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Der Verfasser schildert auf Grund eigener Untersuchungen, bzw. Erfahrungen die Verwertungsmoglichkeit seines Myotonometer genannten Apparates fur die Registrierung von Krankheitsprozessen der Bauchregionen und der Schmerzempfindung.

Judging from our vital observation conducted mainly by tissue culture, it was firmly demonstrated that ascitic phagocytes are not histiocytes but they are the cells closely related to monocytes and that the sites of the genesis are the milky spots of the greater omentum. The milky spots are most possibly the remnants of the mesenchymal hematopoiesis of the embryonic stage.

Effects of stimulation of the small intestine upon the gastric, small intestinal and colonic motility have been studied in dogs. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The movements of the stomach, small intestine, and proximal colon are always inhibited by the distension or the contracture of the muscular coats of the small intestine but no responses are produced by a mechanical or chemical stimulation of the mucosa; and those of the distal colon are in most cases also inhibited, whereas in rare instances are they augmented. 2. The afferent impulses are transmitted through the great and small splanchnic nerves and the lumbar sympathetic nerves to the inhibitory as well as the excitatory (pelvic nuclei) centers of the intestinal movements located within the spinal cord, whereas the vagal nuclei remain unaffected. The efferent impulses are transmitted through the thoraco-lumbar sympathetic nerves as well as through the pelvic nerves. The latter are involved in the augmentative effect produced in the distal colon. 3. The threshold producing the extrinsic muscular reflex is higher than that eliciting the intrinsic muscular reflex.

In our studies on the hypotensive effect of Diamox by intravenous injection, we have arrived at the following conclusions. 1. Ocular tension falls and the flow of aqueous humor becomes sluggish. 2. Diamox inhibits the activity of carbonic anhydrase, and the concentrations of HCO3-, K+, Cl- and glucose are markedly altered. 3. Protein increases both in blood and aqueous humor, but no change in protein fraction can be observed in blood. 4. Diamox in no way affects the metabolism. 5. It seems that Diamox brings about the change in the specific gravity of blood, making the latter either more diluted or more concentrated. From these, we conclude that the mechanism of the loweing of ocular tension by Diamox seems to lie in the fact that it inhibits the activity of carbonic anhydrase, and that consequent alteration in the concentrations of HCO3- and other ions accompanied by the change in osmotic pressure as well as a slight decrease of water in tissue all bring about the fall in the ocular tension. However, Diamox seems to have nothing to do with aqueous humor in so far as active transport or permeability are concerned.

Papanicolaou's smear test is a method based upon the morphological study of the cancer cells exfoliated from the epithelium, whereas T.P.T. is a method for examining the intracellular metabolism, the glycolysis, by a supravital staining of the cancer cells. The latter, therefore, can be called as a cytochemical diagnosis. Since, by the T.P.T. method, even a beginner can obtain the result of approximately 80% in correct and the skilled ones as high as 95%, the clinical diagnosis can be made all the more accurate by using Papanicolaou's test in combination with T.P.T. method. As for the entity of these granular cells, there remains a room for discussion, but Misonou feels that Cell Type A arises from necrobiosis of the carcinomatous tissues while Type B would be a certain wandering cell. This reaction, however, should not be employed to the cases in the puerperium, because the similar cells are exfoliated from the puerperal uterus. Thus, I can say that the T.P.T. is not a specific reaction to cancer. From this study, I wuld recommend T.P.T. as a method that is quite simple and is servicable for saving a great deal of effort and time on the part of clinicians, and I would like to encourage you to use it as one of tools for the diagnosis of carcinoma of the uterus, especially for an early diagnosis.

