岡山大学農学部附属山陽圏フィールド科学センターActa Medica Okayama0910-8742412019モモ‘紅清水’における赤肉果の音響振動法による非破壊判別技術の検討913ENFumioFukudaKenHiranoKunihisaMorinagaNo potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部附属山陽圏フィールド科学センターActa Medica Okayama0910-8742352013鉢植えブドウ‘デラウェア’における竹粉マルチが果実品質に及ぼす影響1822ENNo potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02548611997ブドウ‘マスカット・オブ・アレキサンドリア’の裂果発生に及ぼす樹体の遮光、多湿処理の影響5154ENKatsuhiroAsaokaShunjiImaiGoroOkamotoKenHiranoIn 'Muscat of Alexandria'grape berries,concentric cracking around the pedicel generally occurs in the time preceding harvest.In this experiment the effectds of vine shading and high moisture condition on the incidence in berry cracking were studied.The relationship of daily fluctuation of berry and trunk diameter with berry cracking was also investigated.Berry cracking incidence control vines was low.No cracked berries were observed on vines treated with shade only,while shade+high moisture treatment caused several cracked berries.Berries control vines showed contraction during day time and rapid enlargement from evening to early morning. The results suggest that phenomenon was mainly induced by leaf transpiration.Fluctuation of berry diameter in shade vines was insignificant while an expressive enlargement was recorded from evening to early morning in berries of vines treated with shade+high moisture.It appears that berry cracking occurs when low transpiration is coupled with water supply to roots,probably due to excessive absorption of water.Moreover,berry cracking occurred moistly in berries at the upper part of clusters,and cracked berries contained more sugar than non-cracked ones.A correlation between the shape of epidermal and hypodermal cells and berry crack was also observed.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02548811999Effects of Application Date of Antibiotic on Seedlessness and Berry Size in 'Muscat of Alexandria'and Neo Muscut'Grapes7378ENWinarso DrajadWidodoGoroOkamotoKenHiranoA study on the effects of the application date of antibiotic on seedlessness and berry size was conduced using 'Muscut of Alexandria'(MOA) and 'Neo Muscut'(NM) grapevines. Two antibiotics were used as seedlessness inducer,streptomycin(SM) and spectinomycine(SE) applied in the concentoration of 200mg/L by dippinng the clusters.The tested of dates of application were 6 and 3 days before full bloom, at full bloom (50% anthesis),and 5days after full bloom.The 3-days before full bloom application gave the highest percentage of seedless berry within each antibiotic in both cultivars.Application after than 3days before full bloon increased production of empty-seeded berries, though the later application was able to increase the berry size and berry weight.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02548811999ウイルスフリー化した’グローコールマン’樹の果実の成熟特性6571ENGoroOkamotoYoshihiroMikiAkikoSuyamaHirokiInubushiKenHiranoThe Grape cultivar 'Gros Coleman'(Vitis vinifera)is the latest-maturing variety in japan,mainly cultivatde in green-houses in southern Okayama.Vines treated with virus-free treatments before raising in a nursery bed have been introduced in the last desade to improve the fuit quality,especially skin coloration and sugar content.However,some growers feel that the fruit taste from treated vines tends to deteriorate earlier than from untreated vines. We investigated change in the qualities of the berries produced on treated and untreated vines from October to January.After analysing skin color,berry turgidity,and juice constituents,we concluded that the palatability of berries on virus-free vines might be lessened in late December or thereafter of the rapid decrease in amino acids such as glutamic acid,glutamine,and alanine,which considerrably affects fruit taste.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02548912000Cold Resistance in Root and Cane of Own-root 'Kyoho' Grapevines2329ENGoroOkamotoShippinWangKenHiranoRoot and cane of own-root 'Kyoho' grapevunes were tested for winter cold resistance using EC(electrical conductivity) and TTC(triphenyl tetrazorium chloride) tests, as well as anatomical observations and survival tests. Vines were exposed to various subzero temperatures for various durations in two separate experimental trials, one in December, one in January. The EC and TTC reduction of small roots (φ3-5mm)were slightly affected. After exposure to -4℃ for only 12 hours the EC markedly increased and TTC reduction decreased in both small and large roots. Cells of cortex and ray tissues in the root were ruptured. New root growth on root cuttings taken from the vine previously exposed to -4℃ was servely inhibited. These results indicate that 'Kyoho' roots cannot resist temperatures of -4℃ or lower even for a single night during winter. On the other hand, 'Kyoho' canes survived -15℃ even for 24 days. However, exposure to -20℃ or -30℃ greatly affected the EC and TTC reduction in the cane and inhibited bud bursting entirely.