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In such animals not having any organic changes in their brains during the initial stage showed a descendence of convulsive threshold. abnormal findings in their electroencephalogram and ascending activity of ChE. But what is the cause of these functional changes? First, from the fact that though there was no organic changes, they were sensitized and reiniected by a known antigen, which is obviously an antigen-antibody reaction. Second, from the fact that we got a histological.change, which was acknowledged as C.L.A. changes by increasing the concentration of these solution and the number of injections, it could be thought that these functional changes were caused by what I called latent C.L.A.. That is, it seems it could be thought that it would give functionally a permanent hypersensitivity, which is called convulsive arrangement. Furthermore, a similar histological findings as seen in old epileptics were made experimentally after prolonged and repeated injections of very diluted antigens. I believe it can be said, also from this histological point that they are experimental epileptics. But I am not trying to say that idiopathic epilepsy is the same allergic disease as asthma. If it was so, it should offer clinically a problem of eosinophilia in the blood of epileptics. But actually there is no eosinophilia in epileptics. Also, in adult epileptics, convulsive attacks is not often seen soon after introduction of antigens. Consequently, my theory that epilepsy is allergic, does not mean that allergy is the direct cause of epileptic attacks. What I mean is, the causal genesis of idiopathic epilepsy is hypersensitivity of nerve cells in the brain. This hypersensitivity was attained as a tissue reaction by some allergic mechanism without any organic changes. This functional change gives the nerve cell a hypersensitive state, which becomes the base of the beginnihg of convulsion. Its inducement of attack could be water stagnation in the body, anemic state of the brain, alkalosis, or introduction of allergens. In short, the cause of attack does not always come from allergic reactions.

In this study, we tested brain surface cooling as a new method of inducing selective brain hypothermia, and evaluated its effects on focal cerebral ischemia using a cat model of transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Cats underwent 1 h of MCA occlusion followed by 5 h of reperfusion. Brain surface cooling was induced for 4 h during and after MCA occlusion in the hypothermia group, but not in the normothermia group. Brain surface cooling was performed using saline perfusion into the subdural space. Rectal temperature, brain surface temperature, and deep brain temperature were monitored, and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) were serially measured. After 5 h of reperfusion, water content was also measured. Although the rectal temperature was maintained at about 37 degrees C, the brain surface temperature decreased rapidly to 33 degrees C and was maintained at that temperature. For 3 h following reperfusion, the rCBF was lower in the hypothermia group than in the normothermia group. At 4 and 5 h after reperfusion, the recovery of SEP amplitude was significantly more enhanced in the hypothermia group than in the normothermia group. In the gray matter, the water content was significantly more diminished in the hypothermia group than in the normothermia group. These results demonstrate that our method is useful for protecting the ischemic brain from a transient MCA occlusion. This method may be adapted for neurological surgery.

Separation of the urinary ester-form bilirubin was attempted, and the results obtained may be summarized as follows: 1. A brown pigment was obtained from jaundiced urine by the following procedures; namely, salting out, methanol extraction, chloroform flocculation, and separation on cellulose column. The pigment has been found to be easily soluble in water, displaying the absorption maximum at 420 - 410 mμ at pH 7.0, and it also gave a positive reaction both to GMELIN's and EHRLICH's diazo reagents within a minute without the addition of alcohol. These characteristics agree well with those of the socalled ester-form bilirubin. 2. On the basis of the results of paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis, the pigment has been determined to contain no amino acid, steroid, nor reducing substance. Moreover, no glucuronic acid could be detected whether examined in vitro or by paper chromatography together with paper electrophoresis, either.

Problems with infusion therapy for correcting fluid and sodium imbalance in decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC) were investigated by establishing the safety zone of Talbot et al. for parenteral fluid therapy in 4 DLC patients infused with over 900 ml of fluid each day for at least 9 days. The safety zone was different in each case. The safe infusion volume decreased and the safe electrolyte concentration shifted to a lower osmolality when there was ascites with renal failure than ascites without renal failure. Infusion therapy was performed without deterioration of the water and sodium balance in those patients whose infusion volume and fluid osmolality were in the safety zone. In contrast, ascites retention increased and peripheral edema appeared in patients whose infusion volume and osmolality were out of the safety zone. Therefore, the safety zone should be determined repeatedly during infusion therapy.

