated by 0.3ml, 10(-2) Emulsion of three strains as a cross immunization test. Antigenic relationship among three strains were investigated from mortalities of mice after primary infection for 65 days and after challenge for 20 days. 2. One paralled series of observation was made in mice. Employing in subcutaneous infecting dose of 10(-2)-10(-3) dilution of these strain mixed with 1-5% Bile for 20-30 minutes, greater part of 150 mice survived and in every case antidotal effect of Bile was demonstrated distinctly. The same result was noticed in Ozeki and Shichito strain. 3. Cross immunization test was observed in mice survived after primary inoculation of Umayado and Ozeki strain treated with Bile same qualified. Greater part of immunized mice remained resistent to reinfection, by the challenge of the strain of Umayado and Ozeki, but in case of Shichito strain, mortality of survived mice after primary infection was higher than other homologous strains. The greater part of mice by primary inoculation with Shichito strain treated with Bile succumbed to reinfection with Umayado and Ozeki strain. These result of cross immunization test suggest that Umayado strain is similar to Ozeki strain in its antigenic structure. 4. It was difficult to examin about the antidotal effect of Natrium cholate and Natrium desoxycholate for Rickettsia orientalis, because these bile acids were toxic for maus, but immunogenicity of R. orientalis treated with Bile acid seemed to be maintained. In short, it is recognized that Bile has not influence on the immunogenicity but a antidotal effect for R. orientalis. This fact suggest that Comparsion of heterogenity among strains of tsutsugamushi disease are investigated with surer confidence than the immunological test hitherto in common use. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 5 1955 P(32)による実験的日本脳炎に関する研究 第二篇 脳内病毒接種マウス脳及び肝に於ける核酸代謝のSchmidt & Thanhauser法による研究 961 974 EN Takahisa Osada In the previous paper by the same author the nucleic acid metabolism in some organs which was infected by Japanese B Encephalitis was studied by Schneider's method. Some detailed study by Schmidt & Thanhauser's method on this problem was further undertook and is going to be reported here. P(32) was used as the tracer throughout this investigation and was injected intraperitoneally into the mice at the acme stage of infection. After the time intervals of 6 and 24 hours were collected certain quantities of brain, which were then fractionated by Schmidt & Thanhauser's method into DNH- and RNA- fractions These nucleic acid fractions were investigated on their P(32) contents. By comparing the results with those obtained from the control references made by treating the healthy mice with P(32) in the same way, an increase in P(32)-activity was recognized at the DNA-fraction of the brain, this indicating the fact that, when mouse is infected with the virus, the DNA-fraction of the brain suffers a marked change. Similar investigation was also carried out at the incubation period. In this case, however, an increase in the P(32)-activity was observed at the DNA and PNA-fraction of the liver collected from the mice infected with the virus. It is fully interesting that this increase in P(32)-activity shows intimate accordance with the visceral phase of the disease. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 5 1955 肝臓循環の薬理学的研究 第二編 諸種薬物の犬肝臓内循環に対する作用 933 950 EN Gorô Yokoyama Perfusion of a dog liver was carried out with a circulating liver-perfusion apparatus, provided with two blood supplies from the artery and the portal vein, and the effect of various drugs on the changes of arterial and portal inflow, hepatic venous outflow, and the liver volume were recorded. From these recordings, sites and modes of action of drugs on blood vessels of the liver were examined. It was observed that there was a partially reciprocal relationship between the inflow of hepatic artery and of the portal vein. Adrenaline chiefly caused dilating action on the hepatic veins in a small dose, but when the dose was comparatively large, constriction of the arterial and portal branches being more predominant. However, the hepatic veins were opened in some liver preparations even when the dose of adrenaline was fairly large. The action of noradrenaline seemed to be fundamentally similar to that of adrenaline. The action of ephedrine and tyramine was similar to that of adrenaline though much weaker and more lasting. Histamine itself caused constriction of the hepatic veins but its action on blood vessels in other parts was much weaker. A small dose of adrenaline completely counteracted the histamine action on the hepatic vein. The actions of peptone and sinomenine were similar to that of histamine and it was assumed that the actions appeared through histamine release from the liver tissues. Under the experimental conditions employed, the action of sinomenine seemed to be stronger. The principal action of acetylcholine was constriction of the hepatic veins, which was far stronger than that reported by the previous workers on this animal, although this action was transitory and a secondary dilatation of the hepatic veins often followed. The action of pilocarpine was of the same type as that of acetylcholine but far weaker. A small dose of atropine suppressed these actions and itself dilated the hepatic veins. These observations strongly suggest the presence of the parasympathetic control of the liver circulation which had been overlooked to date. Barium salts effected strong constriction of the tributaries of the hepatic artery and this action was removed by papaverine. Strophanthine showed a histamine-type action and the action of pituitrin was also similar, though the action of pituitrin was sometimes similar to that caused by a small amount of adrenaline. Of the drugs acting chiefly on the hepatic veins, the comparatively stable histamine showed about the same effect by the arterial and portal injections, but the effect of adrenaline and acetylcholine which are unstable was far weaker when given into the portal vein. These facts suggest the presence of direct communications from the hepatic artery to the vein, i.e. the transhepatic arterial branches. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 3-4 1955 語音による聽力検査に就て 第二編 従来の所謂言語を以てする聽力検査法に就ての批判 849 853 EN M. Miyamoto In the voice tests, meaning words have been used for the long time and the maximum hearing distance is understood to show the degree of hearing. But when meaning words are used, the speech sounds are likely to be understood as words by the help of mental power, even though the hearing is not sufficiently enough to catch the individual speech sounds. Thus, slight impairment of hearing is liable to be overlooked and the results do not mean the true hearing, but the degree of speech understanding. When cautious considerations are brought on the facts that speech sounds are compound sounds, the clearness or intensity of the testers' voice have individual differences, and the architectural acoustics of the test room is not constant, it seems to be impossible to determine the degree of hearing simply by the distances of hearing. By various experiments the author ascertained the following facts: - (1) There is not necessarily any relation which is implied by straight line òr logarithm between the intensity of sound and the distance from the source of sound. These two factors, namely, intensity and distance are variable according to the conditions of test room. (2) Considerable individual differences are seen in the intensity of testers voice. Even when the same person carries on the test, the intensity of sound differs according to the kinds of speech sounds. (3) The maximum distances of hearing for a certain voice differ according to the conditions of the test room. By the above mentioned experiments, it can be pointed out that the exsisting methods of voice test involve various defects. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 2 1955 腸間膜瘢痕症の筋電図学的研究 第2編 臨床的研究 603 613 EN Hiroshi Inoue The patients with mesenteritis cicatricans were investigated before and after the operation myographically in their dorsal muscles at rest. These discharges were seen in 18 of 20 cases with lumbago. and in 4 of 15 cases without it. After the resection of scar or Rankin-Reamonth's operation, there was seen disappearance or decrease of discharges, which corresponded with disapperance of lumbago and the objective findings. From the fact, that countless nerve fibres in the scar of the mesenterium were found by Bielschowsky's sheath staining and that no discharge was seen in those without mesenteric scar, it was concluded that the lumbago in this disease was to be a viscerosensory reflex caused by abnormal stimulation of afferent nerves, which passed through the scar. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 2 1955 脳含水量より見たる血液ガス及び予備アルカリの所謂脳腫脹に及ぼす影響に関する実験的研究 第1編 血液ガスの所謂脳腫脹に及ぼす影響に関する実験的研究 561 578 EN Osamu Sato The gas content in blood was changed by artificial pneumothorax in cats and measured by VAN SLYKE method. The water content in the cerebral motor cortex, white substance, cerebellum and brain stem was measured HATSCHEK's cobalt chloride method. The results were as follows; In normal cat brain the water content was different in each part; the most in the cerebral motor cortex, and became less in the order of cerebellum, brain stem and cerebral white substance. The water content increased rapidly when the ratio of O(2) decrase in the arterial blood became more than 18-22% and when that of CO(2) increase over8-10% And when the decrease of and O2the increase of CO(2) became more, the water content accordingly showed a further increase, but almost constant. This increase of brain water content depended upon only the free water while the bound water was always constant. There was almost similar increase in each part above mentioned. By this study it was explained that, the increase of brain water content became rapid at the point of a certain decrease of O(2) content and increase of CO(2) in blood. This fact told us a suggestion of the genesis of brain edema and that the oxygen inhalation during and after the operation would prevent the so-called brain swelling. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 2 1955 肉眼的並に組織学的に見たる成人大脳運動領域の個人差に関する研究 539 559 EN Ryosuke Oota The brain was fixed with formalin, washed by water, dehydrated with alcohol and etheralcohol, inbedded in celloidin and then stained by Nissl's method. The cells larger than 27.5 were to be considered as the Betz-cells. The area, where the Betzcells were found, were regarded as the motor area and the schemata of 70 cases of motor cortex were made. The fact was cleared from those schemata, that in the vicinity of th motor area those, which showed similar macroscopic findings, had similar extension of the motor area. The schemata of the macroscopic figure of the motor cortex were classified into 5 types and each type had its own shape of the motor area. There were a few exceptions among them, but they had also some close relation to the sulci. Among the 70 cases, those. in which the sulcus praecentralis superior was the anterior border, had the majority of 72.9%. In about 60% of all cases the motor area on one hemisphere was similar to the other side. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 1 1955 血液毒添加による分裂病者赤血球のハインツ小体出現に就いて 345 354 EN Mutsutoshi Kosaka Seigo Usui Akitaka Hoaki 1. The Heinz body formation in vitro due to the addition of hydroxylamin hydrochlorate as a blood gift was studied and compared in 71 cases of 22 normal subjects and 49 schizophrenics. 2. The mean value of erythrocytes with Heinz body formation: normal group 94‰ chronic standstill group 146‰; strong excitement and confusion group 211‰, chronic progressive group 213‰; intense deterioration group 304‰. If we suppose the mean value of normal group as 100, so the rate of every schizophrenic group is calculated as follows; chronic standstill group 155; strong excitement and confusion group 224, chronic progressive group 227: intense deterioration group 324. This fact indicates that the erythrocytes of schizophrenic patients are pathological. 3. The resistance of erythrocytes with Heinz body is weaker than that of normal. (by the Ribiere's method). 4. We found that the erythrocytes sedimentation rate in the intense deterioration group accelsrates more than in normal, and that e. s. r. has some relation to Heinz body appearance. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 1 1955 再生不良性貧血（汎骨髓病症）の本態に関する研究 第三編 貧血の発生機転に関する実験的研究 85 105 EN Takashi Ikeda Having performed various experiments about rabbits of experimental anemia, in order to clarify causes of anemia, by injection of anemia-producing substance, obtained results as follows: 1) As to spleen-extirpated rabbit, it has incurred anemia by injection of serum. 2) The same would take place in case of liver-disturbed rabbit, due to serum injection. 3) No anemia was observed with the same injection, when the reticuloendothelial system was blocked with Indian ink. 4) Injecting the serum at a, nutricia femoris, and investigating the blood picture at v, nutricia femoris discovered a marked decrease both in the number of erythrocytes as well as leucocytes 2 hours later. 5) The serum iron value has proved a rise at the maximum anemic stage, in the successive injection. 6) The myelogram of the rabbit in case of successive injection, indicated a picture of maturation-arrest. 7) By all these facts stated above, it might be said, as for the factor to renderrabbit anemic, blood cell-arrest within bone marrow could be considered on one side, while the disturbance in the parenchym of the bone marrow might be imagined on the other. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 67 1 1955 骨髓自家融解液の骨髓造血に及ぼす影響 第3編 骨髄体外組織培養への添加実験 29 42 EN Masatomi Fujii The author, about the improvement of bone-marrow hematopoiesis, presumed in Part I that the blood vessel function might be one cause; in Part II, concluded that the reticuloendotherial system should be sound a prior, and as was told in the so-called "autohormone theory" it might be due to the particular hormone-like function which is proper to that extract. Accordingly, in this part, in order to exactly verify whether the bone-marrow extract would be influenced directly to the medullary parenchymal Hematopoiesis or not, the author added that extract to bone-marrow tissue culture and inspected its growth rate, wandering velosity, and changes in quantity of hemoglobin as well as in number of blood cells. First, taking observations of the growth rate of bone-marrow tissue, and the wandering velocity of intramedullary pseudoeosinocytes, under culture in cover slips, it was known that the addition of extract in a proper density improves remarkably the growth of tissue, and that the main purport of its growing process roughly coincides with non-added case as well as with controls. Also, the wandering velocity as well as time of continuance of the pseudoeosinocytes, though it was remarkably inhibited when the extract proved very dense, almost receive no other influence, and no significant differences with the controls could be discovered; i.e., the author could perceive that the increase in tissue growth rate by adding the bone-marrow extract was no result of activation of cell wandering, but it owes to the stimulation of growth in parenchymal cells themselves. Moreover, taking observation of the effect of bone marrow extract on the increase of hemoglobin as well as red blood cell number, under the culture in fluid medium, it was clarified that a certain of extract in a proper density brought about a marked increase in the amount, proving the existence of direct function by the extract. All through 3 reports the author have vindicated the fact that the improvement of medullary hematopoiesis by parenteral administration of so-called bone-marrow substances, may be caused not only by the vessel function, but also by the function of bone-marrow substance which has power to advance hematopoietic function. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 68 12 1956 虫垂内糞石にかんする研究 第2編 分光分析法による糞石構成元素の研究 2539 2545 EN I. Yamada Fecal stones and fecal masses in the appendix and the normal feces were examined by spectrometric analysis, and the following results were obtained. 1. The component elements of the fecal stone or fecal mass were Ca., Mg., P., Al., Si, Mn, Na, Cu, Fe, K, Ti and B, among which Ca, Mg and P were always found. 2. No difference was observed in the component elements between the fecal stone and the fecal mass. 3. The component elements of the normal feces were Ca, Mg, P, Al, Si, Mn, Na, Cu and K, among them Ca, Mg, Si, P, Cu and Na were always found. 