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1. For the purpose to clarify the mechanism of the revolutional changes in energy metabolism during the reticulocyte maturation the metabolisms of glucose and of the pentose moieties of acid soluble nucleotides have been observed on rabbit reticulocytes incubated in vitro under various conditions. 2. The maturation of reticulocyte proceeds by using the energy produced by aerobic glycolysis and is arrested in the glucose deficient medium, but the pentose moieties of purine nucleotide and nucleoside added exogenously serve as the energy source for reticulocyte maturation even in the absence of glucose. 3. The test on the utility efficiency of glucose and inosine as the energy source for reticulocyte maturation revealed that glucose is used more effectively than the pentose moiety of inosine under aerobic condition, which is advantageous for reticulocyte maturation, and vice versa under anaerobic condition, which is comparable to the metabolism of mature red cell. 4. From these results it has been suggested that the maturation of reticulocyte is the process of degradation of RNA and acid soluble nucleotides supported by the aerobic glycolysis, where the degradation products of RNA and acid soluble purine nucleotides provide the purine derivatives as the material for ATP synthesis (36) and the pentose moieties as energy source. 5. A possible mechanism for the superior utility of glucose to nucleoside pentose during reticulocyte maturation and vice versa in mature red cell has been discussed.

When the lymph node cells sensitized by Ehrlich ascites tumor were mixed and cultured with JTC-ll cells derived from Ehrlich ascites tumor, the interaction of the two cell groups exhibited a contactual phenomenon accompanied by the destruction of JTC-ll cells. These two cell groups in contact were fixed with OsO4, solution and the ultra-thin sections were observed in the electron microscope. As a result the following findings were obtained. In the interaction where lymph node cells become attached to JTC-ll cells, resulting in the destruction of JTC-ll cells, lymphnode cells were also destroyed. Effector cells seem to be a kind of cells in the lymph nodes, and from their morphological characteristics they are considered to be lymphocytes. Electron microscopic observations of the surface of contact revealed the following: some cells are adhered to one another at the surfaces of the cell membranes that run in parallel; some are in contact by means of filamentous projection of lymhocytes; the cell membranes of the two cells form interdigitation; and both surfaces of two cell membranes are disrupted at the point of contact and the cytoplasm of the two cells appears to be directly connected with one another.

Immunological analysis of histones extracted from the calf thymus has not been so successful because of their weak antigenicity against rabbits. Our investigations, however, have demonstrated that the histones purified from normal rat livers have the weak antigenicity against rabbits.

For the purpose to see how the suppression of the nucleic acid synthesis disturbs the cell specialization process the author observed the erythroid cell specialization in anemic rats by treating them with aminopterin (AP) and 5-bromouracil (BU). The observations indicate that the AP injection inhibits the mitosis of erythroblast with the acceleration of hemoglobin synthesis and the denucleation. The bromouracil administration scarcely suppressed the mitosis and the appearance of acidophilicity of erythroblast was retarded. Data indicate that the inhibition of mitosis accelerates the specialization or somatic protein synthesis of erythroblast. The acting mechanisms of the medicaments were discussed from the characteristics of these agents as the analogue of the substances related to DNA metabolism.

Experimental replacement of inferior vena cava with crimped woven Tetoron arterial graft was performed in dogs. Bypass-graft to thoracic inferior vena cava was not successful in two animals. Total repacement of thoracic inferior vena cava was attempted in four animals, and thoracoabdominal long implantation to inferior vena cava through diaphragm behind liver, followed by excision of thoracic inferior vena cava between the anastomoses, was done in 12 animals. Of these 16 animals, the graft was patent or not occluded in nine at autopsy between the 30th and the 451st day after implantation. Similar thoracoabdminal implantation of a graft reinforced with a steel coil was made in seven animals. Two grafts were patent at autopsy after 37 and 251 days, respectively. Abdominal vena cava replacement with a graft reinforced with a coil was undertaken in three animals. Two grafts were patent at autopsy after 117 and 142 days, respectively. On the whole, long term survival without occlusion over 30 days was obtained in fifteen/twenty-eight animals. Aside from the instances of simple bypassgraft and obvious technical errors in early experiments, it was in fifteen/ eighteen, and the graft was completely patent in ten/eighteen animals. The failures within 30 days resulted mostly from either lung complications or technical errors, and the latter were remarkable in the thoracoabdominal group where the graft reinforced with coil was used, but the application of the coil was very effective in protecting the graft against the compression by the adjacent organs. Tissue reaction to Tetoron was not noticeable and to the silk thread it was very slight and seemed not to affect long term success. By the present method even the total replacement of theracic inferior vena cava can be performed safely under normothermia and thoracoabdominallong implantation to inferior vena cava is also possible with considerable success. In order to prepare a more suitable synthetic graft for vein, it requires further search for harder, lighter, more elastic and physicochemically more stable material. The fabric of venous graft should be preferably more porous and thinner than that of the arterial graft available at the present in order to make the organization within the shortest time possible.