The results obtained in this investigation may be summarized as follows : 1. The CO2-output of the male muscle and other tissues is greater than that of the female. 2. The female muscle contains larger amount of water than the female muscle. 3. The muscle immersed 1/2 Ringer solution (or 1/2.5 R.) gave out smaller amount of CO2 per minute than the muscle in 2-Ringer's solution (or 2.5 R.). In spite of the difference in the water content of tissue between different sex, the salt content of the tissue liquid seems to be the same. In other words, larger the water content means larger content of tissue liquid in the tissue. Artificial introduction of water in the tissue or reduction of water content by immersing the tissue in 1/2 or 2-Ringer's solution is quite different from the natural condition occurring between different sex. However both of these conditions influence the gaseous metabolism in the same manner. On an assumption that the gas diffusion in liquid is proportional to the solubility of that gas, the above mentioned difference of CO2-output should be just reversed. Therefore it is not possible to interpret how the water content influences the gaseous metabolism. It may only be stated that the muscle which has a small amount of water to an extent which does not abolish excitability, gives out much CO2 and vice versa.

The excretion of bilirubin and therefore the relief of jaundice is dependent upon at least three factors. First, the bilirubin must be conjugated and thus converted into a water soluble compound: this means its conversion to an ester glucuronide although other conjugates may also be formed. Secondly, there is the problem of the transport of bilirubin through the hepatic cell. A defect in either the up-take of bilirubin or the secretion of conjugated bilirubin may result in jaundice such as is seen in the various types of familial hyperbilirubinemia. Thirdly, there is the possibility of alternative catabolic pathways for bilirubin: this approach to the problem has, however, not yet received the attention of investigators.

Attempts were made to identify menstrual blood by means of paper electrophoresis with preparation of extracts of menstrual blood isolated under various conditions and mixed with human fibrin. Also similar analyses were conducted with blood aspirated from the median cubital vein of a woman during menstruation as well as from a man as the control, also with extracts of lochial blood from a woman after normal delivery, and of the blood obtained at arrtificial abortion. Animal fibrins (from rabbit, mouse, steer, and guinea pig) were also used to see the lytic action of the bloods. The following are the results of the present experiments. 1. The identification of menstrual blood by means of paper electrophoresis is a simple method in legal medicine and its electrophorogram is an excellent method to offer an evidence of proof for mentrual blood. 2. By this method it is possible to identify the menstrual bloodstain even after the lapse of time as much as 6 months. 3. It is possible to identify even putrefied menstrual bloodstain. 4. In the case where the material stained with menstrual blood is found in water, it is not possible to identify the menstrual blood by this method. 5. When the menstrual blood is heated at 60°C over 30 minutes, it becomes impossible to identify it by this method. 6. In the case of venous blood during menstruation fibrinolytic product can be detected only on the first day of menstruation, but since it appears only in trace, it is easy to differentiate it from menstrual blood. 7. As for lochial blood the fibrinolytic product can be detected only in the blood obtained on the first and second days of puerperium, but the amount being so slight that it can readily be distinguished from menstrual blood. 8. In the case of the blood obtained at artificial abortion fibrinolytic product appears just as much as in the case of menstrual blood, and thus it is impossible to differentiate it from mentrual blood by this method. 9. As for the use of human fibrin it is best to employ it while it isdresh, but the human fibrin up to 6 days old can be used. However, the older is the human fibrin the lesser the fibrinolytic product detectable. 10. In the case using animal fibrins mixed with the extract of menstrual blood some do produce fibrinolytic product in trace, but since there is a danger of also producing the fibrinolytic product-like substance in venous blood, it is advisable not to use animal fibrins.