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02549012001Aromatic Substances Evolved from the Whole Berry, Skin, and Flesh of Muscat of Alexandria Grapes2125ENGoroOkamotoKangLiaoTakuyaFushimiKenHiranoVolatile monoterpenes, evolved from the whole berries, skin, and peeled and unpeeled flesh (diced into 2×2×2mm blocks) of Muscat of Alexandria grapes, were measured by the head space method and GC analysis. Four kinds of monoterpene such as linalool and geraniol, known to be the main aromatic substances in Muscat of Alexandria berries, were analyzed. The highest levels of linalool and geraniol, expressed per 100g of samples per 3 hours, were evolved from the skin, followed by the juice, peeled flesh, unpeeled flersh, and whole berries, in descending order. Linalool and geraniol evolved from the skin were found to be at nearly the same level, though the levels of linalool from the juice and flesh were far higher than those of geraniol. The distribution of linalool among the various berry parts was highest in the juice, thoush that of geraniol was highest in the skin. Difference in the strength and quality of the aroma between peeled and unpeeled flesh were discussed. On the other hand, monoterpenes evolved from harvested whole berries increased rapidly for up to 2 days after, then decreased gradually until 7 days after. This change may be caused by the degradation of bound monoterpenes stored in the skin and flesh in excised fruit bunches.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02549112002Varying Levels of Sugars, Acids, Amino Acids, and Monoterpenes contained in Muscat of Alexandria Grapes Produced in Okayama3139ENGoroOkamotoKangLiaoTakuyaFushimiKenHiranoSugars,acids, amino acids, and monoterpenes in Muscat of Alexandria grapes were analyzed to elucidate the distribution of the fruit taste and aroma. Fruit bunches were collected from 25 commercial vineyards in Okayama Prefecture, comprising six early heated, nine normally heated, and 10 unheated greenhouses, at mid-harvesting time in each vineyard. Juice was squeezed out by head and used for analyses. Total soluble solids (TSS) content in juice from 3 vineyards were lower than 16°Brix, the lowest limit for shipping. Average content of glucose was lower in early heated vines and that of fructose was lower in unheated vines than normally heated ones, although there were wide variations among vines. Average malic acid content was highest in early heated vines and by further lowest in unheated vines. However, no significant difference was found in tartaric acid content among the vines. Concentrations of alanine and proline, major amino acids enhancing sweetness, were lower in early heated vines than in normally heated ones. In unheated vines, average concentration of proline was highest, although that of glutamine, a main factor enhancing deliciousness of the juice, was lowest. Threonine, an amino acid which at higher levels decreases sweetness, was detected at various levels depending on the vine. Geraniol, the second major substance of Muscut aroma, was found at significantly higher levels in early heated vines than in the other ones. The relationships between these compositions and the berry flavor were discussed.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02549212003Effect of Fruit Size on Skin Color and Juice Constituents in White Peaches Produced in Okayama3946ENGoroOkamotoHuijuanJiaKyokoMizuguchiKenHiranoSkin color and juice constituents in large(L), medium(M), nad small(S) fruits of four peach cultivars, Hashiba-hakuho(early maturing), were analyzed to elucidate the effect of fruit size on the quality. The fruits containing higher soluble solids than 12°Brix were samled at a commercial packing-house located in southen Okayama. They were stored at 25℃ until fully ripened. The skin color on the cheeks (yellowish) was dark in S fruits of Hashiba-hakuto and Hakurei, respectively, compared to the fruits of other sizes. The sucrose + fructose content in juice, the major source of the sweetness, was higher in S and M fruits in Hakuho, Shimisu-hakuto, and Hakurei, while the malic+citric