For the purpose of revealing the interaction between macrophages and plasma cells in relation to antibody formation and information for cell specialization, the proliferation of plasma cell by antigenic stimulation was observed in the rats whose RES had been previously injured by radiogold. The production of the circulating antibody was markedly suppressed by the pretreatment with radiogold. Histological observation revealed that the plasma cells and lymphocytes were completely obliterated and the tissues were replaced by the basophilic cells and fibroblastic cells. Lymph nodes which contained less radiogold and expected to be less in cell injury had also lost their lymphocytes, but showed a marked proliferation of plasma cells in the medullary cord and large basophilic cells in the area of lymph follicles. The data suggest that the impaired immune response will be due to the failure of the macrophages in releasing the informational substance for plasma cell specialization and for antibody formation on account of possible inability in metabolizing the ingested antigen by the injured macrophages.

The energy source required for the amino acid incorporation into mitochondrial proteins has been investigated and comparative study has also been made on the rate of the amino acid incorporation in rat liver and rat hepatoma cell mitochondria. 1. The incorporation of amino acid into the protein in intact mitochondria of rat liver increased by about 40% on the addition of α-ketoglutarate and ADP, but no significant increase in the amino acid incorporation was observed on the addition of succinate and ADP. 2. The incorporation of amino acids into mitochondrial proteins was remarkably inhibited by the addition of respiratory inhibitors (cyanide, DNP at a high concentration). 3. The amino acid incorporation into mitochondrial proteins was scarcely or slightly inhibited by the addition of DNP at the concentration of 1×10-4M and insensitive to oligomycin (5 to 10 μg/ml). 4. The amino acid incorporation into the protein in the endogenous substrate system of the mitochondria was considerably inhibited by the addition of arsenite, and this inhibition somewhat recovered on the addition of ADP plus succinate. 5. The rate of the amino acid incorporations between rat liver and hepatoma cell mitochondria was at the same level. 6. Discussions were made on the energy source required for the amino acid incorporation into mitochondrial proteins, on the rate of protein synthesis per mitochondrion isolated from rat liver- and hepatoma cells, and on the possibilities of contamination of bacteria or microsomes and of the adsorption of amino acids onto the mitochondria.