Through the use of an automatic photo tube dew-point hygrometer, the author succeeded in measuring dew point of gas flows continuously in anesthetic circuits. Simultaneous thermometries were done on the nasal or oral mucosa, on the respiratory gas flows in the anesthetic mask or the endotracheal tube, and on the gas in the inhaling conduit. Experiments were performed on ten adults patients undergoing various types of surgery under general inhalation anesthesia. Anesthetic technics were varied intentionally during the measurements. Thus, both absolute and relative humidities of exhaled and inhaled gases, and respiratory water and heat losses were calculated under various anesthetic conditions, and physiological and clinical considerations were discussed. The conclusions obtained from this research are as follows: (1) When a non-rebreathing system is applied, moisture content of exhaled gas is minimal, and respiratory losses of both water and heat are maximum. With a semi-closed circle method, according to decreasing fresh gas flows, the humidity of the inspiratory and expiratory gases becomes higher, and both heat and water losses through respiration are lessened. When a closed circle method, with carbon dioxide absorption, is employed, temperature and humidity of gas in the inhaling conduit are highest, and the expired gas offers the maximum temperature and moisture contenL Both water and heat losses from anesthesia become minimal when administered in a closed system. (2) While the water and heat that a patient loses through respiration increase with increasing breathing capacity, they are still small parts of the total water and heat losses of the patient. Water and heat losses via anesthesia systems are not so predominant in maintaining water balance and heat regulation of patients during anesthesia and surgery.

A series of experiments have been conducted with ten adult rabbits, drowning them to death in a ditch those water contains diatoms in abundance. The bones (selected ones are the femur, humerus, riHand vertebra) of these drowned rabbits have been buried underground, wrapped tightly in cellophane bags and left there for three years, and the detection of diatoms has been conducted with these bones either as they are or after cremating them in the electric'oven at 300°C, 500°C, 800°C or 1,000°C, for 20 minutes. As the results it has been clarified that diatoms can be detected in a considerable number in the bones of four limbs, and of these detectable diatoms some of them can be found even after cremation at 1,000°C for 20 minutes. This clearly proves diatoms are detectable from the bones even after a long period of time·after burial and even after cremation at high temperatures.

To study the effect of partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with perfluorocarbon on acute respiratory failure, 3 groups of 17 rabbits were examined to compare. After acute respiratory failure was induced by lung lavage with sea water in 12 of the 17 rabbits, 7 of the 12 rabbits were treated with conventional mechanical ventilation (AC group) and 5 of the 12 rabbits were treated with PLV using perfluorocarbon (AP group). The remaining 5 normal rabbits without acute respiratory failure were treated with PLV with perfluorocarbon as a control group (PL group). In the PL group, PaO2, PaCO2, blood pH, pulmonary compliance or pathological findings were not so changed after PLV. In the AC and AP groups, PaCO2 significantly increased, and in contrast, PaO2 and pulmonary compliance significantly decreased after lung lavage. However, these findings improved to almost the same levels as those of a control group within 2 h after the PLV treatment in the AP group, but in the AC group, these gradually deteriorated over time. As for the pathological findings, pulmonary vascular congestion, alveolar hemorrhage and inflammatory infiltration were observed in the AC group. However, these findings were not observed in the specimens of the AP group. From these results, PLV with perfluorocarbon was shown to be useful to improve gas exchange and pulmonary functions without major side effects.

In our studies on the hypotensive effect of Diamox by intravenous injection, we have arrived at the following conclusions. 1. Ocular tension falls and the flow of aqueous humor becomes sluggish. 2. Diamox inhibits the activity of carbonic anhydrase, and the concentrations of HCO3-, K+, Cl- and glucose are markedly altered. 3. Protein increases both in blood and aqueous humor, but no change in protein fraction can be observed in blood. 4. Diamox in no way affects the metabolism. 5. It seems that Diamox brings about the change in the specific gravity of blood, making the latter either more diluted or more concentrated. From these, we conclude that the mechanism of the loweing of ocular tension by Diamox seems to lie in the fact that it inhibits the activity of carbonic anhydrase, and that consequent alteration in the concentrations of HCO3- and other ions accompanied by the change in osmotic pressure as well as a slight decrease of water in tissue all bring about the fall in the ocular tension. However, Diamox seems to have nothing to do with aqueous humor in so far as active transport or permeability are concerned.