4. The fecal stone contained more P, Si and Mn and less Al and K than the normal feces. 5. The increase of Ti, Fe and B and the changes of P, Si, Mn, Al and K in the fecal stone are considered to be due to the inflammatory process, and this fact was observed even inside of the stone. 6. A considerable quantitative difference of the component elements except Ca, Mg and P was seen between the two stones in the same appendix. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 68 11 1956 無胃性貧血に関する実験的研究 第2編 広汎胃切除後における白鼠の肝臓内造血物質の消長及び術後貧血鼠に対する治療効果. 貧血鼠の肝組織像について 2055 2074 EN Masahiro Matsumoto Since Minot and Murphy (1926) could not trace the effective substance in liver therapy for pernicious anemia, it was recently found that Vitamin B. 12, Folic Acid were effective for macrocytic and pernicious anemia, and that Vitamin B. 12 would act as so-called Castle's extrinsic factor. Welch and others clarified that in the patient of pernicious anemia there was an impediment, of absorption of Vitamin B. 12, and Kusunoki reported that there were in want of Vitamin B. 12 and Folic Acid at the time of macrocytic and pernicious anemia occurring after total gastrectomy in man. There are few reports on the fluctuation of those Vitamins in the animal after total gastrectomy. The author determined the Vitamin B. 12, Folie Acid and Non-Hemin Iron in the rats' liver after total resection of the stomach. There is a slight decrease of Vitamin B. 12 and Folic Acid after operation but is no significant value for the clarification of the anemia. Non-Hemin Iron shows considerable decrease. There were no effects of Vitamin B.12, Folic Acid, Liver Extract excepting Iron for the treatment of anemia in gastrectomized rats. Although, the restoration of erythrocytes was not sufficient by the Iron treatment alone, Iron with Vitamin B. 12, Folic Acid, esp. Liver extract was most effective for it. The liver tissue of gastrectomized rats showed degeneration and necrosis of the cells in the center part of acinus. Central necrosis of the lobules and increase of fat were marked in the emaciated and bad-conditioned rats. It has been thought that the facts were not concerned with elapse of time after operation but with the nutritional defect after total gastrectomy. Anemia in gastrectomized rats is largely due to the impediment of absorption of iron because of the absence of gastric juice. The author has thought that the anemia increased in accordance with liver damage due to the nutritional disturbance and ascending of intestinal flora producing toxin. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 68 11 1956 細胞質好塩基性物質の研究 第4編 Sudan black Bを使用した細胞質の脂質の組織化学的研究 2019 2027 EN Saburo Kanda In the previous paper, the author reported that the basophilic substance of cytoplasm contains a quantity of lipid which attaches perpendicular to the long axis of fibrous protein in cytoplasm. In this chapter, the author aimed to prove histochemically the lipid in cytoplasmic basophilia and to analyze the unmasking mechanism of the so-called "masked lipid" on various cells including. By means of Sudan black B (SBB) staining, the lipids independent of cytoplasmic organella proved to exist in liver cells and some other cells that can be removed by the treatment with ether-alcohol. The lipids belonging to basophilic organella cannot be removed by this treatment. Usually, these lipids remained through ether-alcohol treatment showing the characteristics of the so-called "masked lipid", which does not show affinity for SBB at all in the smeared, dried and fixed preparation. These masked lipids were unmasked by the action of M/10 trichlor acetic acid for 30 to 60 minutes at 50°C and then stained by SBB. Through this treatment with trichlor acetic acid, cytoplasm and nucleus did not lose their basophilicity. The action of RNase also resulted in an unmasking effect but the effect is very slight. Therefore, unmasking mechanism of trichlor acetic acid is not related to the decomposition of nucleic acid. The various managements of smeared specimen before the treatment of the same but with trichlor acetic acid have an important effect upon the unmasking effect of trichlor acetic acid and RNAase, i. e. the drying followed by formalin vapor or methanol fixation inhibited markedly the unmasking effect of trichlor acetic acid. On the contrary, the basophilia of cells fixed without drying showed a strong affinity for SBB. This fact may indicate that the lipid in living cells should be an unmasked state, and in most parts of the so called "masked lipids" masking schuld be resulted artificially by drying of living cells. The lipids in the cytoplasmic organella in the cells of dried and fixed specimen or paraffin sectioned preparations by routine method showed a marked resistance for their extraction with ether-alcohol. In the case of freez-dried section, however, the lipids in cells disappeared immediately after the action of organic solvent and lose their affinity for SBB. From these resluts, the author concluded that the so-called "masked lipid" should be loosely combined with basophilia in living cells, and drying and fixation should result in a strong binding between lipids and organella, especially drying process results in a remarkable masking effect. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 12 1957 バルビタールの体液中濃度と睡眠に関する研究 第1編 バルビタールの血中濃度について 3207 3209 EN Keisuke Sarai In the age when there are so many users of narcotic drugs as at the present, it is rather surprising that nothing definite is known about the concentration of barbital in blood after its administration; and this can be keenly realized if one takes into consideration the fact that barbital is one of the most frequently used narcotic drugs. This aroused my interest in intiating the study on the barbital concentration in body. I have examined human body repeatedly with the use of Goldschmidt's method and measured the barbital concentration in blood. As the results, it has been found that the barbital concentration in blood reaches its maximum about two hours after its administration, and although it gradually decreases thereafter, it still maintains a relatively high level after twenty-four hours. This point coincides well with that of drugs clinically used for inducing lasting sleep. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 12 1957 R. tsutsugamushiの中和試験に関する研究 第2編 R. tsutsugamushiの中和試験の術式に関する検討 3117 3125 EN Tomisaburo Namba The author reinvestigated the procedures of neutralization test of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in regard to the contact period of the agent with immune sera. At the same time, the "Absaettigungsversuch" (Wildfuehr) was also tried on R. tsutsugamushi. Mitani strain of R. tsutsugamushi isolated from the patients of Umayado disease in Kagawa prefecture was used as the test agent. The results were as follows: 1) In test tubes, R. tsutsugamushi combines with its antisera in a short time, and the virulence of R. tsutsugamushi falled along with prolongation of contact period. These facts suggest that estimation of the true titer of neutralization antibody become possible by the short-period-contact which causes no noticeable fall of rickettsial virulence. 2) In the neutralization test of R. tsutsugamushi, dilution of antisera to be mixed with rickettsiae in test tubes deteriorates its result, and addition of human or guinea-pig sera had no influence on its neutralizing effect. 3) No noticeable result was obtained in application of the "Absaettigungsversuch" to R. tsutsugamushi. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 12 1957 妊婦血清蛋白の血清免疫学的研究 3073 3084 EN Masataka Torimaru 1. According to the author's data by means of precipitin reactions the fetal blood sera contained a specific protein fraction which did not exist in the adult blood sera, and the same fraction existed also in placenta, amnion water and in the blood sera of pregnant women. These fractions coincided with each other. 2. Some of the blood sera of pregnant women of the 2nd-10th pregnant month gave precipitin reactions against to the fetal blood sera, especially the reactions were more and stronger in those of the 2nd-4th pregnant month, and that it was severer in case of pregnant toxemia, and moreover was the most manifest in case of the mother and child relations. 3. These facts were confirmed also from the side of passive anaphylactic phenomen. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 11 1957 犬の皮膚細切組織による薬物のHistamine遊離に関する定量的研究 2853 2868 EN Kenji Tasaka With a view to explore and make a comparative study of various drugs as regards their activity in liberating skin histamine a quantitative determination method of in vitro histamine release from chopped dog skin has been devised and a study on the conditions influencing histamine release has been carried out. Abdominal skin was removed from dog and cut in a fixed thickness by a chopper of my own contrivance, consisting of razor blades placed at given spaces and after eliminating the majority of histamine spontaneously diffused out by immersing in Tyrode solution, the skin pieces were shaked in a glass tube containing drug solution to be tested along with a glass bead for one hour at 37°C, and then the histamine content diffusing out in the drug solution and residual histamine in the tissue were determined separately. The histamine releasing activity of drugs depends on the thickness of tissue pieces, temperature, and pH of the solution. In the case of thinner tissue pieces the rate of histamine release either by releaser solution or of spontaneous release proved to be greater. Below 45°C, the rise in temperature enhanced the release by a releaser more markedly than spontaneous release. At 60°C, however, all histamine in tissues diffused out within 60 minutes in the Tyrode solution not containing releaser. In the isotonic buffer solution of pH 6-8 spontaneous release proved to be least, while at the pH either more acidic or basic the rate of release increased. On the alkaline side the effect of releaser of alkaloid salt increased to a greater degree than spontaneous release. This fact suggests that the penetration of alkaloids into the cell wall takes place readily in the form of base. When the tissue is acted upon by the Tyrode solution or by 0.9% saline solution of 78 drugs tested, at 37°C for 60 minutes, these listed in the following released histamine from chopped skin rather markedly: Sinomenine, quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, optochine, quinoline, ethylmorphine, thebaine, dibucaine, tropacocaine, betaeucaine, sod. cholate, sod. taurocholate, sod. desoxycholate, Irgapyrine, dibenamine, Priscol, jalapa resin, ethylalcohol, acetone. HgCl(2), phenol, thymol, alkylresorcinol, oil of sinapis, oil of chenopodium and ichthammol. On the other hand, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid and cocaine·HCl, under acidic condition, rather suppressed spontaneous release of histamine. The rates of histamine release from dog skin shown by these drugs were found on the whole to be higher than those obtained by Kamimura (Folia pharmacol. japon., 53, 836, 1957) of our laboratory using guinea-pig lung tissues. On the basis of these findings, the significance of histamine release in relation to symptoms of the so-called drug allergy or in the known pharmacological actions of certain drugs were discussed. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 11 1957 P(32)による実験的日本脳炎の研究 第三編 腹腔内病毒接種マウス臓器（脳，肝）に於ける核酸代謝の核酸燐比放射能による研究 2749 2756 EN Mitsuo Matsuhisa Nucleic acid metabolism in brain and liver, which had been formerly investigated by the measurement of P(32) activity, was examined from the viewpoint of the specific activity of P(32) in order to make clear the nucleic acid metabolism in its progressive form. As in my last experiment, Japanese B Encephalitis Virus was intraperitoneally inoculated. P(32) was intraperitoneally injected into the mice respectively 48 and 120 hours after they were inoculated with the virus, and after 6 and 24 hours, the nucleic acid metabolism in brain and liver was observed from the point of view of the P(32) specific activity. As the control objects, the healthy mice injected intraperitoneally with P(32) were used. An increase of the P(32) specific activity in liver was recognized during the incubation period, especially in its earlier stage. This fact, as Osada once reported, seems to imply that rapid metabolic changes of the nucleic acid in liver take place during the incubation period or the so-called visceral phase of Japanese B Encephalitis. The P(32) specific activity in liver at the later stage of infection decreases in spite of the increase of nucleic acid amount; and the ups and downs in nucleic acid amount does not always go parallel with the P(32) specific activity. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 10 1957 恙虫病病毒の補体結合反応に関する研究 第二編 補体結合反応の特異性に関する研究 2651 2666 EN Jiro Kono In a previous part, it was reported that the peritoneal exudate obtained by intraperitoneal inoculation of R. tsutsugamushi into guine-pigs previously injected with chlorpromazine was excellent antigen for the compliment fixation test. In the present part, the author investigate d the specificity of this compliment-fixing antigen to Tsutsugamushi disease. The results are summarized as follows: 1) In the presence of the sera of fleck fever, typhoid fever, leprosy, tuberculosis patients and pregnant women, the antigen of peritoneal exudate of R. tsutsugamushi did not show any significant suppresion of hemolysis. 2) In the sera of Tsutsugamushi disease patients, the antigen of every strain of R. tsutsugamushi, even highly diluted one, showed the suppresion of hemolysis. In short, the compliment fixation test with the antigens of Karp, Mitani and Tanizawa strains was quite specific to Tsutsugamushi disease and did not show any group reaction; this fact suggests that this compliment fixation test is of great use for the diagnosis of Tsutsugamushi disease. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 10 1957 岡山県下に発生した流行性肝炎の病原体に関する研究 特に分離病毒の組織培養に就いて 2567 2580 EN Yukihiro Maeda By the "roller tube" technic, the author tried the tissue cultivation of the virus of infectious hepatitis. The hepatitis virus isolated by Murakami et al. from hepatitis patients with the embryonated hen's egg or mouse was used throughout this work. The result were as follows: 1) The inoculation of the virus into the medium composed of fragments of skin or muscle of the chick embryo, or suckling mouse did not produce any cytopathogenic effect. The inoculation of each generation of the serial cultivation into the mouse, however, produced the typical pathological changes; this might be taken as the evidence that the multiplication of virus occurred, at least to some extent, in tissue cultures. 2) Judged from the pathological changes in the mouse inoculated with the emulsion of virus infected tissue fragments, the multiplication of virus appeared to be worse in the medium of liver fragments than in that of skin or muscle. 3) When used as the antigen for infection protecting test, the inactivated emulsion of the tissue cultures of virus was less effective than that of the chick embryo by Murakami et al.; this might be the evidence that a high degree of virus multiplication could not be obtained by the tissue cultivation. However, the fact that some degree of infection protective power was obtained by the inoculation of tissue cultures of virus, suggested the possibility of practical application of tissue cultures of hepatitis virus to the vaccination. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 10 1957 岡山県下に発生した流行性肝炎 特に病原体に関する研究 第二編 分離病毒による皮膚反応に関する知見補遺 2545 2559 EN Haruyuki Yokoyama In the present part, together with the skin reaction which was reported in part, I, the author studied the clinical symptomes, liver function and pathological changes of liverpuncture materials to investigate the interrelation between the skin reaction and these clinical matters. The results were as follows: 1) The skin reaction showed a high positive rate when the hepatitisspecific blood picture, monocytosis, appearance of plasmocytes and relative lymphocytosis, appeared. Inthe prodromal stage, in which various indefinite symptomes developed, a high positive rate of skin reaction of 91 to 96% was obtained. This fact suggested that the skin reaction could be a help to the early and differential diagnosis of infectious hepatitis. 2) Even the cases, in which no noticeable disturbance of liver function was observed, showed a positive skin reaction. 