In Anbetracht der oft schwierigen Umgrenzung des Ekg Bildes erschien es von Interesse, an einem gröβeren Personenkreis mit einem neuen Beobachtungssystem Untersuchungen unter dem Gesichtspunkt anzustellen, ob Herzgesunde charakteristische Veränderungen der Herzstromkurve aufweisen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird im Hinblick auf diese Fragestellung über Rhythmusstörungen im Tagesablauf berichtet, die bei 100 Herzgesunden jüngeren Erwachsenen während einer kontinuierlichen Magnetbandregistrierung von nahezu 24 Stunden Dauer gefunden wurden. AUβerdem wird das Auftreten der RhythmusstOrungen bei "Herzgesunden", mit dem 35 Patienten der "alten Gruppe", die anamnestisch und physiologisch an keiner Herzerkrankung leiden und mit 100 "Koronarleiden" verglichen. 1. Die beobachteten Rhythmusstörungen waren bei allen Gruppen .sehr ausgeprägt, d. h. jede fUr sich 55%, 100%, 97%. 2. Die am häufigsten beobachteten Abweichungen bei allen Gruppen waren Extrasystolen (ES) d. h. 49%, 100%, 97 %. 3. Häufiger fanden sich mehr supraventribuläre ES als ventrikuläre bei Herzgenuden, (31: 29 FäIle), bei der "alten Gruppe" (29: 22 FäIle), nicht dagegen bei "Koronarleiden" (67: 92 FäIle). 4. Von allen ES fanden sich die Kammer-ES am häufigsten. (29, 22, 92 FäIle). 5. Der Schrittmacherwechsel trat nur bei einigen der Herzgesunden und zwar ausschlieBlich nachts während des Schlafes auf. Diese Tatsache müβte auch seine funktionelle Genese bestätigen. 6. Vorhoffimmern und paroxysmale Tachykardien traten bei Herzgesunden nie auf. Derartige Erscheinugen können auβerordentlich bedeutungsvoll sein. 7. Sicherlich ist das Vorhandensein eines Av-Blockes 2. bzw. 3. Grades ein Hinweis auf die Notwendigkeit einer sorgfältigen und kritischen Untersuchung. 8. Wenngleich je nach den Umständen und der Tageszeit des Auftretens für die meisten Kurvenabweichungen und RhythmusstOrungen Änderungen des vegetativen Tonus von wesentlicher Bedeutung sein durften, fanden sie sich bei Personen mit erhöhrter vegetativer Labilität dennoch nicht gehäuft. Aus den Ergebnissen wird der Schluβ gezogen, daβ in der Bewertung der hier beobachteten, meist flüchtigen Veränderungen bei der Ekg-Beurteilung Zurückhaltung geboten ist, Kontroll- und Funktions-Ekg sollten häufiger als üblich zur Abklärung herangezogen werden, ehe die Diagnose einer pathologischen Abweichung gestellt wird.

The synovial membranes from 16 rheumatoid patients treated with intramuscular injections of gold sodium thiomalate were observed by light and electron microscopy with special reference to the distribution of gold particles in the tissue. 1) Light microscopic study revealed that the gold demonstrated as cytoplasmic granules by OKAMOTO'S histochemical method were contained in the synovial lining cells and in the macrophages around lymph-follicles and blood vessels in the subsynovial layer. In the well-developed villi on the surface of rheumatoid synovial membrane, large macrophages with gold granules infiltrated into the lymphoid cell accumulation of small lymph-follicles. 2) The deposition of gold in the synovial tissue increased with the increase of the doses of gold administered. 3) Electron microscopic observation indicated that gold particles are contained in the numerous lysosomes in the Type A and intermediate lining cells. The macrophages around lymph-follicles and blood vessels also possessed a large amount of gold particles gathered in the lysosomes of these cells. 4) Macrophages containing gold particles in their long cytoplasmic extensions were found often in a close contact with plasma cells of various differentiation stages. A direct cytoplasmic connection was observed between the two kinds of cells but an artifact could not be excluded. 5) The effect of gold salt in the treatment of RA was discussed from the immunological view point.

The present investigation was conducted with the purpose to search for the specific cancer antigenicity at subcellular level, as its first object. The aim is on the immunochemical consideration and comparison of fractions such as cell homogenate, nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, and plasma membrane etc. obtained by ultracentrifugation from cancer cells (AH 130 rat ascites hepatoma), and to compare the antigenicity of individual fractions from normal rat liver cells. 1. The highest antigenicity is found in the mitochondria in membrane systems of cancer cells. 2. The high antigenicity of mitochondria is cancer specific, and is not common to that of normal cell mitochondria. 3. The plasma membrane prepared from cancer cell nuclear fraction was a highly pure cancer cell plasma membrane. 4. As far as tested by precipitin reaction the antigenicity of the cancer cell plasma membrane is almost the same as that of normal cell plasma membrane, and it is hard to say that the antigenicity of cancer cell plasma membrane is cancer specific. Antigenicity of plasma membrane hardly diminishes at the stage of carcinogenic transformation of cells.