In our department we have been placing a special emphasis on the treatment and study of rheumatoid arthritis, and during the last four years we have handled about 1,600 cases visiting our outpatient clinic and approximately 100 hospitalized cases. Our experiences with these patients are only what might be called an introductory phase in the study and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis when compared with those in Europe and America. In estimating the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in Japan from various available data, although it would not reach the level of England and U.S.A., it will be about 100 cases per 100,000 population, matching more or less the incidence in the northern Europe. As regards sex and the predisposing age we find no great difference from those in Europe and America. One striking difference that we find is the fact that patients in our country have very little resistance against salicylic acid drug used in treatment. Therefore, it is unreasonable to expect a good anti-inflammatory action by administering a large dosage of 5-10g of such a drug as aspirin per day. It must be limited within a comparatively small dosage of 1.0 to 2.0 g or with concomitant administration of prednisolone and aspirin in the hope of utilizing its analgesic effect. Furthermore, it is not feasible to introduce the results of studies made in Europe and America on the salicylic drug and its prescription all of them showing the concentration in blood 35 mg%, which is on the borderline of intoxicating dosage. This is only one example, and with some more experiences we shall undoubtedly encounter many dissimilar points. Therefore, it is essential that rheumatology specific to Japan needs to be established.

Pathologic, anatomical, and histological findings of 5 autopsy cases and one biopsy case of cryptococcosis have been described. Macroscopically the foci of the lung are grayish white or yellowish white in color and range in size from the small acinous-nodular ones to the larger lobular-nodular ones. In the brain the meninx appears gelatinous and edematous showing many small spots with indistinct boundary and with grayish white color. Lymph nodes infected with fungi are swollen in various degrees. Histologically the foci are mainly consisted of granulomatous inflammation containing giant cells. Besides, there are small degenerative foci having no inflammatory response and the lesions of marked fibrosis; the former will be newly formed foci and the latter the old ones. The size of C. neoformans found in tissue ranges from 3 to 30 μ, and the majority of fungi possess thick gelatinous capsule, but some of them in granulative lesions often possess no capsule. From the staining properties the capsule of C. neoformans is believed to be a kind of acid mucopolysaccharide. As for the staining method including general fungi, GOMORI's methenamine silver method is best, especially for the detailed examination of fungus structures, and for the differential diagnosis mucicarmine stain is the most suitable one. In tracing the distribution of the foci in the various organs, it seems that the first attack of this fungus occurs in the lung. The authors have called general attention, through their own experiences, to the fact that the small granulomatous foci caused by Cryptococcus infection, especially in the lung, may often escape the detection at autopsy.

1) The incorporation of DL-Iysine-2-C14 into the protein of the muscle tissues of rats was reduced by thyroidectomy, but that into liver was not significantly affected. 2) The incorporation of radioactive lysine into the proteins of muscle and liver was increased by L-thyroxine administration.

It is well known that human serum contains some sialic acid and its contents increase markedly in the blood serum of the patients bearing malignant tumors. Recently YAMAKAWA2, BHOM3, SAITO4 and YUI5 observed the sialic acid contents in the blood sera from the patients of various diseases and clarified that its contents increase not only in the sera from the cases bearing malignant tumors but also in those of rheumatic or tuberculous diseases. BOHM6 et al. measured the sialic acid contents in the cerebrospinal fluid of several diseases and ascertained that its contents increase in the cerebrospinal fuid from the cases of inflammatory diseases. In connection with these works we have observed the sialic acid contents in the cerebrospinal fluid of the patients suffering from the diseases of central nervous system, prior to the surgical operation, and revealed the markedly increased contents in the sialic acid in the patients bearing tumors of the nervous system. In this paper the data are reported in detail.

1. Effects of various kinds of adequate stimuli such as touching, pinching, heating and cooling to various skin areas as well as repetitive electrical stimulations to a nerve branch innervating the skin areas upon the unitary discharges of the expiratory or the inspiratory muscle units of the intercostal muscles were studied on the spinal dogs. Effects of pinching upon the intercostal nerve action potentials elicited in reflex by single electrical shock to the adjacent intercostal nerve were also studied. 2. Excitatory skin area for the expiratory discharges roughly exhibits a triangle, one of whose vertex faces the sternum, the side against the vertex corresponds to the apical line of the spine and includes the spot from where the discharges of a muscle unit are led off. The triangular area is surrounded by a belt-shaped zone having no reflex response. All the other wide area is the inhibitory one. 3. Both the excitatory and the inhibitory skin areas for the discharges of the inspiratory muscle unit are exceedingly narrow in contrast to those for the expiratory discharge, having a tendency to be limited to the small localized area involving the spot from where the discharges are led off. In the other extensive area, however, any reflex effect is not provoked. 4. The more intense and noxious the adequate stimuli become, the more prominent the effect come to be. 5. When the repetitive electrical stimuli to the skin nerve innervating the excitatory area are weak in intensity or low in frequency, an increasing discharge of the respiratory muscle unit results, whereas when the stimuli are sufficiently raised in either of the two factors above described, a remarkable inhibition preceded by a momentary acceleration ensues. In the case of stimulation of the skin nerve innervating the inhibitory area, however, the inhibition alone is obtained throughout. 6. Reflex action potentials in the intercostal nerve elicited by single shock stimuli to the adjacent intercostal nerve show a shortening of latency and an increase in size by pinching the excitatory skin area, while the reverse effects to those above described are obtained by pinching the inhibitory one.