3) In the relapse cases of chronic hepatitis, the skin reaction became severer in the active stage and weaker in the inactive stage, and the non-specific flush became bigger as the disease took a delayed chronic course. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 9 1957 同時脾剔除を伴える無胃性貧血に関する実験的研究 第3編 胃広汎切除及び同時脾剔出後における貧血白鼠の，腸内細菌相，骨髄体外組織培養，及び治療効果について 2275 2290 EN Yuzo Iwasa It has been reported that the absence of hydrochloric acid after total gastrectomy caused a change in H-iron concentration in the digestive canal; inversion of acid into alkali. It resulted ascending and proliferation of coli bacilli into the proximal portion of small intestine. The author has studied the above-described facts, and also performed the tissue culture of the bone marrow of femul to see the function in anemic rats, and observed the therapeutic effect of antianemic substances on the anemic rats. 1) Intestinal Microrganisms In the normal rats every case showed coli bacilli in the duodenum but they were less in number and mostly lactic bacilli have occupied over 1/2 of the bacilli in the whole intestinal canal. In accordance with the inversion of acid into alkali in the intestinal canal after operation the coli bacilli have ascended and proliferated into the upper part of intestinal canal. Lactic bacilli, on the contrary, have disappeared in the proximal intestinal canal and become markedly less in number in the whole intestinal canal. 2) Tissue Culture of Bone Marrow It was observed that the comparative growth index and cellmigration velocity diminished, but the enlarging of growth area and cell-migration were not observed to stop at an early stage as in the control group; It did not show marked but moderate dysfunction. 3) Efficacies of V-B(12), Folic Acid and Iron Preparates V-B(12) and folic acid were noneffective but iron preparates reacted well to the anemia and restored the blood picture as that in the rats before operation, especially the restoration of hemoglobin level. The general condition was improved completely corresponding its restoration. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 8 1957 シジミエキスによる犬の血漿中へのAdenine Nucleotidesの遊離 2111 2119 EN Hidemasa Yamasaki Kenji Tasaka Katsumi Nishijima In traportal as well as systemic venous injection of a corbicula extract causes an appearance of substances, showing a maximum absorption at 260 mμ, in the dog blood plasma obtained from the hepatic and femoral vein immediately after the injection. They were considered as ad enine nucleotides by paper chromatography and known to originate chiefly in the liver by the fact that a higher concentration is reached in the hepatic venous plasma by either route of injection. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 8 1957 生体内Histaminase活性に関する薬理学的研究 第3編 臓器Histaminase活性とその分布，ならびにこれに及ぼす二，三薬物の影響 1997 2009 EN Yusuke Ohkura Histaminase activity of several organs of a dog was determined by the volumetric method of Kapeller and Adler (1951), partly modified by the writer. In a normal dog, the activity of this eanzyme per gram of tissue was the highest in the kidney cortex, followed by the ileum and caecum, the duodenum showing lower activity (total layers used for the intestines), and the bladder, liver, stomach, lungs, skeletal muscles, and the skin all showed much lower values. Intravenous injection of a large dose of histamine or sinomenine caused decrease of histaminase activity only in the intestines and the liver, while daily subcutaneous injection of sinomenine for five days caused decrease of histaminase in the kidney cortex besides the above organs. Intravenous injection of peptone or corbicula extract, or anaphylactic shock caused marked decrease of histaminase activity in all these organs, but there was no such effect in ATP. Histamine, peptone and corbicula extract caused decrease of histaminase in the kidneys and intestines on perfusion of these organs. These facts indicate that the histaminase of these organs is capable of being released by certain substances and that these substances have a direct action of its own, besides that through the liberation of histamine that has the activity of liberating histaminase. Total adrenalectomy evidently decreased histaminase activity of the kidney cortex and the intestines. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 8 1957 頸癌子宮の内膜について 1957 1971 EN Nobuzo Toyoda There has been much discussions whether the hyperfolliculliculinism is present in patients of carcinoma of the uterine cervix or not. These discussions, however, have generally based upon animal experiments, or on analogy of the mammary or the endometrial cancer. It can be said that carcinoma of the uterine cervix should not be subjected to the same way of the discussion, because its biological attitutde, differs greatly trom the rest. Therefore, in order to observe the condition of estrogen in cancer patients, the author investigated the endometria of the patients suffering from cancer of the uterine cervix. Endometria of 130 uterus extripated by the Okabayashi's panhysterectomy consisting of 55 postmenopausal and 75 premenopausal patients, were offered to investigation. The findings of endometria was divided into 7 groups. The endometria of thoroughly connective atrophical picture belong to Group A, while Group F includes endometria which have tortuos glands and iutestinal coarseness. Moreover, moderate varieties between the tow groups was respectively separeted in B, C, D and E, basing upon the condition of endometria and additional group M is of malignant variety. On the other hand, endometria consiting of out-patients were inpatients and autopsies which cxcluded the hormonal diseases were investigated for the purpose of comparison. In the premenopausal, group C, slight hyperplasia has been found 22 cases (41.4%) of cancer and 2 cases (10%) of control, therefore, it is more dominant in cancer cases. On the other hand, advanced hyperplasia, D, E and F group has been found in 18 cases (33.9%) and 6 cases (30%) which difference is of no signicicance. As the matter of fact stated above, slight hyperplasia has been found in the many cases of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Provided that endometrial hyperplasia shows estrogenactivity, it would seem in the case of carcinoma of the uterine cervix that there is slight increase of estrogen. Meanwhile, as active follicle has not been observed by histological investigation of the ovary, it should be considered that ovary is not responsible for that source. As in the menopausal patients the cancer endometrium has shown no more significant hyperplasia than that of non-cancer, it would also seem that there has been shown no hyperfolliculinism in the case of carcinoma. The fact that all cases of 6 adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix belong to the F or M groups would explain that squamous epithelium is quite distioguishable from the adenocarcinoma and is much of interest. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 7 1957 指紋上よりみたる日本人の研究 第10編 山陽地方人（備前地方人）の指紋について 1889 1897 EN Hironao Kusaka 1. I took 6, 556 (3, 196 males and 3, 360 females) of the people living in the Bizen (Okayama prefecture Wake county) as examples of the Sanyo inhabitants from among all the Japanese of Chugoku to examine the frequency of the occurrence of the four basic fingerprints. And of the four prints in the case of males, a type is 2.1% ± 0.08%; r type 3.1% ± 0.09%; u type 48.1% ± 0.28; and w type 46.7% ± 0.28%. And in the case of females, a is 3.0% ± 0.09%; r 2.4% ± 0.08%; u 52.0% ± 0.27%; and w 42.6% ± 0.27%. 2. When the above-mentioned frequency of the occurrence of each of the four fingerprints is compared with that of the repsesentative one of the Japanese race, it is found that there is a certain degree of difference between the Japanese inhabitants of Sanyo (Bizen) and those living in the southern part of Kyushu in the frequency of the occurrence of the type of u and w in both cases of male and female. From this fact we can guess that the former have bearing a resemblance to the Japanese of the northern Kyushu, the Koreans, the Chinese and the Manchurians, while the latter, to the Ryukyu people and the Indonesians (of Java). No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 7 1957 慢性脳局所アナフィラキシー家兎脳髄の解糖作用ならびに組織呼吸に関する研究 第3編 慢性脳局所アナフィラキシー家兎脳髄の灌流実験法による糖代謝に関する研究 1765 1771 EN Yoshio Obo The glycolysis of the living brain of deacapitated chronic cerebral local anaphylactic rabbits was investigated by irrigation method. Glucose was added to the irrigating fluid and the consumption of glucose was measured. In the chronic cerebral local anaphylactic rabbits the glucose-consumption was markedly strained in comparison with that in normal group. The pyruvic acid increased in both anaphylactic and normal groups, but the anaphylactic group showed a less increase than the normal. The addition of sodium pyruvate to the irrigating fluid caused less decrease of pyruvic acid in chronic cerebral anaphylactic rabbits than that in normal group From the facts above mentioned it is considred, that glycolysis is strained in the brain of chronic erebral local anaphylactic rabbits. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 7 1957 慢性脳局所アナフィラキシー家兎脳髄の解糖作用ならびに組織呼吸に関する研究 第2編 慢性脳局所アナフィラキシー家兎大脳皮質の解糖作用ならびに組織呼吸に及ぼすグルタミン酸の影響 1755 1763 EN Yoshio Obo The glycolysis and tissue respiration in the specimen of the brain of chronic cerebral local anaphylactic rabbits showed rather lower value than those in normal group. But the glutamic acid, when added to the specimen accelerated the glycolysis and tissue respiration so, that they showed no significant difference from those in normal group. From these facts, it is considered that in the brain of chronic cerebral local anaphylactic rabbits gltamic substances are decresed or short. But supply of glutamic acid could not make better the mean value than normal. Even if the defect of glutamic acid is supplemented, however, the glycolysis and the tissue respiration of the anaphylactic rabbits never excee the normal limit. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 7 1957 岡山県下に発生した流行性肝炎 特にその病原体に関する研究 マウスによる病毒の慢性化実験 1653 1667 EN Yoshito Kurauchi The chronic infection was established in the mouse by the inoculation of the virus isolated from the patients of infectious hepatitis in Okayama prefecture, and the infectious course was investigated pathohistologically for about 500 days. The results are summerized as follows; 1) Though most of the mice inoculated with the virus did not succumb but took a chronic course, the typical pathological findings were observed with the liver as the focus. With the laps of time, however, some of the mice died, in which the pathological changes were particularly marked. 2) The general pathological findings were the degeneration and necrosis of the parenchymal cells and the cell infiltration in the liver. These findings varied with the laps of time and the cell infiltration became marked enough to be a sign of infection, though the degeneration and necrosis were still somewhat obserbed. 3) In the lung, there were observed the interalveolitis or the proliferation of round cell or mesenchymal cell around bronchi and blood versels, which was considered to be caused by the infection of the virus. 4) The reversion of the virus from the mouse to chick-embryo was established. This fact suggests that the virus stays in the organs of the infected mouse for a long time and its multiplication and diminution are being repeated. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 6 1957 骨髓の病態生理に関する研究 第三編 網内系墨汁填塞家兎骨髄静脈竇に於ける色素透過阻止について 1579 1590 EN Hyoye Sato Fujii, Fujita, and Soejima of our laboratory, after a series of experiments with adult rabbits, have already made it clear that retension or mobilization of the marrow blood by the marrow circulation of active substances in the marrow is controlled by contraction or dilatation of the marrow blood vessels, namely, by the vascular actions: and they further have mentioned that no such retension or mobilization is observable in the rabbits blocked of the reticul-endothelial system by indian ink. Therefore, in order to investigate by what mechanism the blocking of the reticulo-endothelial system inhibits vascular actions, the author has performed the following experiment. Namely, by pouring 1% Patent blue, Tripan blue, or Berlin blue dissolved in saline in intact adult rabbits and in the rabbits blocked of the reticulo-endothelial system by indial ink. Splteholz's preparates and tissue specimens of the femur have been made, and the permeability through blood vessels of the dyes mentioned above has been observed: and the following interesting results have been obtained: 1) Any one of these dyes can readily pemeate from venous sinuses of the bone marrow if intact rabbits while none permeates in the case of the rabbits blocked of the reticulo-endothelial system by indian ink. 2) From the above fact, it seems that all the active substances of the bone marrow permeate through venous sinusess into the marrow parenchyma on which they act, at the sametime exerting influences on the marrow nerves; while in the cases whose reticuloendothelial system is blocked by indian ink, that is, when the walls of venous sinus are blocked with indian ink, the permeability of such active substances is inhibited and consequently no action takes place. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 6 1957 骨髓の病態生理に関する研究 第二編 I(131)による正常家兎骨髄及び脾の血液量並に各種実験的貧血家兎骨髄の血行状態に就いて 1567 1577 EN Hyoye Sato Today anatomical studies on the bone marrow, particularly on features of vascular construction are almost completely known, and no one can refute that more than a half of the bone marrow is composed of blood vessels, thus naturally the space occupied by the vessels is quite extensive. In view of this, with the use of an isotope I(131) as a tracer, the author has estimated in figures the volume of blood in the bone marrow of adult rabbits as well as that of the spleen whose vascular construction is similar to that of the bone marrow at the same time measured in the same manner the volume of blood in the bone marrow and the spleen of various experimental anemic rabbits. After comparing the results of those two groups, the following data have been obtained: 1) On the average, 0.5 c. c. of blood is contained in 1 g. of the bone marrow of the normal rabbit, the average of 0.44 c. c. in the spleen, and in 1 g. of muscle 0.07 c. c. of blood is containd on the average, thus it is clear that both the bone marrow and spleen are the organs rich in blood. Especially the voluminousness of the blood vessels in the bone marrow has been proven in figures from the peculiar vascular construction itself which enables an anatomical estimation. 2) The amounts of blood in the bone marrow and spleen decrease accompanying the decrease in the amount of blood in the circulation by bleeding, and following the recovery of the amount of circulating blood the recovery in the spleen is faster than that in the bone marrow. This due to the fact that the spleen is more elastic of the two organs. 3) As regards various experimental anemic rabbits, especially in those caused by leucocyte toxins (x-ray irradiation, injection of nitrogen mustard, or administration of benzol), the amount of blood in the bone marrow has been found to have decreased in the bone marrow whereas in the spleen it has been found to have increased. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that in the bone marrow it is caused by disturbances of blood circulation while in the spleen by hyperemia. Again in the case of injection of phenylhydrazin which is considered to be especially toxic to erythrocytes, the amounts of blood both in the bone marrow und spleen do decrease but this is so because in this case the blood circulation is disturbed in both organs. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 6 1957 岡山県下に発生した流行性肝炎 特に病原体に関する研究 第一編 孵化鶏卵及びマウスによる病毒分離実験 1451 1464 EN Masatomi Manabe Employing the chick-embryo method by Murakami et al., the auhtor succeeded to isolate the similar pathogenic agents by the chick-embryo and mouse from the patients of infectious hepatitis in Okayama prefecture. The results were as follows: 1) The natures of the pathogenic agents isolated by the author were nearly the same as those of the one reported by Murakami et al., and this fact proved that the method by Murakami et al. was of practical use for the isolation of the hepatitis virus. 2) The virus habituated by the successive cultivation in embryonated hens, eggs could cause the infection in the mouse. 