Lysis of fibrin was first recognized by MORGAGNI in 1769, observing a liquid blood in a patient of acute death, and the phenomenon was named as fibrinolysis by DASTRE in 1893. In 1937, MACFARLANE recognized in a patient after cholecystectomy that the blood clot was lysed completely in the following morning. Since then, much attention has been paid clinically on fibrinolysis and it has been said to occur in case receiving a large amount of blood transfusion, shock, cancer, obstetric diseases, hemophilia, various drug poisonings, allergic diseases, after irradiation and after the operations of lung, pancreas and prostate. In our department, also, the similar phenomenon was recognized often in association with cardiac surgery using the artificial heart-lung machine, and a difficulty in hemostasis was encountered postoperatively. We have been studying, therefore, on fibrinolysis in open heart surgery.

With the bone marrow of anemic rats, which had received the repeated injections of phenylhydrazine once a day for three to four days, the effects of aminopterin and bromouracil on the nucleic acid metabolism of erythroblasts were observed in vivo experiment. The injection of aminopterin suppressed DNA synthesis with the lowered labeling index as observed by the incorporation of ³H-thymidine into DNA in vitro. But the grain count per cell showed the level similar to that of anemic control. RNA synthesis was not interfered by AP injections. These results indicate that AP mainly suppresses the thymidilate kinase. Bromouracil showed no such effect even on the administration of a large dose. On the basis of the data obtained from the experiment by using AP, a discussion was made on the correlation between DNA synthesis, nuclear function and the cell specialization.

1. In order to obtain direct evidence for the enzymatic identification of the head-pieces of the elementary particles in the inner mitochondrial membrane, the head-pieces were detached by sonication from the isolated inner membrane of beef heart mitochondria, purified by pursuing the particles with the electron microscope, and analyzed for enzymatic properties. 2. Electron microscope examination revealed that the isolated headpieces are the spherical particles about 90À in diameter which are quite similar in appearance to the head-pieces of the elementary particles lining the inner mitochondrial membranes. 3. The head-pieces are identified as ATPase sensitive to oligomysin when attached by stalks to the membrane, and become insensitive when detached or purified from the membrane. 4. The head-piece is labile to cold with respect to ATPase activity and morphology.

When cultured cells are used in experiments, It is very important to know from what kinds of cells the cultured cells are originated, and what characteristics the cultured cells maintain continuously in vitro Some properties of rat liver cells in long-term cultivation were examined for the purpose of identifying the cultured cells with parenchymal liver cells by investigating their functions. The production of rat serum albumin and α-globulin which is regarded as specific functions of liver parenchymal cells was detected in these cultured rat liver cells with the method of immunoelectrophoresis. Histochemically, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, and adenosine triphosphatase were demonstrated in the cultured rat liver cells which were morphologically epithelial. Alkaline phosphatase showed little activity in these cells. Glycogen was recognized by the periodic acid-Schiff technique, when bovine serum concentration in the culture fluid was reduced to 5 per cent. These histochemical findings of cultured rat liver cells were identical with those of parenchymal liver cells in vivo. These facts suggest that there is a possibility of the continuous cultivation of liver cells by the present methods and of the identification of the cultured cells with the parenchymal liver cells from their functions.

Human thyroid cancer cells in the pleural effusion were serially cultivated in vitro. Three kinds of cell lines were established from the same primary culture and were designated as PS, TS and TR lines, respectively. These three have been cultured for 574 days up to May 1, 1968. The cells of PS and TR lines were epithelial-like, whereas those of TS line revealed fibroblastic character. The chromosome numbers of PS and TR lines exhibited the modes near the hypertetraploid region, while TS line showed the mode of hypo-triploid number. Eosinophilic particles which were stained metachromatically by toluidine blue were present in the cytoplasm of these cells. The histochemical findings of the cells of each line were identical with those of thyroid cancer cells in vivo. The cells aggregated by the gyratory culture showed epithelial characters under microscopic observation of the sectioned specimens. The tumors produced in conditoned hamsters demonstrated undifferentiated cancer, which resembled the metastatic thyroid cancer of the patient. Neither collagen nor argentaffine fibers were detected with Van Gieson staining or silver impregenation.