1. In the stage later than the middle stage of pregnancy, morphological differences appear between the amniotic epithelial cells of placenta and those of the free part and the majority of cases the amniotic epithelial cells of placenta present more marked columnar shape than those in the surrounding area of ruptured orifice or those in the vicinity of placenta. However, there still remains a question whether or not such a phenomena is directly related to the secretory function of the placenta amniotic epithelium. 2. It seems that amniotic epithelial cells divide and multiply themselves by mitosis at least in the early and middle stages when their functions are at height. 3. Even in the stage later than the middle stage generally the amniotic epithelium of placenta is consisted of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells, and therefore, the author cannot agree to Forssell's theory. 4. In glycogen and lipid stainings, the amniotic epithelial cell layer shows more striking changes with the progress of gestational month when compared with those cells in other layers. 5. Glycogen in the amniotic epithelial cell layer is abundant in the early and middle stages of pregnancy, and it rapidly decreases near the late stage. Lipid granules on the contrary are less in the early stage, and start to appear in the middle stage, increasing rapidly towards the late stage. In general, the regressive degeneration picture of the late stage is not distinct histologically, but assuming glycogen to represent the cell activity and the lipid deposit to mean just the reverse, the amniotic epithelium functionally seems to fall into regressive degeneration from the middle stage. Other layers of fetal membranes likewise undergo fatty degeneration as the pregnancy progresses from the middle stage to the late stage. 6. There still remain problems to be solved on the question what role this regressive degeneration of the amniotic epithelial cell layer plays in de Watteville's theory, "Labor originates from the fetal membranes". However, granular PAS-positive substances in the amniotic epithelium are glycogen, and it seems difficult to connect simply the existence or non-existence of PAS-positive granules or Sudan-positive granules directly with the continuation or interruption of pregnancy.

Der Verfasser beschreibt sich auf seine vorherigen diesbezuglichen Erfahrungen stutzend und auch die bisherigen Literaturangaben beruhrendseine mit Vitamin E (Tokopharm-forte, Pharmasan, Halle) durchgefuhrten Untersuchungen. Er untersuchte mit den neuen, durch ihn 1950-52 konstruierten Apparaten, dem Neo-Myographen, wie auch dem Myotonometer den Effekt des Vitamin E auf Herz und Kreislauf. Er teilte seine Falle in 3 Gruppen ein: 1. Resultat mit Hilfe der Myoapparate registrierbar; 2. Behandlung erfolgreich, doch nicht registrierbar und 3. Behandlung ergebnislos. Er dosierte das Praparat nur fur kurze Zeit und erzielte verhaltnismaBig gute Resultate. Bei gesunden, in guter Kondition befindlichen, im Training stehenden Personen haben sich die Funktionen nach seinen Beobachtungen in minderem Grade verschlechtert. Er erklart dies damit, daB das Medikament hier die ohnedies ad optimum gute Funktion pathologisch steigerte, worauf dann die Reaktion (schnelle Ermudung und schlechtere Funktion) eintrat. Seiner Meinung nach entsteht die Wirkung des Vitamin E durch die Verbesserung der peripheren Zirkulation und durch die Verbesserung der Blutversorgung des Herzmuskels. Auf diese Weise, durch Verbesserung der Gewebsanoxamie bessert sich die Funktion eines jeden Organs und Gewebes und Schmerzen jeder Art, auch jene bei Geburten konnen gestillt werden; der Gewebs- bzw. Muskeltonus verringert sich (z. B. Rheuma musculorum). Es ist auf Grund seiner auf jedes Organ durch die Zirkulation erzielten Wirkung verstandlich, wieso die verschiedenen Verfasser bei einander gegensatzlich scheinenden Erkrankungen gute Wirkung beobachten konnten. In einzelnen Fallen kann eine sehr schnelle Wirkung eintreten, doch durfte hier zum Teil der psychische Effekt eine Rolle spielen. Es kann jedoch von Vitamin E keine systematisch schnelle Wirkung erwartet werden wie. z. B. bei Morphium und Coffein. Die gegensatzliche Auffassung der Autoren durfte sich in der Weise gebildet haben, daB einzelne bei solchen Erkrankungen abweichende Resultate sahen, bei denen entweder das Medikament auf die Zirkulation keine erfolgreiche Wirkung ausuben konnte. bzw. bei denen der Kranke auf das Medikament individuell nicht reagierte oder auch deshalb, weil einzelne Autoren die vielleicht etwas ubertriebenen, zu guten Resultatenanderer nicht entsprechend einzuschatzen vermochten. Ich danke der wissenschaftlichen Abteilung der PHARMASAN K. G., HALLE, fur die kostenlose Uberlassung von Tokopharm-Tabletten und fur die mir zur Verfugung gestellten wichtigen Literaturangaben.