3) The direct inoculation of the materials of the hepatitis patients into the mouse often failed in the isolation of the virus. It was proved, however, that the isolation was successful even withoul the successive cultivation in embryonated eggs if the used materials and the inoculation method were proper. The natures of the virus isolated by the mouse seemed to be the same as those of the one isolated by the chick-embryo. 4) The isolation of the virus by the direct inoculation of the liverpunctur material into mice or embryonated eggs succeeded only in one case. Theis method was considered, however, to be a useful method for the clinical diagnosis of chronic hepatitis in future. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 6 1957 岡山県下に発生した流行性肝炎 特にその病原体に関する研究 第一編 分離病毒の孵化鶏卵培養に於ける急死毒の証明 1427 1442 EN Motoomi Inagaki The author studied the presence and the natures of the lethal toxin of the virus isolated from the patients of hepatitis in Okayama prefecture. The results were as follows: 1) The toxin of hepatitis virus has nearly the same natures as those reported about other sorts of virus and rickettsia, and its presence is proved by the death occurring in a short time after the inoculation of the embryonated egg-culture into the caudal vein of the mouse. 2) Some difference of the toxicity of this lethal toxin was observed among the strains of virus. The toxicity generally tended to fall by the successive cultivation of the virus in embryonated eggs. When the newly isolated virus is used, the toxicity varies with the quantity of the virus and is strong when the virus multiplies very well and the inoculated embryos show the high mortality. 3) The fact that the lethal toxin comes from the virus itself is proved by the results of neutralization test and others, though definite results are not yet obtained in the neutralization test. 4) The naturs ot the toxin are common to all virus strains, and, judged from the general natures, this lethal toxin is very much alike to the virus itself. though its essential nature is still in question and needs further studies. It is considered, however, that the lethal toxin controls the natures of the virus and is greatly related with its hepatitis-causing nature. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 5 1957 日本脳炎後の精神障碍治験例 1405 1407 EN Tadashi Tanaka Having experienced two cases of psychical disorder, as after-disease for Encephalitis Japonica, has reported on the fact that Chlorpromazine effected great virtur for it. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 5 1957 免疫ウサギの網内系機能および血清蛋白に関する研究 1311 1323 EN I. Honjo T. Itasaka S. Obayashi We, by frequent injection of a cow's serum antigen into a rabbit, and examining such as the coefficient of congored, total protein density of anti-serum, changes in precipitin as well as changes that occurred to the fraction of serum protein, electrophoretically and at a certain lapse of time; and having taken an observation on their correlations, succeeded to arrive at the following results; 1. Both γ-Globulin as well as precipitin changes proved as parallel. The same tendency has been detected in β-Globulin, but not so marked as in the case of γ-Globulin. 2. A overfunction of reticuloendotherial action has been occurred, caused by immunology; in general, that sort of hyperbole can be seen from 10-30 days after the 1st injection of antigen. 3. The total protein density of serum-antigen has increased or decreased side by side with changes of precipitin, but changes in Albumin and Globulin have proved no such steadfast trend. 4. A markedly low case in precipitin formation has been discovered in a rabbit which possessed a very slight amount of γ-Globulin within normal serum, previous to antigeninjection. 5. From the above results, it was found that a close connection exists between those Globulins and and antibody, esp., between γ-Globulin and antibody; moreover, the fact that the function of reticuloendotherial system as springhead of antibody. Further, as a cause of individual difference in antibody formation, the amount of retained (possessed) normal γ-Globulin was considered significant. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 5 1957 同一胃癌の大彎側と小彎側との差異に関する研究 （第3編） リボ核酸含有度の差異について 1223 1228 EN Satoru Mizuno The 0.1% solution of pilonin methyl green and the 0.5% solution of tionin solution were used for staining. The ribose nucleic acid content was more in the cancer cells on the lesser curvature than in those on the greater, but this fact was not evident in the cells of the stroma. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 5 1957 同一胃癌の大彎側と小彎側との差異に関する研究 （第2編） 癌細胞核の大さの差異について 1211 1221 EN Satoru Mizuno In general, the size of nuclei of cancer cells was bigger in the side of the greater curvature than of the lesser, by measurement with micrometer. This fact was quite clearly observed in the types of Borrmann III and IV, while it was not so evident in that of Borrmann II. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 4 1957 乳歯齲蝕に起因する全身症状に就いて 1047 1052 EN Kazuo Akita One hundred and sixteen children, aged 2 to 11 years, who visited Department of Oral Surgery. Okayama University Medical School from July, 1955 to June, 1956 and had more than one deciduous carious teeth of C(3) or higher grade, were investigated and summarized. Forty-three did not have any systemic symptom suspectedly due to deciduous caries, while 71 had some systemic symptoms. The latter group was analyzed accordting to their age and the seasons when they had visited. During the same period, nine cases complaining of unknown fever or some kind of systemic disturbance who visited Pediatric Department first were referred to our Department, suspecting the deciduous caries as their causes. These cases were diagnosed as nephritis, rheumatic fever or allergic sepsis in the Pediatric Department and they had many deciduous caries of C(3) or higher grade. Then it could be found that the systemic symptoms disappeared after these suspicious teeth had been treated. This fact may reveal that apical lesion was frequently seen following deciduous caries and gave sometimes an onset to the severe systemic diseases. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 4 1957 岡山県下に発生した流行性肝炎 特にその病原体に関する研究 第3編 消毒薬に対する抵抗性 1009 1018 EN Akira Tokisue The virus, which was isolated and preserved in the same way as that in the preceding report, was used in the present studies. The resistance to disinfectants was determined by observing the establishment of infection in the mice inoculated with the mixtures of virus emulsion and various sorts of disinfectants. The results were as follows: 1) The virus was severely injured by the contact with the common disinfectants, and was inactivated by the only 10 to 15 minutes' contact. 2) The inactivation of virus by the contact with disinfectants came near to completeness in about 3 weeks, though the inactivated virus still caused the pathological changes in some cases. The immunization of animals by thus inactivated virus could give rise to a sufficient immunity in them. This fact gave a important suggestion to the further studies. 3) In some cases, even the virus kept in contact with disinfectants for 4 to 6 weeks still caused some pathological changes. This fact suggested that this virus had a very strong resistance to disinfectants. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 4 1957 岡山県下に発生した流行性肝炎特に病原体に関する研究 第3編 分離病毒の血清学的研究感染防禦試験に就て 979 986 EN Kiyoshi Fujiwara In the preceding two papers the author reported that the complement fixation reaction, by improvement of antigen, and the neutralization test and "Absättigungsversuch", by modifying its procedures, could be of use to some degree for the determination of the virus, and at the same time, could give an aid to the diagnosis of hepatitis. In the present paper the author makes reports on the antigenisity of the isolated strains and, moreover, on the immune-effect of vaccination: 1) The virus was inactivated by the addition of marzonin and preserving it in refrigerator over 3 weeks. Immunization of animals by this inactivated virus could protect them from the attack by the living virus. The fact that the infection-protection was established among the different strains suggested that the strains had no difference of antigenisity to one another but had unitary nature. 2) The modified "Absättigungsversuch" improved by the present author was serologically somewhat significant when the sera had a high titer, but was of little significance when the titer was low. It was suggested, however, that this method could be used as an aid for sero-reaction according to the purpose of tests. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 3 1957 恙虫病病毒による鶏赤血球凝集反応の本態に関する研究 第1編 感染ハツカネズミにおける実験 881 898 EN Masaichi Fuke In this study, Tanizawa, rat IV, rat XXII strains, which were isolated in Kagawa prefecture, and the hitherto isolated Shichito and Karp strains were used. Each fraction was prepared from the brain, spleen, lung and wash of abdominal cavity of infected mouse. The results are as follows: 1) When the brain, spleen, and wash of abdominal cavity are used as the materials, the fresh ones within 5 hours after the preparation cause the remarkable hemagglutination. The same materials, however, when treated with the same volume of ether for 2 hours or heated at 60°C for 30 minutes, lose their hemagglutination activity. The aged materials, left for 7 to 50 days, also lose their hemagglutination activity. 2) The coarse and R fractions prepared from the lung of nasally infected mouse, as far as they are fresh, cause very remarkable hemagglutination, but they lose their activity by treating with ether for 2 hours or by aging. 3) The F and H fractions of the infected lung have no hemagglutination activity. 4) In short, the activity to cause fowl hemagglutination is not present in the rickettsia-infected tissue, but in rickettsia itself. The fact that the aged or ether- or heattreated rickettsia shows no hemagglutination suggests that the hemagglutination activity is attributable to the ether- or heat-labile factor which is not related to the sero-immunological reaction. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 3 1957 ハインツ氏小体に関する研究 第三編 諸種実験的貧血家兎に於けるハインツ氏小体の観察及び位相差顕微鏡のハインツ氏小体への応用 673 690 EN Tetsuro Saito 1. In the case of acute, depleted domestic rabbits, Heinz's body appeared in an intermediate degree 12 hours after the depletion, while in the case of chromic, depleted rabbits a slight or an intermediate acceleration of the Heinz-body formation was noticed 24 hours after the depletion and there on. From this the penetrability through the wall of erythrocytes seems to have an important relationship with the formation of Heinz's body. 2. The formation of Heinz's body is quite high in the case of the rabbits inoculated with phenylhydrazin, thus the penetrability in this case also, raises a question. 3. In the rabbits injected with benzol, the formation of Heinz's body has been of a high degree, and their recovery necessitates an extremely long period of time. 4. In the case of those receiving saponin injection, a mild degree of the formation of Heinz's body started 8 days after the initial injection, but after the cessation of the injection the formation decreased rapidly along with the improvement of hematic picture; and four days after the cessation all returned to normal. 5. In the kollargol injection cases, an intermediate degree of the formation was noticed 8 to 12 days afterwards, and it was found that the reticulo-endothelial system has something to do with the elimination of Heinz's body. 6. With the use of a phase-contrast microscope, Heinz's body in the form of unstained specimens had been possible of observation in each contrast but reticulated erythrocytes could not be observed. This seems to be due to the fact that there is no difference at all in the phase-contrast between the reticulated substances of reticulated erythrocytes and the cytoplasmas of erythrocytes. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 2 1957 胃癌患者の疫学的並びに症候的観察―昭和20～31年の入院患者並びに昭和29, 30年の外来患者について― 431 446 EN Hideo Uehara Atsumu Okuhashi Hideo Moritani Susumu Hattori Kaoru Uetsuka Hiroshi Sanada Kiyoshi Motokura Kazuo Hayashi Monziro Miyai Michio Nishiuchi Tsuneo Matsuyama Conceding that a great progress of cancer researches is opening up a new phase in the treatment of cancers and realizing an early operation is at the present a sole approach to the gastric-cancer therapy, an early diagnosis seems to be the most important, daily clinical problem we have to face. In view of this we have attempted to grasp the true nature of gastric-cancer patients by a series of epidemiologic and symptomatologic observations statistically on the hospitalized patients during the past 12 years, and outpatients for the past 2 years of our clinic. From our observations we find that the most likely ages of the onset of cancers range from 50 to 60, and that the gastric cancer developing at an early age is found more predominantlyin female. Moreover, in the farm districts, the proportion of female patients far surpasses that of any other occupation. Of all the cancer cases treated during the 12-year periods, the gastric cancer occupied 45 per cent. Of all the outpatients during the two-year periods, 27.8 per cent proved to be suffering from digestive organs; and the gastric cancer cases occupied 5.7 per cent of the latter. Now, it is impossible, simply by its symptoms, to differentiate the gastric cancer from such diseases as the gastric and the duodenal ulcers, and gastritis; as the symptom and chief complaint of the patients at its onset are epigastric pain, the foremost, followed by feeling of full and tension in the epigastrium, and eructation and heart burn, and since all of these have practically no distinguishable difference from those of the latter. Of the total patients, the cases impossible of operation reached as high as 39 per cent while those being operated on but ending only in laparotomy proved to be 15 per cent, and the ones on whom the gastric resection had proved a success were merely 8.8 per cent. It is, moreover, interesting to note that despite as high as 75.8 per cent of the cases having palpable abdominal tumors at the time of admission, the ones whose Virchow's gland and other lymphatic glands had been palpable were extremely little: no more than 0.6 per cent. The occult blood reaction of stool was positive in 71 per cent, and 18 per cent of gastric cancer patients were of either normal or hyper acidity; and 61 per cent of the total had abnormal defecation (constipation, diarrhea, etc.). As for complications, helminthiasis is predominant (30%). This fact is worthy of an attention, for symptoms resulting from helminth's attacks often obscure those of gastric cancer. Reviewing the statistical data so far mentioned, we realize keenly how little early diagnosis of gastric cancer is being carried out and how difficult it is to carry this out; at the same time we have learned, on the other hand, how essential and beneficial it is to grasp epidemiologic and symptomatologic problems for its diagnosis. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 1 1957 各種鳥類に対する流行性肝炎病毒の感受性に関する研究 第II編 特に慢性化実験に就いて 203 222 EN Ryotaro Onizuka In order to cause chronic infection, each virus of Ishihara, Kanamitsu and Noda strains was inoculated into 37 canaries (Serinus canaria), 33 siskins (Chloris sinica minor T. & S.) and 20 love-birds (Uroloncha domestica). During this chronic infection course of about 6 months, the author studied the interrelation between the pathologic changes of the liver and lung and the white cell count and blood picture. By the intrapectoral inoculation of the emulsion of virus-inoculated mouse liver or embryonated egg, though a few lethal cases were observed, in most cases there was established the so-called inapparent infection which showed clearly the tendency of chronic infection. Remarkable leucopenia was observed at high percentage in the early stage of infection. Severe increase of atypical leucocytes, which happened in the same stage as that of leucopenia, was a characteristic change together with the appearance of the vacuole-degenerated leucocytes. In the liver, various remarkable changes resembling to thoes in the hepatitis liver of human being appeared: round cell infiltration in the periportal connective tissue, liver cell degeneration full of varieties such as nodules and necrotic changes and the localized necrosis scattered in the intermediate parts of acini. Especially in the lethal cases of siskins (Chloris sinica minor T. & S.) which showed many lethal cases, very severe necrosis and cell infiltration were observed. This fact seems to suggest that chloris sinica minor T. & S. is the most susceptible of all kinds of tested fowls. On the other hand, in the lung there were observed the mesodermal cell infiltration, interalveolitis, hemorrhage around bronchi, alveoli and blood vessels. These changes in the lung appeared later than those in liver, and persisted for 6 months. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 1 1957 実験的二硫化炭素中毒に於ける唾液腺の組織学的変化及び之に及ぼす各種ビタミン投与の影響 183 190 EN Ryozo Kuwahara Histologic observations were made on the lesions of the salivary glands of mice caused by calcium disulphide poisoning, and the effects of various vitamins, A, B, C and D, on these changes were investigated. The results are briefly summarized as follows: 1. In the parotid glands, the gland cells showed marked atrophy with the decrease of secretion glanules in number. The epithelium of the striated tubules increased in its height, the striae becoming more distinct. 2. In the submaxillar glands, the gland cells showed high degree of atrophy, the reticular structure becoming less distinct. The epithelium of the striated tubules decreased in its height, the striae also becoming less distinct. The epithelium of the granular striated tubules showed marked atrophy with the decrease of the granules in number. 3. The administration of various vitamins reduced the lesions in both the parotid and submaxillar glands caused by carbon disulphide poisoning. 4. As regards the effects of vitamins, V. C produced the most remarkable one, and V. D as well as V. B, moderate, and V. A, the least powerful, though, as a matter of fact, it is hard to make clear-cut distinction between them. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 69 1 1957 結核菌のストレプトマイシン耐性に関する研究 第2編 ストレプトマイシン耐性結核菌の耐性持続性並びに緩解に就いて 37 91 EN Tatsuo Nozaki In 1887, Kossiakoff first described the phenomenon of drug-resistance of bacteria. Recently with the wide-spread use of streptomycin and other various antibiotics in the field of therapeutics, this phenomenon of drug-resistance has become very important in clinical medicine. As to streptomycin alone, which was discovered in 1944 by Waksmann and brought the epoch-making progress to the therapy ef tuberculosis, the acquisition of resistance is one of the problems which need great precautions at the execution of streptomycin-therapy. Since 1946 when Luria and Delbrück first reported about the mechanism of acquisition of resistance to sulfonamide, the mechanism of acquisition of resistance to streptomycin and other antibiotics and that of reversion from it have been hotly argued. No decidedly substantiating results, however, have yet been obtained, though two confronting theories, spotaneous mutation theory and adaptation theory, are now advocated. The former is the theory which asserts that the acquisition of resistance is originated in their spontaneous mutation happening during the process of proliferation and in the selective action of drugs; this theory has nowadays many sustaining scholars. In the latter theory, the direct action of drugs to the rise of resistance is considered as the mehanism of the acquisition of resistance. Now that this phenomenon of drug-resistance is demonstrated to be the genetic variation with heredity and its mode of transmission is also clarified by Lederberg and Newcombe, it is difficult to explain the mechanism of acquisition of resistance according to the adaptation theory only. In the adaptation theory, however, refering to the idea of “Dauermodifikation” described on paramecium by Jollos in 1921, they have become to consider that antibiotics have the mutagenicity which seems to be the direct cause of the acquisition of drug-resistance. Since 1952, the author has carried out many experiments to study the essential features of streptomycin-resistant tubercle bacilli in vitro and in vivo, according to the "theory of spontaneous mutation with selection" which is supported by many researchers. The results are as follows: 1) Wolinsky reported that mutants over 0.1% of the original streptomycin-sensitive tubercle bacilli were observed on the culture media containig 1000γ/cc of streptomycin. In the present reports, the author studied the development of resistance by succesive cultures of the strains newly isolated from the tnberculosis patients who had received no or little streptomycin-therapy, and observed the spontaneous mutants over 0.1% of 0.1 mg and 1 mg of the inoculated bacilli. 2) Akiba et al. reported that, besides the spontaneous mutation, streptomycin itself had some effect on the mutation of gene. In the present work, many facts were observed which were hardly explained by “spontaneous mutation with selection” only. For example, the author also isolated one strain which seemed to be caused by such cause as that Akiba et al. reported. 3) There are many reports that the resistance of streptomycin-resistant tubercle bacilli is stable and long-lasting. The author performed many experiments in vitro and in vivo to study the development of the resistance of highly resistant strain over 1000γ/cc, of middle grade-resistant one over 100γ/cc and of low grade-resistant one under 10γ/cc. As a result of these experiments, the falling tendency of resistance was clearly observed in not only low and middle grade-resistant but also in highly resistant strains. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 13 4 1982 満州鉄鋼業開発の実態について―元昭和製鋼所企画課長水津利輔氏に聞く― 235 250 EN Toshiro Matsumoto 10.18926/OER/42216 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 29 1 1997 中国人不法残留者の意識 1 22 EN Masumi Oka Hiromi Fukada 10.18926/OER/41584 As of May 1, 1996, there are more than 8,400 over-stayers from the visa status "college student", and there are also about 19,900 from the visa status "pre--college student". Chinese occupy 77.4% and 83.8% among them respectively. This means that Chinese students have a stronger tendency than those from the other countries to choose illegal stay in Japan after their student visas have expired. In the present study, we would like to clarify the features of Chinese over-stayers who were once students in Japan by making comparisons with the sentiments toward Japan of Chinese ex-students working in Japan, of college students, of vocational school students and of Japanese language school students. This paper reveals the following interesting facts. They have less satisfaction with their life in Japan and have less friendly feelings toward the Japanese society than Chinese workers and college students have. As a result, only 17.4% of them want to stay longer in Japan, while 65.2% wish to live in the U.S.A or other free countries and districts. Their financial conditions can also explain the above result. Their conditions are better than those oflanguage school students, but are worse than those of workers. Smaller income than their expectation might induce them to give up their illegal over-stay in Japan. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 30 4 1999 現場が作る組立ライン(II)―田原第1組立工場の事例― 303 331 EN Koichi Shimizu 10.18926/OER/41574 Since the beginning of 1990 s, Toyota has been pursuing a new direction in its human resource management and assembly work. After encountering a labor crisis-labor shortage and high turn over of young workers-during the economic boom provoked by the "financial bubble" toward the end of 1980 s, Toyota's management and Union discussed ways of making the work more attractive. Based on this discussion, the production engineering division developed a new assembly line concept realized firstly at Toyota Kyushu plant (1992), applied also to Toyota's Motomachi No.2 plant (1994), Tahara No.1 plant (1995) and Motomachi No.1 plant (1996). Among these plants, the construction of the assembly line at Tahara No.1 Plant constitutes a unique case in the fact that it was not the production engineering division, but the foremen, supervisors and engineers belonging to the plant who conceived and constructed this new assembly line. Moreover, in order to realize what they considered as their ideal assembly line, they proposed to the product development center an important change of car structure and parts design from the very beginning of product development where the so called "concurrent engineering" has started. The second part of this paper deals with the 'Kaizen' activities in order to realize their "ideal assembly line" after construction. In the concluding section, I emphasize the fact that the 'Kaizen' activities at Toyota are now centered on humanization of work certainly without renouncing efforts towards cost reduction. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 30 4 1999 個人利用者側からの金融ビッグバン考察 239 266 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/41572 Japanese version of Big-Bang is not independent of the previous reformations on the financial system in Japan since 1980's, which has firstly attempted for the purpose of increasing the convenience of the customers of financial institutions and of the users of financial markets. Big-Bang in Japan, however, has been treated as if it had other more political or macro-economic aims such as demand stimulating effect or breaking the financial hollowing of Tokyo market, and the improvement of the convenience has practically been ranked as a secondary object. This paper contemplates Japanese version of Big-Bang from the view-point of personal users and customers, who themselves are per se central figures of financial deregulation, and we'll consider the merits and demerits of our Big-Bang for them (or ourselves). In our consideration, we separate the wealthy persons, who have the ability to invest a financial commodity of more than ten millions yen without hesitation, from other ordinary persons, who have no ability to do so. And this paper indicates that, as the result of Big-Bang in Japan, the wealthy people would be able to get the great profits in addition to the profits belonging to ordinary people. But this paper also indicates another fact that wealthy class might suffer from greater losses such as market risks than those of ordinary class. The immediate subject of the proper authorities should be the legislation connected with the users' protections. We think that the postponement ofsuch legislation in Japan must be the clear evidence that the convenience of personal users has been treated as a secondary end. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 30 4 1999 満洲鉄鋼業研究の新地平 167 183 EN Toshiro Matsumoto 10.18926/OER/41569 This paper is aimed at summing up T. Matsumoto's recent academic achievements regarding Anshan Iron & Steel Co. in northeast China. The important facts raised therein are as follows. AISC rapidly recovered its facilities in the first half of 1950s. The production level of AISC resumed its maximum prewar level between 1952 to 1954. How was it possible to restore the equipment which had been heavily damaged from the WWII and the Chinese Civil War in such a short period? A marvelous reconstruction of AISC in 'Three Year Reconstruction Period' after 1949 was a result realized by the combination of many factors: (1) exceptional enthusiasm for reconstruction among young Chinese engineers and workers who were sent to Anshan and trained there; (2) the flexible man power policy of Eight Route Army controlling their hostile emotion to the ex-enemies, pursuing the latest and rational know-how, and challenging to create a new steel production technology; (3) availability and cooperation of the Japanese and the ex-Nationalist Chinese engineers; (4) remaining equipments and captured documents; (5) experience and skills ofremaining Chinese workers. With all these five factors combined, AISC dramatically recovered its facility, and restored its prewar level in a few years. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 30 3 1999 Univalence of Nonlinear Mappings : A Qualitative Approach 345 351 EN Takao Fujimoto 10.18926/OER/41559 This note is a sequel to the previous one published in this journal (Vol. 30, No.1). In that article, we used one of mean value theorems to prove the univalence of a nonlinear mapping based on the qualitative regularity ofthe Jacobian matrix. The qualitative regularity is a property of a matrix whose regularity is shown to be valid by using only the sign patterns of mappings involved. In this note, we extend the result into a vector space over an integral domain. The vectors themselves are of n-tuples of elements in the integral domain. This integral domain is totally ordered, and some natural properties are assumed concerning this order. First two lennnata are given, and the first one is in fact a sort of mean value theorem for mappings from a direct product of discrete spaces into a discrete space, and utilizes mathematical induction. The second lemma depends on the fact that theory of matrices and determinants can be constructed also on a ring except for inverse matrix. Finally, our main proposition derives from the very integrity of a given domain. Another merit of the result is that the domain of a mapping need not be convex, and can be even a set oflattice points. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 30 3 1999 現場が作る組立ライン（I）―田原第1取立工場の事例― 125 162 EN Koichi Shimizu 10.18926/OER/41550 Since the Beginning of 1990 s, Toyota has been pursuing a new direction in its human resource management and assembly work. After encountering a labor crisis-labor shortage and high turn over of young workers-during the economic boom provoked by the "financial bubble" toward the end of 1980 s, Toyota's management and Union discussed ways of making the work more attractive. Based on this discussion, the production eugineering division developed a new kssembly line concept realized firstly at Toyota Kyushu plant (1992), applied also to Toyota's Motomachi No.2 plant (1994), Tahara No.1 plant (1995) and Motomachi No.1 plant (1996). Among these plants, the construcion of the assembly line at Tahara No. 1 plant constitutes a unique case in the fact that it was not the production engineering division, but the foremen, supervisors and engineers belonging to the plant who conceived and constructed this new assembly line. Moreover, in order to realize what they considered as their ideal assembly line, they proposed to the product development center an important change of car structure and parts design from the very beginning of product development where the so called "concurrent engineering" has started. The first part of this paper explains, and thus why and how they conceived and constructed their own assembly line after presenting this assembly line concept and work orgnaization in this plant. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 30 3 1999 日本産業の構造変革と雇用動向 1 23 EN Yoshizo Hashimoto 10.18926/OER/41545 The Japanese industry is in a huge whirlpool. Various common senses and conventions have been seriously doubted. Nevertheless, Japan cannot yet find any exit. Even if finding it, she has spent only a time in vain without doing any effectives measure, because most of those are conflict with vested interests or conventional practices. In this paper, I will make a positive analysis of changing industry in Japan after the babble boom crash in 1991 by using Firms and Establishments Census Data and others. Then, I will make it clear that the cause of failure to buoy up her economy consists in a fact that shortage of investment opportunities in her economy has been misunderstood simply as shortage of macro effective demand. Then, comparing the structural adjustment in the first half of the 1990s with one in the second half of the 1970s, I will clarify that the most serious weak point of Japanese-styled management, which has virtually excluded rights of shareholders from their decisions, have got revealed as her economy matures. I will also say that improvement of profitability by making employment fluid is not only effective as a counter-policy to the prolonged structural depression in the open economy but also inescapable in the "affiuent" economy driven by the service industry. Lastly, in place of a conclusion, I will remind a brief summary and lessons of the US and the UK policy experiences after the 1970s. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 30 1 1998 バブル初期段階の株価高騰について：1983-85年―泡沫の期（2）― 63 82 EN Atsushi Ichinose 10.18926/OER/41531 Though a common view holds that bubbles bagan their formation from 1986, we cannot easily agree. Share prices, at least, began to contain bubbles from 1984. Though share prices during 1983-85 stayed within changes of so-called fundamentals, current profit of companies, which is one of the two fundamentals, contained profit from that very rise of share prices. Explaining bubbles through the concept of "fundamentals" will inevitably go around in circles. We should rather pay attention to the fact that at the end of 1984, the ratio of the total sum of shares to GNP, listed on all the stock exchanges, valued at current market prices, amounted to 56.1% which is an unprecedented high figure. The bubbles in share prices owed greatly to the positive absorption of overseas short-term fund by foreign exchange banks from 1984. They took advantage of the abolition, in 1984, of so-called yen-ten regulation, which had long restricted, to a degree, the banks' conversion of dollars, taken in from overseas financial centers, into yen. After the abolition some parts of the converted money were vigorously invested into domestic stock market. Greater part of the money taken in was appropriated to their own external investment, and the rest to security investment, particularly in shares. Consequently, share prices were raised. It is not that big banks were excluded from financing to big firms but that they remained doing so, transforming themselves into by far the biggest undertaker of so-called equity finance. The above mechanism evolves extensively throughout the stages offull-scale bubbles. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 31 4 2000 A Note on Capital Commitment and Cournot Competition with Labour-Managed and Profit-Maximising Firms 285 302 EN Shoji Haruna 10.18926/OER/41522 This paper shows that the discussion of Lambertini and Rossini (1998) as to the strategic investment levels oflabour-managed firms in a labour-managed (LM) duopoly is misleading. This is due to the fact that there is no duality between the conditions for maximisation and minimisation, and what is worse, an equilibrium needed for comparison is interior when the investment behaviour of the firms is discussed along the conventional method. We reconsider whether they overinvest or underinvest in R&D, employing a more general model with R&D spillovers. It is demonstrated that results obtained in the LM duopoly are similar to those in a conventional duopoly of profit-maximising firms. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 31 4 2000 酒田町の都市住民の階層構成と商工業者の地位について 1 26 EN Yamato Kasai 10.18926/OER/41510 Taking all things into consideration as to the materials of occupation, tax, income and holdings of the tenant land, it is possible to perceive several strata of society in Sakata. Namely, the most upper stratum consists of a few who earn very large income from the tenant land and interests. The second stratum consists of many commercial and industrial traders and others who earn income from the tenant land is often larger than trade. The third stratum consists of a large number of traders and others who their mean derives more or less from income of the tenant land. The next stratum consists of a great number oftraders in very small business and others. The lowest stratum consists of a great many residents with no sure means ofliving, and forms the base ofthe stratified and pyramidal organization. In the later Meiji Era, Sakata was already not a city which was simply composed ofthe income of trades, but the city that depends chiefly on enormous wealth from the tenant land and interests. Sakata turned from a commercial city to a so-called parastic city. This was the important point that could recover from the destructive earthquake of 1894, and could fend off severe blows on the transit business of Sakata owing to the construction of railroad from 1899. The nature of parastic moneymaking, the higher of strata he is, the more he depends, took simultaneously upon itself the responsibility to check the development of Sakata. The nature of Sakata as a city is focused on the fact that the accumulated vast capital doesn't apply toward the industrial capital and the social capital. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 31 3 1999 不等式体系におけるTuckerの定理の非線型への一般化 163 171 EN Takao Fujimoto Ken-ichi Ishiyama 10.18926/OER/41503 This note is to prove Tucker's theorem on linear inequalities based on the proof method of minimax theorems which uses Kakutani's fixed point theorem. One device is necessary to convert the minimax theorems to Tucker's formulation. This is a slight restriction on the image sets when creating a set-valued map. We also present nonlinear generalizations of Tucker's theorem employing the same method. All we need is that the set of variable values for which an objective function attains its maximum is convex. This objective function is a convex combination of functions. We also present a proof of the fact that a local characterization of inequality systems, when a given mapping is differentiable, can be made global provided the mapping is concave. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 31 3 1999 The Bubble and Monetary Policy in Japan: 1984-1989 1 33 EN Atsushi Ichinose 10.18926/OER/41497 There will be no great opposition, among Japanese people, to the assertion that the problem of non-performing debt was the most important inducement to the present serious depression in Japan. The non-performing debt problem was brought about by the huge swell of the bubble in the later 1980's and its collapse after entering 1990's. As for the causes ofthe bubble formation several useful books were published rather intensively during 1992-93. But in February 1994, Mr. Mieno, the then Governor of the Bank of Japan, stated at a lecturing speech that the causes of the bubble had not been clarified yet. He enumerated some problems to be solved, for example why bubbles took place almost simultaneously over the world, and why such tremendous rise of asset prices occurred. Basically this reflection seems to be right. Relevant researches, which were published mostly during 1992-1993, if we dare to simplify, pointed out two factors as the important causes of the bubble: various financial de-regulations and long-lasted cheap money policy which was closely concerned with the so-called "international cooperation of economic policy" in 1986-87. This paper is not against these arguments at all. However it calls attentions to the fact that preceding researches have overlooked an important problem to be solved: that is to say, the problem of the correlation between the rapid appreciation of yen and the soaring up of asset prices. The paper tries to analyze the simultaneous development of yen appreciation and asset inflation. Consequently it points out that the key factor was the massive inflow of foreign short-term capital. In other words, banks took in huge short-term money from abroad and lent it to firms as impact loan, which is presumably a peculiar Japanese financial instrument. Firms converted borrowed dollar into yen and invested it in asset markets. In the case of stocks, Tokkin & Fan-tora, deposited with trust banks, played an important role as the intermediary. Thus the prices of assets rose steeply. The banks' huge taking-in of foreign short-term money resulted in a strong selling pressure on US dollar in the exchange market. Thus the dollar fell and the yen rose. A pioneering work along this line is S. Nakao (1991). Unfortunately he confines his interest to the relation between the activities of banks and the appreciation of yen, putting the codevelopment of yen appreciation and the asset inflation out of his argument. In addition, preceding researches, which stress the financial deregulations as the most important cause of the bubble, tend only to enumerate various de-regulations. And they seem to have been unsuccessful in clarifying what part of the deregulations was crucial. This paper deems the abolitions of regulations on impact loan and on yenten as crucial. It was these de-regulations that played by far the most important roles in the formation ofthe bubble. Finally, the reader will see some concluding remarks at the end of the paper. The main concern of the paper lies, however, in the field of fact verification. What to learn or derive from verified facts belongs rather to a role of politicians and high officials. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 32 4 2001 産業進化と創業･成長支援策 65 100 EN Mitsllshige Nitta 10.18926/OER/41476 In the latter half in 1990's, the extensive public policies for promoting newly establishment of the enterprise (for example, "Law for facilitating the creation of New Business" enforced in 1999) were introduced in Japan. In this paper, I would like to search the theoretical background of such policy as the policy for promoting evolution of industry that the innovative activities were accompanied by newly establishment and discontinuance ofbusiness of the enterprise. To begin with, I carried out the fact finding on the relation between newly establishment and discontinuance of business using the data of "The 1999 Establishment and Enterprise Census." And I verified some hypotheses on the evolution of industries which Acs and Audretsch (1991) and Audretsch (1995) presented and tried the reexamination of these hypotheses. I set the increasing rate of newly establishment (the number of employee base) and the increasing rate of discontinuance of business (the number of employee base) during 1996-1999 period as main variables. I carried out the regression analysis on manufacturing industries and service industries (industrial classification of 2 and 3 digits), and confirmed that there was the positive correlation between the increasing rate of newly establishment and the increasing rate of discontinuance of business. I examined the ratio of increasing rate of discontinuance of business and increasing rate of newly establishment (D / E ratio) on enterprise scale (by the number of employee base) and industrial sector (industrial classification of 2 digits). As the result, I confirmed that the D / E ratio described the V-shaped curve with the extension of enterprise scale in many industrial sectors. I consider that the base point of this V-shaped curve shows minimum efficient scale. I confirmed that there was the positive correlation between this minimum efficient scale (D / E ratio at V-shaped base point) and employment increasing rate of the industrial sector. Based on these results of analysis, I describe some policy implications on the public policies for the newly establishment of enterprises and the initial support and growth support for the newly-established and smallscale enterprises. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 12-2 1959 胸部レ線像による心臓計測値に関する研究 第2編 種々なる条件下の間接撮影（6×6 cm）による心臓計測値の変動について 8555 8565 EN Kaname Nukada 1. On measuring the details of the heart in the fluorograms it was noted that the cardiac measurements were somewhat decreased in females. The transverse diameters were increased in parallel with weight or nourished condition rather than stature. The cardiac measurements were increased in proportion to the increase of the girth of the chest. Also they were increased as getting older in age, but a tendency of slight decrease was noted in those of over 60 years. 2. Increased Ml was observed in the cases who had hypertension or over loaded left ventricles. 3. Judging from Sokolow's criterion about left ventricular hypertrophy, a definite increase in Tr, on account of increased Ml, was observed in the fluorographic cardiac measurements of the cases with left ventricular hypertrophy patterns in the electrocardiograms. According to other criterion adjusted for Japanese, no increased cardiac measurements were noted in the cases with left ventricular hypertrophy electrocardiographically. In consequence, the above indicated the fact that in early stages of the left ventricular hylertrophy they were concentric in nature and that in these stages electrocardiograms had more diagnostic value in comparison with the fluorographic cardiac measurements. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 12-1 1959 Candidaの酵素的性状(I)第1編 生菌のO2消費 第2編 凍結乾燥菌体及び生菌麿砕抽出液の性状 7989 8002 EN Emiko Nishi Part I O(2) Uptake of the Fresh Cells Using Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. parakrusei and C. tropicalis, the author studied the O(2) uptakes of the organisms at the expense of various carbon compounds or amino acids as substrate and the environmental factors to this. The following results were obtained. 1) The endogenous respiration of each strain was fairly high, and this respiration tended to decrease by the shaking of cell suspension without addition of substrates. Since prolonged shaking of the cell suspension may cause the inactivation of enzyme activity, the most advantage were given on the cell suspension that was previously shaken for 1-2 hrs. in order to study the enzymatic properties of the organisms. 2) Generally, the O(2) uptakes of Candida were high at the expense of glucose, acetate and citrte. Besides this, the O(2) uptake of C. albicans was also high at the expense of lactate and pyruvate. 3) As a whole, it could say that the greater enzyme activity was found on the cells of shorter cultivation compared with that of longer cultivation. And the organism cultured by shaking method showed more accelerated O(2) uptake at the oxidation of lactate, pyruvate and acetate than the cultured in still-standing method, this fact possibly implied that the metabolism of the former organism was carried out very satisfactory. Part II Properties of Freezing-dried Cell Preparation andFraction of Ground Fresh Cell As in the previous report, part I, using 4 strains of Candida, C. albicans, C. krusei, C. krusei, C. parakrusei and C. tropicalis, the author prepared the freezing-dried cell preparation and the fractions of ground fresh cells, studied O(2) uptake, catalase activity and action of inhibitors to these. The results obtained were following. 1) The freezing-dried cells showed an catalase activity in a same extent as the living cells, and a large amount of O(2) uptake with glucose, lactate, citrate and succinate; while a marked decrease of O(2) uptakes were found with pyruvate and acetate. 2) The supernatant fraction obtained from ground fresh cell at 40,000 rpm showed greater catalase activity, and greater oxidative capacity for pyruvate, acetate and citrate, and also accelerated endogenous respiration. On the other hand, the sediment separated by centrifugation at 40,000 rpm had no catalase activity; but revealed specifically much greater oxidative capacity for lactate and succinate. 3) It was confirmed that the action of inhibiter was more effective on the freezing-dried cells and the cell free extract than on the intact living cells; by an addition of KCN the O(2) upteak was not affected on the living cells, but was serionsly inhibited on the freezing-dried cells and the cell free extract. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 12-1 1959 コレラ菌のグルコース酸化について 第1篇 発育菌及び静止菌のグルコース酸化 第2篇 グルコースを加えて振盪した静止菌の酵素活性 7977 7987 EN Masamori Mori Part I. Oxidation of Glucose by Growing and Resting Cells Using the 3 strains of Vibrio cholera, original strain (INABA's strain), intermediate variant strain (HIKOZIMA's strain) and variant strain (OGAWA's strain), the author carried out the study on the oxidation of glucose by growing cells and stoichiometry of the glucose oxidation by the resting cells. The following results were obtained. 1) By an addition of glucose to the liquid media of which main constituent was peptone, a fair acceleration of cell growth was observed at the early stage of culture. But the growth tended to decrease aud the cells became to be die fairly early stage with time of cultnre. This was snpposedly due to the deorease of pH of media resulting from oxidation of glucose. 2) On the growing cells pyruvate and lactate were accumulated in fairly large amount as metabolite of glucose. A large amount of accumulated metabolite was also found on organism cultured by shaking. 3) Further oxidation of glucose beyond pyruvate was carried out more smoothly on the resting cells of shaking cultured organism than on the resting cells of still-standing cultured organism. And there was no difference on the oxidatien pathway of glucose on resting cells by either cultures, shaking or still-standing. 4) The oxidation pathway of glucose up to pyruvate was supposedly somewhat differnt on the variant strain compared with other 2 strains. Part II Enzyme Activity of Resting Cells Shaken with Glucose Using the 3 strains of vibrio cholera as in the previous paper, part I, the auther studied the enzyme activity of resting cells that were previously shaken with additien of glucose into its cell suspension. The enzyme activity was evaluated by mesurement of O(2) uptake with conventional Wardurg technique. The following results were obtained. 