The changes in muscle fibers after the crush injuries of the nerve were studied with rat sciatic nerve, and the following results were obtained. 1. After a severe crushing, the tendency of grouping of a single muscle fiber type was observed, although this scarcely occurred after slight injuries. 2. The muscle function and structure recovered better after crush injuries of the nerve than after the nerve reunification.

The hepatomas of the Donryu rats induced by feeding 4.dimethyl. aminoazobenzene for more than 191 days were transplanted into the brain of newborn rats of the same strain and the formed tumors were transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of adult rat of the same strain for the purpose to obtain transplantable strain of ascites hepatoma. As the result 4 lines of transplantable ascites hepatomas have been establised. The cells of these 4 hepatomas resembled their original liver tumor cells, respectively, showing the similar morphologic appearance to their mother cell. They showed less differentiated or more malignant characteristics in those taken from the tumor at the more advanced stages of DAB feeding. The liver tissues from the rat fed on DAB for 191 days had no tumor inducing activity when they were inoculated into the brains of the newborn rats (C 74). The liver tumors of the rats fed for more than 236 days produced the tumors in brain, which was serially transplantable (C 82), and kept the original morphologic pattern through serial transplantation and even in those growing in ascites. The tumor cells of the C 82 line showed the least malignancy among the 4 lines of ascites hepatoma established. Those of the C 83 line, which originated from the rat fed on DAB for 264 days, demonstrated the type of well.differentiated liver cell carcinoma with the trabecular arrangement of the tumor cells, but in ascites form they grew more rapidly than those of C 82. Those having most malignant characteristics were the cells of C 84.A which were derived from the rat fed on DAB for 312 days, and they were of the type of undifferentiated liver cell carcinoma. The island forming capacity of the C 84·A cells was the weakest among those of the 4 lines. C 84·B cells were also those derived from the same rat as that from which C 84.A originated and also showed the type of poorly differentiated liver cell carcinoma, but less malignant than those of C 84.A.

The disappearance of nucleolus has been traced in the rat erythroid cells in relation with the cell specialization under varying conditions, i. e. in anemia with or without treatment by bromouracil and aminopterin. To make the findings more reliable the observations have been made on tissue section as well as on the smeared samples as the nucleolus becomes often indistinct in smeared cell. The results indicate that under anemic condition nucleolus is lost by the late basoplilic stage. Treatment with bromouracil retained the nucleoli and cytoplasmic basophilicity till later stage of cell specialization suggesting some similar mechanism of RNA disintegration both in nucleolus and cytoplasm.

1. Dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium were mainly used and effects of the distention of the small intestine on the movements of the gall bladder and the sphincter of Oddi were investigated. 2. The distention of the small intestine (jejunum or ileum) inhibited the rhythmic contraction of the gall bladder and duodenal movements, and relaxed the tone of the sphincter of Oddi, resulting in an increase of the outflow of fluid through the orifice of the common bile duct. 3. After cutting the bilateral thoracic splanchnic nerves together with extirpation of the bilateral upper lumbar sympathetic trunks, the inhibitory response on the movements of the gall bladder and the tone of the sphincter of Oddi was completely abolished. The vagus nerve did not take part in the reflex response described above. The transection of the spinal cord at the level between Thl and Th2 produced no change in the reflex responses. 4. Fwm the results described above it may be supposed that effects of the distention of the small intestine on the movements of the gall bladder and the sphincter of Oddi are produced via the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves through the reflex center which is located in the spinal cord.

Adl2-induced tumors were homogenized and fractionated by the SCHNEIDER'S method. The CF test with the serum from tumor-bearing hamsters revealed the predominant presence of T-antigen in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Hence, the rabbit was immunized with the microsomal fraction of tumors, and its serum was used to prepare the fluorescent antibody to T-antigen. The direct staining of the tumor cells with so prepared fluorescent antibody gave a staining pattern similar to the indirect staining with the serum of tumor-bearing hamsters. It thus appeares possible to stain T-antigen by the direct immunofluorescent method using the serum of rabbits hyperimmunized with the microsomal fraction of Ad12-induced tumors.