For the purpose to investigate the physiological functions of microvillus ATPase, general properties of the enzyme were studied on the microvillus membranes isolated from rabbit intestinal epithelial cells. 1) ATPase of the microvillus membranes was activated with Mg2+. Mg.ATP complex was thought to be a subStrate of the enzyme. The Michaelis constant for ATP of the ATPase was a value of 0.8 to I .0 mM. 2) The microvillus ATPase was also activated with Ca2+, but the affinity was lower than a half of that of Mg2+. 3) The optimum pH of the ATPase was about 7.8. 4) Activity of the microvillus ATPase was markedly inhibited by treating with deoxycholate (DOC), and the activity inhibited was partially restored by washing the microvillus membrane with distilled water. The structure of the membranes destroyed by treating with DOC was also partially restored by the same procedure. 5) Ultrasonic treatment also markedly destroyed the microvillus membrane and inhibited ATPase activity. Damaged ultrastructure and ATPase activity both were partially restored by treating with phospholipid, EPL. 6) Simultaneous presence of Na+ and K + stimulated scarcely the ATPase of purified microvillus membranes. 7) The microvillus ATPase was slightly activated in the presence of n-glucose. Phloridin gave little effect on the activity of the microvillus ATPase.

For the purpose to confirm whether carotene is converted into vitamin A mainly in the intestine, fluorescence microscope observations as well as the fluorescence microphotometry for the estimation of fading state of the fluorescence were carried out on the fresh sections of the intestine, lung and liver of rats after oral administration of 11-carotene dissolved in oil, and suspended in water, and vitamin A in sesame oil as control. Yellowsih-green fluorescence of carotene is similar to that of vitamin A in color but the fluorescence of vitamin A fades away very rapidly within one minute while that of carotene does not fade or fade more slowly than that of vitamin A. Observations have revealed that, contrary to expectation, the administered carotene is not so readily converted into vitamin A in the intestinal mucosa, but after passing through the intestine without conversion to vitamin A, it is transported to the mesenteric lymph vessels, portal vein, and reaches the liver. In the liver, carotene appears as fatty droplets or micronized particles in the parenchymal cell. The conversion of carotene into vitamin A could not be observed in the intestine, liver and lung in the observations made one hour after the oral adminstration of carotene. Hower, it seems that carotene dissolved in minute fat droplets may be converted into vitamin A at water phase in tissues, after dissolution of carotene in fat and micronization of the fat droplets.

The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the evaluation of renal function, with particular attention to the effects of water load. Ten healthy volunteers underwent dynamic MR imaging after an injection of gadolinium diethylene-triaminepenta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) as a contrast agent to evaluate renal function by the following four methods: the positive method [longitudinal relaxation time (T1) shortening is the dominant effect], the negative method [transverse relaxation time (T2) shortening is the dominant effect] and two intermediate methods by switching the Gd-DTPA concentrations used in the positive and negative methods. A prolonged cortical peak time and a reduced medullary peak level were observed by the positive method under a dehydrated condition, suggesting that these variables were slightly influenced by Gd-DTPA concentrated in the medulla. By the negative method, low signals due to T2* (T2* is the effective transverse relaxation time, typically shorter than T2) shortening appeared in the medulla under normal conditions, but these signals were unclear when the subject was under an overhydrated condition. These results indicate that water metabolism, in addition to imaging parameters and Gd-DTPA dose levels, should be considered when renal function is evaluated by dynamic MR imaging. Analysis of both the pattern of MR images and the time-signal intensity curves may be useful in the evaluation of renal function. The results also indicate that the positive method is preferred when the patient is overhydrated as it allows the evaluation of the local renal kinetic function by recording changes in the regional contrast agent levels.

The authors attempted to determine if the organic sulfur compounds usually contained in a crude oil could serve as a marker of oil pollution in fish. Eels (Anguilla Japonica Temminck et Schlegel) were maintained in a controlled laboratory environment of water with a suspension of crude oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and mass chromatography of eel flesh extract showed the presence of organic sulfur compounds of alkyl-(from mono- to pentametyl) benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophene and alkyl-(from mono- to trimethyl) dibenzothiophenes, and other organic sulfur compounds of alkyl-(from mono- to pentamethyl) naphthalenes.