1) It was found a marked decrease of O(2) uptake on the resting cells, which were previously shaken with addition of glusose, washed and resuspended into buffer solution. This fact supposed to be due to the inactivation of enzyme system of the cells resulting from decrease of pH by glucose oxidation. 2) A prolanged shaking of the cells with glucose did not render an inactivation of enzyme system at all. Also no inactivestion was found on the cell shaken as above and washed with glucose added buffer. Hence, it could be postulated that the enzyme acyivity was kept fairly stable even in a low pH solution so far as the enzyme was present with substrate like glucose, and that the activity tended to be lost as substrate was taken off. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 11-2 1959 男性性器疾患患者における精嚢腺の吸収生理に対するアドレナリンの作用 7609 7614 EN Hachiro Sasaki The anthor has already reported the fact of the absorption ability of the seminal vesicles by using the adrenal hormones with rabbits. In this report, the experiments were performed by the administration of adrenalin and cortisone on 15 male patients with genital organ diseases, and the blood dextrose levels were compared. 1. The blood level showed the highest within one hour after the hypodermic injection of adrenalin and returned to normal after 3 hours. 2. By injecting adrenalin into the seminal vesicles through vas deferens, the blood level showed also high and maintained for comparatively long time. 3. By the administration of cortisone, the blood level showed slightly high, and the differences could be found between intramuscular injection and the seminal vesicles injection and the seminal vesicles injection through vesicles injection through vas deferens. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 11-1 1959 Antabusによる脳髄障害に関する研究 第1報 人に於けるAntabusの副作用とその脳波に就いて 7501 7510 EN Hidehiro Namba The available literature on various side-effects occurring at theadministration of Antabuse all deals mainly with the development of severe psychotic symptoms. as for the causes of such side-effect systemic poisoning or the cerebral organic disturbances accompaning it or the activation of dormant factor can be pointed out, but in the present investigation the auther studied mild side-effects that usually appear transiently; namely drowsiness, malaise loss of appetite, sweating, headache, fever, and oppressive feeling by means of electroencephalogram. In 37 cases given Antabuse severe psychotic symptoms appear in one case, and mild sideeffect in 15 cases. Of them abnormal encephalographic waves appeared in 12 cases. One case indicated the existence of organic damages, and two cases the organic damages reactivating dormant epileptic factor or inducing epilepsy. The electroencepharogram of epilepsy in the case not revealing severe clinical symptoms was also reactivated; and in 4 cases the electroencephalogram of epilepsy or abnormal wave close to it appeared. The electroencephalogram was not reactivated in two cases with organic damages. In the other two cases the so-called transitional wave appeared. From these, the fact that 7 out of 12 cases had organic damages or revealed abnormal waves suggesting the existence of such damages indicates that the toxicity of Antabuse is virulent and that during the intoxication it will generally inflict damages to the brain. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 11-1 1959 胆汁色素に関する研究 第2編 Mesobilirubinogenの肝臓内に於ける分解に就て 7193 7201 EN Toshiro Mitsumoto 1, By adding table salt to the mesobilinogen solution containing IXαamalgan reduction, and making its osmotic pressure apporximately epual to that of the body fluid, when this solution is made to act both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions on the liver slice specimens obtained from normal rabbit, the concentration of mesobilirubinogen is reduced, especially its reduetion is marked under aerobic conditions. However, during this reaction bilirubin, mesobilirubin, porphyrin, and propentdyopent are not produced. Moreover, the concentration of IXα-urobilin after the reaction remains the same as before the reaction. 2. In the paper chromatograph and column chromatograph of the mesobilirubinogen solution containing IXα-urobilin as mentioned above and the solution after the reaction that were left standing at room temperature for 23 days, there can be detected the production of mesobiliviolin and mesobilirhodin. This fact suggests that the decomposition of mesobilirubinogen in the liver does not occur by oxidation alone. 3. Using the solution after the reaction mentioned in paragraph 1, column chromatography has been performed with active alumina as adsorbent agent and the layer containing mesobilifuscin is isolated; and then by making Schlesinger's reaction take place, lead acetate is prepared; and in the paper chromatograph of the last substance the existence of mesobilifuscin has been confirmed. 4. Although it is not puite certain but since the quantity of mesobilifuscin is much less than the quantity of mesobilirubinogen decreased in the reaction, there seems to be other decomposition products. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 10-2 1959 Monomethoxy-bilirubindimethylester及びdimethoxy-bilirubindimethylesterの性状に関する研究 第2篇 血清蛋白との結合に関する研究 7073 7078 EN Sumiro Arichi With the purpose to study the combination of monomethoxybilirubindimethylester (monoether) and dimethoxy-bilirubindimethylester (diether) with serum proteins the author studied monoether and diether useing veronal buffer solution at pH 8.5 as the electrolyte and bilirubindimethylester with normal human serum solution as the control by means of paper electrophoresis; and obtained the following results. 1. As monoether and diether are both difficult to dissolve in serum, it is difficult to prepare a concentrated serum solution but all albumins combined with these two ethers. 2. When these bilirubinoids are dissolved in serum with the use of Emasol 3130, a nonionic interface activator, these ethers are dissociated from albumins and they spread out to the distance equal to γ-globulin position. In the case of crystalline bilirubin and β-carotine, the results are exactly identical. In other words, the combination of these ethers with albumins seems to be not so persistent but is a relatively mild interactioin between these different molecules. 3. In place of the serum as mentioned above, when the bilirubinoids are dissolved in γ-globulin, likewise they spread out to the same position of γ-globulin. 4. When the bilirubinoinds, with Emasol 3130, are dissolved in a sulfate buffer solution pH 7.4, these are also spread out the distance equal to the position of γ-globulin. Namely, the reason why these bilirubinoids are distributed in the same position as of γ-globulin seems to lie in the fact that the motility of both non-ionic interface activator and γ-globulin is equal. 5. In the speed curve of the diazo reaction in the case where bilirubindimethylester, monoether, diether are dissolved in serum with non-ionic interface activator, Emasol 3130, bilirubindimethylester presents the direct form while monoether and diether the indirect form. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 10-2 1959 台湾に於ける聾唖の研究，特にその聴力について 6931 6945 EN Pen-Jen Lin 334 students of the School for the Deaf-Mute in Taipei, Taiwan have been dealt with in the present study. 201 out of 334 or 60.2% were males, while 133 or 39.8% were females. 81 out of 334 or 22.7% were congenitally deaf, while acquired deafness was found in 220 or 67.4%. The ratio of congenital deafness to acquired deafness was not significantly different between 2 sexes. Attempts were made to determine the cause of deafness by studying questionnaires answered by the parents. Heredity was the cause in 35 or 43.2% of 81 congenitally deaf cases. Prenatal quinine intoxication and birth injuries were the causes in small number of cases. Causes were unknown in 41 or 18.6%. Febrile diseases, meningitis and measles were most prominent as the cause of acquired deafness, each accounting for 19.09%, 18.64% and 13.18% of the entire acquired deafness cases. Otitis media was the fourth in ranking. It is a remarkable fact that T. B. Meningitis together with Streptomycin intoxication caused deafness in approximately 10% of the acquired deafness cases. More than half of the acquired deafness cases had lost hearing before or at the age of 3. Of the total ears numbering 668 on which pure tone audiometry was done, 40% were totally deaf, while the ears with residual hearing were 60%. Of the total cases, 50% had residual hearing binaurally, 20% had residual hearing monaurally and the remaining 30% showed binaural total deafness. The incidence of binaural residual hearing was about equal in congenital and acquired deafness group, but binaural total deafness was more frequent in the latter group. A study on the incidence of residual hearing for each test frequency revealed the highest incidence for 500 cps., decreasing in order of 250-, 1,000-, 125-, 3,000-, 2,000-, 4,000- and 8,000 cps. in total ears as well as in acquired deafness group. The incidence of residual hearing is higher in congenital than in acquired deafness group throughout the entire frequency range, the difference being most marked over the middle tone range. The order of incidence of residual hearing for each test frequency is almost similar in both groups except that the incidence is very slightly higher at 2, 000cps. than at 3,000cps. in congenital group. Test of vestibular function was done by observing nystagmus elicited by caloric stimulation on 263 cases, i. e. 526 ears. There was no response whatsever in 40% of the total ears thus tested, 23% of congenital group and 50% of the acquired deafness group. The incidence of positive response was higher in the ears with residual hearing than in totally deaf ears. In the present series of cases, there were comparatively more students skilled in lipreading in the group of cases whose deafness started during 6 to 9 years of age than in the group of cases born deaf or whose deafness began at or before the age of 5. The difference, however, has no definite statistical significance. There were more good lip-readers in the group of cases with residual hearing for 2 or 3 speech frequencies than in the group of cases with residual hearing limited to 1 speech frequency and the cases without any hearing for all speech frequencies. In order to clarify the indications for the use of hearing aid by the present series of cases, 2 factors were considered; firstly the average value of the hearing loss at 3 and at times 2 speech frequencies, and secondly the shape of audiogram. Of the total 334 cases use of hearing aid was not indicated in 113 cases who were totally deaf at 3 speech frequencies and 70 cases with residual hearing only at 1 speech frequency; both together constituting 54.8% of total cases. The remaining 221 cases were considered to be candidates for the use of hearing aid. They were divided into the following 3 classes according to the degree of hearing loss. 1. Ideal cases regarding the use of hearing aid. Hearing loss of less than 60 db. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 10-2 1959 放射線の細菌に対する生物効果に関する研究 第3編 X線被照射菌の形態学的観察 6745 6754 EN Yasuhiro Kanemasa Using Sal 57 S as test organism, the author studied the effect of x-ray radiation on the morphology of bacteria by means of electron microscope. The dosis given to the microorganism was 2,000r or 8,000r. The following results were obtained. 1) The morphology of the cells was kept almost normal as just after the irradiation. 2) Prominiently elongated bacteria were found on succeeding cultures of 2, 3 and 5 hrs after the irradiation. 3) There were found some regions that had a low electron density on elongated cell. The distances between the regions were almost normal cell size or somewhat exceeded on its size. With the lapse of cultivation time the region became more distinctive and wider. 4) The bacterial cells cultured following after the irradiation were lost its homogeneousness in part and revealed granule-like structure in its interior and in the sever case the body of cell turned to be a exuviae form. 5) As was found on the cultured cells mentioned above, the identical facts was observed by the bacterial cells stocked in refrigerator for 2 days following after the irradiation. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 10-2 1959 放射線の細菌に対する生物効果に関する研究 第2編 Sal. 57 Sの酵素系に及ぼすX線照射の影響について 6733 6743 EN Yasuhiro Kanemasa In order to elucidate the effects of x-ray radiation on enzyme system of bacteria, the author studied the effect of x-ray radiation on enzyme system of Sal 57 S which were irradiated such large dosis as 8,000r in comparison with the enzyme activity of untreated cells. And the following results were obtained. 1) The oxidation of glucose and pyruvate was inhibited to a large extent on the enzyme systm of the x-ray irradiated organisms. And from the findings of the studies on RQ., stoichiometry and action of inhibitors, it could not find any difference on the oxidation pathway from glucose to pyruvate, but on the further oxidation pathway of pyruvate. The inhibition on the further oxidation pathway of pyruvate brought about marked accumulation of acetate in the cells of Sal 57 S irradiated to x-ray. 2) As concerns to the oxidation of member of TCA cycle, an inhibition was found at the oxidation of α-ketoglutalate and also of succinate to a slight extent. 3) The inhibition on the oxidation of glucose, pyruvate and α-ketoglutalate could be removed by addition of cysteine. From the view of this fact, the inhibition was supposed to be occured in the enzyme system relating to -SH group. 4) The effect of x-ray irradiation on oxydative phosphorylation was studied by measuring P:O ratio and P(32) incorporation into Δ-7-p. The decrease of P:O ratio and P(32) incorporation was observed. This fact possibly implied that the irradiation of x-ray acted as an uncoupler on oxydative phosphorylation 5) There was not observed any changes on the nucleic acids system of bacteria just after the x-ray irradiation. However, amount of DNA showed a decrease by a succeeding incubation of the organism after x-ray irradiation. An inhibition to the incorporation of phosphorus into DNA fraction was also proved on the cells by isotopic study using P(32). No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 10-1 1959 臓器アレルギーに関する研究 第3編 肝同種並びに自己抗体に於る既往性反応について 6425 6432 EN Masaaki Izumi With the purpose to see whether or not anamnetic reaction is induced by hormones of the pituitary and adrenal glands and to study its clinical significance, after disappersance of the homologous-liver-antibody and auto-liver-antibody that have been once produced experimentally in animals, the author performed a series of experiments with animals and obtained the following results. 1. Of pituitary and adrenal hormones ACE markedly elicits anamnetic reaction, homologous and at-liver-antibodies, and moreover, it has becoome clear that these antibodies make their appearance in the circulating blood within one to five days of the injection of these hormones. 2. Clinically this fact increases the imporsance of observing the auto-liver-antibody. 3. The use of an appropriate dose of nitrcmin can prevent this anamnetic reaction form occurring. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 9-2 1959 下顎智歯周囲炎に関する研究 第3編 下顎智歯周囲炎の病理組織学的研究 6210 6221 EN Toshiyuki Matsui Biopsy was taken from the gingivae in 42 cases of pericoronitis and 8 normal healthy control cases, which were the same materials used in previous cytologic study. Sections were stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin, Azan and Papanicolaou methods, investigated histopathologically and compared with the findings of exfoliative cytology. 1) In normal gingivae keratinous layer could be seen in various degrees, while in acute inflammatory ones typical keratinous layer could not be observed and keratinization showed a decrease. 2) In Azan and Papanicolaou stainings yellow and red stainings decreased in the superficial layer and a definite correlation could be seen between keratinization and staining effect according to structural density of the tissue. Findings of exfoliative cytology and histo-pathology were completely agreed in their comaprison. 