We succeeded in the extraction of a substance from beef cornea and rabbit muscle, that markedly inhibits mitosis of sea urchin eggs. The substance extracted from beef cornea is non-dialysable and it can be separated into three fractions by DEAE-cellulose column. Although everyone of these fractions has an antimitotic action, that of fractions II and III is especially marked. These fractions are one of nucleoproteins that have adenine as base. The substance extracted from rabbit muscle is dialysable, and when it is fractionated through DEAE-cellulose column into three fractions, fraction I has no antimitotic effect but fractions II and III have it. Fraction II is one of nucleoproteins that have hypoxanthine as base. Carnin obtained from beef cornea or from rabbit muscle shows a typical protein wave, but after being treated with gas by passing oxygen through cornin solution the wave height is lowered. Carnin, however, is a very stable substance when kept dry in a desiccator.

According to the data obtained in this experiment by means of the geldiffusion technique, the specific antigen was not detected in MH134 ascitic tumor, comparing the anti-C3H liver sera with anti-MH 134 tumor sera, though a loss of organ specific antigen and weak antigenicity were found in MH134 tumor extract. In order to detect some qualitative alteration, supposedly a gain in antigenic components, the transplant rejection test was carried out. The result of this test indicates that the relative not absolute resistance could be induced to C3H mice by this prior sensitization with cell free active extract eluted from MH134 tumor tissue by Fluorocarbon treatment. During these experiments, it became clear that MH134 ascitic tumor cell has weak immunizing properties so that prolonged lapse of time and large dose of antigen are inevitably necessary. Moreover, through Fluorocarbon treatment of the tumor homogenate, the cellfree, serologically active antigen could be obtained, which will serve well for the induction of the isologous immunization.

From the data presented in this communication, it might be concluded that a cancer specific substance, which can be demonstrated in gel diffusion, is present in human cancer tissue, common to various epithelial cancers of different individuals, although it may vary in its concentration. Needless to say, this substance is quite different from the so-called interspecies antigen or organ specific antigen, as proved by the present experiments. Furthermore, this substance can be eluted well by the Fluorocarbon treatment and it displays physically and chemically unstable characteristics. This substance is likely to be included in the microsome fraction and soluble fraction which was determined by gel diffusion technique. However, the association of this substance with other specific antigenic substances of human cancer, concerned with "delayed type skin reaction", "cytopathogenic antiserum against cancer cell", and "complement fixing antibody in serum of patients with cancer", has not been elucidated in this study.