A mixture of glycol methacrylate (GMA) and Quetol 523 was examined as an embedding medium for atrial tissue to be selectively stained for specific atrial granules. Semi-thin sections of rat atrial tissue embedded in this resin were stained with lead hematoxylin and observed under a light microscope. Atrial granules were found to be specifically stained blue black with lead hematoxylin. The same semithin sections stained with OsO4 vapor were examined electron microscopically and the atrial granules could be distinguised clearly from other cytoplasmic components. The GMA-Quetol 523 mixture is a useful embedding medium for studying the distribution of specific atrial granules by light and electron microscopy.

The direct determination by gas chromatography of blood levels of anesthetic agents has been difficult because of the water content of blood. In the present study, the method of Yokota et al. (1967) was modified by improving the packing materials of the column, the blood sample vaporizer and the flow-path during analysis. As a result, accurate and reproducible determination of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane dissolved in blood was achieved. With this system, blood in which halothane, enflurane and isoflurane had been dissolved could be analyzed without changing the column between samples. Moreover, each sample was prepared in less than 10 min, and more than 100 consecutive determinations could be made with excellent reproducibility. The coefficient of variation was less than 3.8%.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the possibility of degradation of d-lactate into formate and acetaldehyde. In order to induce hyperproduction of d-lactate in rats. Donryu male albino rats were fed diets containing 0.064% 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-MDAB), 4'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (4'-MDAB) or 2-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (2-MDAB) for 10 weeks. During the experiment, body mass, food and water intake and volume of urine were documented. Methylglyoxal, d-lactate and formate in the urine samples were determined. On the first day of the eleventh week, methylglyoxal, d-lactate, glutathione and enzymatic activities of demethylation and glyoxalase I and II in liver were measured. Methylglyoxal, d-lactate and clinical chemistry parameters of blood plasma were also measured. The levels of methylglyoxal and d-lactate in livers of rats fed 3'-MDAB were very high, while those of 2-MDAB fed-rats and the control group were the same. The fact that glyoxalase I activity and the level of glutathione, a cofactor of glyoxalase I, were high in the livers of the 3'-MDAB-fed rats can explain the elevated levels of methylglyoxal and d-lactate in the liver. The most striking results were the elevated formate levels in the urine of rats fed 3'- and 4'-MDAB in a precancerous state. The degradation of d-lactate, an end product of the methylglyoxal bypass, into acetaldehyde and formate was suggested as a possible way to explain the results.

In the present study, we examined the dynamic of school-health-based parasite control and the related socio-economic influences. This is an ecological study based on data from 46 prefectures in Japan. The exponential decay of Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence was calculated by iterative least-squares method. Pearsonʼs correlation and multiple linear regression model analysis were performed to assess the associations between the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides in Japanese school children and socio-economic variables such as the prefecture income per capita, the percentage of primary industry, the population density per 1 km2, the diffusion rate of population under water supply, and the percentage of upper secondary school enrollment. The results indicated that the parasite carrier rate was higher in younger students. The half-life of Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence was approximately 3 years with significant variation among prefectures. Multiple regression analyses showed that the decrease of infection in elementary and lower secondary school children had a significant positive association with primary industry and a significant negative association with prefecture income per capita. The school-health-based parasite intervention differs by prefecture and has changed over time according to the respective prefectural stage of economic development.

A rare complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is gastrocolocutaneous fistula which usually occurs after replacement of the PEG tube. As tube feeding is directly delivered to the transverse colon, patients typically present with a sudden onset of transient diarrhea within minutes after PEG tube feeding. A radiographic study using water-soluble contrast material via the PEG tube shows the tip of the tube in the transverse colon. We present here a patient who had this complication after PEG insertion. A PEG tube for enteral feeding was placed in a 27-year-old man with cerebral plasty and a severe scoliosis. After replacement of the PEG tube, he developed diarrhea after each PEG tube feeding. The diagnosis of gastrocolocutaneous fistula was made after injection of gastrografin from the PEG tube. Another gastrostomy tube was placed surgically and the fistula was then also excised. In conclusion, gastrocolocutaneous fistula must be considered as a complication of PEG tube placement when patients with a PEG tube develop a sudden onset of transient diarrhea immediately after PEG tube feeding.