3) The SH groups of the surrounding tissue in case of pericoronitis were investigated by Chévremout-Erédéricq's reaction but a decisive conclusion could not be drawn from these results. It could be concluded that pericoronitis was induced by infection of the dental follicle after tooth eruption and could be divided into acute and chronic types clinically. As the results obtained from exfoliated epithelial cells classified according to their staining effect of the cytoplasm by Papanicolaou staining, a considerable decrease of keratinization could be noticed in cases of pericoronitis in comparison with normal controls. This fact could be proven by histo-pathological examination. Consequently clinical data, exfoliative cytogy and histo-pathology in case of pericoronitis coincided in their findings. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 9-2 1959 下顎智歯周囲炎に関する研究 第1編 下顎智歯周囲炎の臨床統計的観察 6187 6196 EN Toshiyuki Matsui Clinico-Statistical findings were summarized in 252 cases of clinically diagnosed pericoronitis of the lower third molar. 1) Sex and Age Incidence: Generally speaking it could be seen a little more frequently in male, while more often in female before about 30 years of age, but a contrary tendency could be noticed with the progress of age. Eight per cent of all the cases were between the ages of 20 and 29 years. 2) Seasonal Incidence: It showed a decaease in the order of fall, spring, summer and winter. 3) Side Incidence: Almcst no difference of incidence could be seen between right and left sides. As for inclination of the eruption normal position was most frequent in acute cases, while mesial and horizontal inclincations more frequent in chronic cases. Twenty-eight per cent of all the cases showed the findings of bone resorption of the alveolar process. 4) Clinical Findings: They were almost agreed with those of previous description except lower incidence of disturbed mouth opening and fever which had been considered to be the most frequent symptoms so far. According to the clinical findings all the cases could be classified into acute and chronic ones at the ratio of 15 to 85. As a conclusion the fact that a cusp or a part of the crown had been exposed in all the cases examined may suggest that pericoronitis was due to infection of the dental follicle after eruption and had hardly connection with insufficiency of the space, direction of eruption, and difference of localiztion. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 9-2 1959 犬肝臓の細胞内顆粒Histamineと生体内投与薬物によるその遊離 6167 6172 EN Kei Jinzenji 0.25M sucrose homogenate of dog's liver was fractionated by differential centrifugation as described by Schneider. About half of histamine of the whole homogenate was found in the mitochondrial fraction. Smears were made from each fractions, fixed in 1 per cent basic lead acetate in 50 per cent alcohol and stained with 0.1 per cent aqueous solution of toluidine blue. Microscopic observation showed that the mitochondrial fraction contains a large amount of very small round metachromatic particles, which are indistinguishable from extruded granules outside of the mast cells similarly stained in the stamp preparation from the liver slice. These observations confirm the finding of Mota and his co-workers and this fact in all probability indicates that the higher histamine concentration of the mitochondrial fraction of dog's liver might be due to contamination with mast cell granules. Intravenous administration of 3 mg/kg sinomenine or 150 to 500 mg/kg peptone into dogs resulted in a significant release of histamine from the mitochondrial fraction with some variable loss from other subcellular fraction. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 9-2 1959 恙虫病病毒の変異に関する研究 第一編 変異恙虫病病毒の病原性に関する吟味 6039 6050 EN Mamoru Fujimura While the use of chloramphenicol showed marked curative effect on tsutsugamushi disease, especially in the case of a large dose at the same time. WOODWARD and KATSURA expressed a doubt on this effect, above all KATSURA reported the possible occurence of re-infection of this disease following after the therapy by such method of dose. On the other hand, the repeated use of small dose of the drug might allow the pathogenic rickettsia to survive the action of the drug, also allow to cause the variation of the rickettsia. From the viewpoint of this, the author investigated the variation of pathogenicity of the tsutsugamushi disease rickettsia, OSEKI's and MITANI's strains, by action of chloramphenicol: the variation was determined by the use of LD(50) for a intraperaperitoneal inoculation of the organism on the previously treated mice, that were given chloramphenicol perorally for 10 days so as each mouse to have the different drose daily, namely 5 mg., 2 mg., 1 mg. and 0.5 mg. per 10 g. of body weight respedtively. Contrarily to the control, it was noticed the very low value for the LD50 of the test animals. Further the author conducted the study on the varied organism thus obtained, namely varied OSEKI's and varied MITANI's strains, in that the rickettsia was inoculated intraperitoneally to the guinea pigs that were previously injected 20 mg. of chlorpromazine per Kg. of body weight daily for 4 days; and the result of the test was determined on the basis of the amount of ascites produced, the amount of free cells and the presence of the rickettsia in the ascites. In this study, it was demonstrated that the infection of the original strain did not reveal the illness during summer and winter, but the varied strain could reveal the marked sign of illness at any time of seasons and the much production of ascites and marked proliferation of the rickettsia were observed in abdominal cavity. These facts showed supposedly that the marked variation was occured on the pathogenicity of the tsutsugamushi disease rickettria treated by chloramphenicol compared with the untreated organism. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 9-2 1959 精製肝炎ウイルスに関する研究 第2編 精製ウイルスの比較研究殊に泉熱ウイルスとの血清学的性状の比較 5837 5848 EN Tetsuro Tsuda As has been reported in the part I, the author obtained the hepatitis virus, and IZUMI fever virus in purified form by means of ultracentrifuge method proposed by HASHIMOTO, and studied comparatively on some serological properties of these purified viruses. The results obtained were following. 1) The antiserum obtained by inoculation of the purified IZUMI fever virus (YASHIRO'S strain) had high titer and showed the titer of 1:64 on the complement fixation test to the YASHIRO'S strain, but did not give the positive reaction to the purified hepatitis virus when it was used as antigen. Vis-a-vis, the antiserum obtained by inoculation of the purified hepatitis virus showed the titer of 1:64-1:128 to the hepatitis virus and negative reaction to the IZUMI fever virus. Hence, in the view of complement fixation test, the serological properties of the viruses were evidently different. 2) Conerning to the results of neutralization reaction and “Absätigungsversuch” after WILDFÜHR, it could be postulated by the pathological findings the occurence of effective neutralization reaction when the test conducted between a virus and the antiserum obtained by inoculation of the same virus; contrarily to this the neutralization reaction between a virus and the antiserum obtained by the inoculation of other virus did not occur. Since the reaction thus observed was not so evident as the complement fixation reaction described above, sometimes it was hardly possible to identify the definite reaction. However, this reaction was still informative, especially in referential use of the reaction to complement fixation test, because of the occurence of certain inhibition or mitigantion of pathological changes as the result of the neutalizing effect. 3) From the facts described above, it could be concluded that the evident difference of properties was noticeable in both viruses tested despite of the presence of some similarity on serological properties. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 9-2 1959 抗酸性菌の物質代謝に関する研究 第2編 各種抗酸菌に於ける酵素の菌体内局在性について 5819 5826 EN Shuhei Hayashi Using the same procedure and organisms as in the Part I, the author prepared the soluble fraction and the particulate fraction, and carried out further enzymatic study of these fractions by means of Warburg's manometer techinipue. The following results were obtained. 1) The soluble fraction of H37 Rv and H37 Ra could oxidize lactate and other substrates fairly successfnlly; but on the other hand, the particulate fractions of that coule oxidize lactate and succinate specifically and failed to oxidize the other substrates. And this fact was also noticed in the case of the particulate fraction of BCG. 2) In the case of Takeo's strain one of the avian type bacilli, the enzyme system that oxidise malate was found merely in the particulate fraction. 3) It could be observed that the soluble fraction of Myc. ATCC 607 showed intense endogeneous respiration, and the particulate fraction of the organism could oxidize fumarate and malate specifically. 4) The soluble fraction of Myc. phlei could oxidize lactate successfully, but oxideze the other substrates not so satisfactorily. And in the case of the particulate fraction, it could oxidize any of lactate, succinate or malate, but, in a small extent. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 9-1 1959 弗素中毒に関する実験的研究 第3編 弗素の成長に及ぼす影響について 5731 5740 EN Sadayoshi Shindo By oral administration of various NaF solutions (drinking) to young rats and feeding them under the same conditions for 50 days, the author measured the tail length and body weight of these animals in different groups in order to see the influences of fluorine on their growth and investigated them experimentally; and obtained the following results. Along with this experiments the author also gave orally pills of cod-liver oil containg 0.2 mg NaF to kindergarten children repeatedly for one year with the purpose to prevent their tooth-decay and examined their height, body weight, and the percentage of incidence of tooth-decay. Mesthod: 1. For the experimental animals young rats of about forty days old and weighing about 50 g were selected, and they were divided into four groups each consisting of five males and five females to the total of ten in each group. They were made to drink freely NaF apueous solution of various concentrations at 1000 ppm, 500 ppm, 100 ppm, 10 ppm, and 2 ppm. The duration of the drinking of NaF was for 50 days. Namely, observations were limited to the stage of the most active growth and changes were observed in that period. 2. As for the drinking expeariment of fluorine with kindergarten children, sugarcoated cod-liver oil pillets containing 0.2 mg NaF, 0.02 g cod-liver oil, and 500 γ vitamin B(1) were used. These pillets were given to the children on every school day for one year under a controlled supervision with exception of sundays, holidays, summer and winter vacation. Their height and body weight were measured once every month, and the rate of incidence of tooth-decay in these children was examined twice, namely, once before the start of NaF-administration and once immediately after the cessation of the administration. Results: 1. Although there can be recognized no great difference in the change of the tail length in the growing young rats given NaF aqueous solution by drinking at a low concentration as compared with the control, there is a slight accelerating tendency. In the group of rats given large amount of NaF solution by drinking in comparison with the control there can be recognized no marked difference up to 30 day after the start of taking fluorine compound, but thereafter the rate of tail growth tends to be retarded and by the fiftieth day the tail growth is diminished as compared with the control. 2. In the groups of young growing rats given orally a low concentration of NaF solution their body weight increases normally. However, in the groups given orally a large amount of NaF solution, although no great change can be recognized up to the 30 th day after the start of the experiment, thereafter a decrease in the body weight can be recognized. 3. In the case of the kindergarten children the oral administration of fluorine in the minimal amount shows a favorable effect on the increase in their height and body weight as compared with the control group without such a treatment. 4. Judging from the rate of the incidence of tooth-decay in the kindergarten chileren as compared with that in the children of the control school where no such treatment was undertaken. the incidence of tooth-decay in these children is far lower than in the control school children. This fact indicates that the oral administration of fluorine compound is effective in preventing the tooth-decay in young children of the kindergarten age. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 9-1 1959 骨髄組織培養法を応用せる癌毒性物質に就ての研究 第二編 胃癌患者胃液内の毒性物質に就ての研究 5597 5606 EN Toshio Tanaka With the purpose to study the toxic substance contained in the gastric juice of the patients with gastric cancer the author observed the tissue growth and pseudoeosinophil function by performing rabbit bone-marrow tissue culture and also observed the functions of the erythrocyte series in the fluid medium tissue culture; and obtained the following results: 1. The tissue growth in the rabbit bone-marrow tissue culture loaded with gastric juice from gastric cancer patients is diminished as compared with that of the control. 2. In the case loaded with the gastric juice of gastric cancer the wandering velocity of pseudoeosinophils is lower in the majority of the cases when compared with the control. 3. Pseudoeosinophils with vital staining in the case loaded with the gastric juice are stained earlier and deeper and also fade earlier than the control. This fact seems to be due to the diminution of functions of cells. 4. There is no significant trend in the fluctuations of the erythrocyte counts and Hb content in the tissue culture by fluid medium. 5. From these findings it is assumed that the toxic substance of gastric juice from gastric cancer acts directly on the bone marrow and thus decreases the leucocyte functions but for the erythrocyte series it has no direct action on the bone marrow. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 9-1 1959 静脈内に導入された鉄の代謝に関する研究 第3編 Phenylhydrazin貧血家兎に対する各種鉄剤静脈内注入の影響する肝カタラーゼ活性に関する研究 5501 5504 EN Hiroyuki Ogo The estimation for the catalase activity has been carrid out in the liver of the anemic rabbits mentioned in Part 2. The purpose of the present study is to see whether or not any changes are brought about by the iron instillation in the iron containing enzymes other than Hb. As the result, in the animals given a daily injection of 0.5 mg of such compounds, it has been found that serum iron colloid (S. I. C.) accelerates the activity of the liver catalase most markedly, and the grades of the rise in the catalase activity grow poorer in the descending order of ferrobalt, gelatin iron, and gluferricon. However, when a large dose is injected at one time, irrespective of which compound is used, no change occurs in the catalase activity of the liver, in a strange contrast to the control. This fact indicates that Fe(+++), when instillated into vein in a certain fixed from in a small dose at a time, readily enters into the normal metabolic cycle, but it will have hardly any enhancing effect when the same is administered in a large dose at one time, i. e. in the excess of the optimal amount No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山医学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0030-1558 71 8-2 1959 痙攣時における犬大脳皮質の各種電解質の変動に関する実験的研究 5363 5374 EN Hiroshi Yorimae Changes of the electrolyte in the motor area of the cerebral cortex were experimentally studied in dogs during convulsions which were caused by the intravenous injection of metrazol. The results were as follows: 1) Chloride content increases at the preconvulsive stadium and also at the acme and reaches to its maximum at the repeated convulsive stadium. At the postconvulsive stadium it decreases nearly to the normal, but still remains a little higher than the normal 2) Sodium content decreases at the preconvulsive stadium and recovers gradually to the normal as the time elapses. 3) Potassium content shows no distinguished change. 4) Calcium content reaches the highest at the preconvulsive stadium and then decreases gradually to the normal as the time elapses. 5) Magnesium content at the preconvulsive stadium is the same as the normal and increases rapidly at the acme and at the repeated convulsive stadium but finally decreases below the normal. 6) From these facts stated above, it is considered that the changes of the electrolyte in the cerebral tissue during the convulsion are caused by the secondary changes due to convulsion. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.