Both the cornea and muscle cornins have no effect at all on oxygen uptake of tissue, and likewise they catalase affect Qctivity not in any way. The corneacornin has an effect to reduce P/O ratio to about one half, but the muscle cornin does not show such an effect. Both comins decrease thc incorporation of P³² into nucleic acid fraction and DNA synthesis. In the ultracentrifugal analysis of nucleic acids during development of sea urchin eggs, cornins inhibit the polymerization of nucleic acids. In addition, both of these comins depress the incorporation of P³² into DNA and ribosome RNA of regenerating rat liver. Both comins inhibit the increase of -SH quantities before the cleavage of sea urchin eggs.

The normal mitotic dog kidney cell division and the multinucleated giant cell formation and degeneration of the dog kidney cells infected with measles virus were observed by the phase-cinematography. It took only five minutes for the mitotic cell division. The cell assumed a spherical shape before mitosis, and the two divided cells grew to the flat cells on the bottle wall. The giant cell formation was definitely the result of cell fusion. The cellular contents of the multinucleated giant cell were exposed after buddings, and the cell itself died.

The author studied the hematopoietic disturbances of rabbit induced by saponin injection and drew the following conclusions: 1) By saponin injection, the structure of bone marrow is disintegrated and hematopoietic cells are released into the circulating blood forming extramedullary hematopietic foci mainly in liver and spleen. The main attacking point of saponin should be RES. Recovery of hematopoietic foci is associated with the recovery of RES. The most marked extramedullary hematopoiesis is found three days after the injection. Thereafter, bone-marrow hematopoiesis proceeds to recovery stage, during which hematopoietic foci in liver and spleen are preserved, especially those in spleen persist fairly for a long time. 2) Daily injections of India ink kept up over a long period of time after the treatment with saponin, prevent the recovery of anemia and bone-marrow hematopoiesis. The lymph nodes, whose RES escaped from the severe damage by India ink, keep the hematopoietic foci for a long time. 3) As far as hematopoiesis is concerned, there seems to be no functional differentiation among RE cells, though they seem to have a special function according to the organs to which they belong, e. g. antibody formation in lymph apparatus, hematopoiesis in bone marrow and red cell destruction in spleen.

Using double staining method of succinic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase, the structural differences of motor endplate in the red, the white and the intermediate muscle fibers of the mouse limb muscles were observed. The endplate of the white fiber had a large size and complicated interlacing structure. The endplate of the red fiber had a small size, simple and compact structure. The endplate of the intermediate fiber had a medium size and moderately developed structure.

1. By using a monolayer of tissue culture cells, JTC-3, JTC-3', JTC-3" and HeLa cells, the assays of neotetrazolium (NT) reduction at the cell level have been conducted on the cells without detaching the cells from the culture glass vessel wall. 2. It has been found that the activity of endogenous NT reductase is extremely high in the living tissue culture cells. The endogenous NT reductase activity is found to be in the descending order of HeLa > JTC-3' > JTC-3 > JTC-3". The endogenous NT reductase activity increased in the medium having a low level of proteins and decreased in the absence of yeast extract. 3. It has been demonstrated that most of the endogenous NT reduction in the JTC-3 cell groups takes place at the step of flavoprotein in the NADHdiaphorase system, and a portion of it occurs being coupled with the ubiquinone step. In contrast, in HeLa cell it is p:>stulated that aside from the NADH-diaphorase system, succinoxidase system is involved in this reaction. 4. The coupling site of the succinate NT reductase system with the terminal electron transport system in the JTC-3 cell groups also differs from that in HeLa cells. Namely, in JTC-3 cell groups about 50% of the coupling occurs at the step later than antimycin A sensitive step and the remaining 50 % most likely at the ubiquinone step~ whereas in the HeLa cell most of the coupling takes place at the step later than antimycin A sensitive step. 5. Although there can be observed variations in the activity of the succinate NT reductase, hardly any difference was observed among the JTC-3 cell groups in the rate of the reduced NT amounts at several coupling sites, revealing that the change in the composition of the culture medium does not bring about any essential change in the coupling sites and their mutual activity rates of succinate NT reductase system. 6. Both endogenous NT reductase activity and succinate NT reductase activity have been accelerated markedly by potassium cyanide. The result indicates that in living cell the electrons are not transferred to NT at the level of cytochrome oxidase and O2.