acid content, the major sour constituent, was lower in L fruits in those cultivars, although no significant difference was found in Hashiba-hakuho. Asparagine, the biggest amino acid fraction and thought to deteriorate the fruit taste at high levels, was higher in L fruits tahn in S fruits in Hashiba-hakuho and Hakuho. The content in Shimizu-hakuto and Hakurei fruits was generally low and not affected by fruit size. The content of γ-decalactone, the major peachy aromatic substance, was higher in L fruits in Hashiba-hakuto, in M fruits in Hakuho and Shimizu-hakuto, and in S fruits in Hakurei, than in those of other sizes. Sensory tests revealed that the L fruits of Hakuho and S fruits of Hakurei were poor in flavor. These results suggest that the larger fruits of Hakuho, Shimizu-kakuto, and Hakurei, the representative white peach fruits in Okayama, have rather falatter tastes than medium size fruits because of their lower sweetness and sourness and weaker aroma, as well as poorer texture.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02549312004A Comparative Study of Drought and Excess-Water Tolerance in Vitis coignetiae and Several Table Grapes Grown in Japan3943ENGoroOkamotoKeijiUekiTakashiImaiKenHiranoExcess-water and drought tolerance of Vitis coignetiae grapevines were compared against 2 V. vinifera cultivars, Muscat of Alexandria and Rizamat; and 2 hydrids (V. vinifera × V. labrusca), Delaware and Kyoho. Three-year-old cutting vines of each, planted in root zone restricted beds in a plastic house, were tested under water logged and irrigation-withheld conditions starting from early and mid July, respectively. Control vines were irrigated at pF 2.2 of soil water tension. Effects of water logging were firstly observed in V. coignetiae vines where the basal leaves turned dark red after 12 days, and then abscised after 3 weeks. Under 2 weeks of water logged conditions, net assimilation rate (NAR) of the primary leaves decreased signficantly in V. coignetiae and the hybrid cultivars, Kyoho leaves turned yellow 3 weeks after the onset of the treatment and then dried out 4 weeks later. Leaves of Rizamat, Delaware, and Muscut of Alexandria vines exhibited a slight color fading or leaf curling after 4 weeks of irrigation withholding, but these symptoms did not extend thereafter. Leaf NAR and transpiration rate decreased significantly in all tested vines after 10 days of irrigation withholding, though the decrease was rapid in Kyoho vines. These results indicate that V. coignetiae vines have a lower tolerance for water logging than other ciltivars, whereas they have moderate drought tolerance.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.Acta Medica Okayama2003ブドウ果実に含まれるアミノ酸とその食味に対する貢献ENKenHiranoNo potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02548311994生食用ブドウの香気成分について17ENKenHiranoMasayukiYasuharaGoroOkamoto生食用の雑種4品種('キャンベル・アーリー','巨峰','竜宝','マスカット・ベーリーA')とV.viniferaの'ネオマスカッﾄ'の香気成分を調査した.また,果汁中の揮発性成分をLiquid-liquid extraction法,Solvent extraction法,Head-space analysis法の3種類の方法で抽出し,その結果を比較検討した. 'ネオマスカット'からはV.viniferaの代表的な香気成分であるリナール,α-テルピネオール,シトロネロール,ネロール,ゲラニオールが検出された.とくにゲラニオールが量的に多かった.雑種4品種からは多量の2-フェニルエチルアルコールが検出された.しかしV.labruscaに特徴的に含まれるとされるアントラニル酸メチルは検出されなかった. Liquid-liquid extraction法, Solvent extraction法の2つの抽出方法では,検出成分の種類は変わらなかったが,Solvent extraction法の方が揮発性成分が量的に多く検出された. Head-space analysis 法では得られた揮発性成分が少なく固定もできなかった。No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-02548211993Obtaining Triploid Muscat Grapes by in vitro Culture of Ovules and Embryos After Crossing Between Diploid and Tetraploid Cultivars2529ENGoroOkamotoKenHiranoNaomiTanakamaruNaokiOmoriTo breed new seedless grape cultivars we crossed 'Muscat of Alexandria' (2x) and its 4x mutant reciprocally and cultured the immature ovules and embryos in vitro. Ovules sampled 50 days after crossing could develop embryos on a liquid medium of half strength of MS supplemented with 2 ppm of IAA, 0.4 ppm of GA3 and 0.1 % of activated charcoal. After 55 days culture, normally developed embryos were obtained from 20 to 30 % of the ovules from 4x×2x and 50 to 70 % of those from 2x×4x. Embryos taken out from the cultured ovules were planted on an agar medium of MS or N&N for 55 to 65 days. Ten to twenty % of embryos from 2x×4x crossing grew to rooted plantlets successfully. They were proved to be triploid after the measurement of chromosome number. Embryos from 4x×x2x, however, could not grow to plantlets because of the failure of rooting.No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.岡山大学農学部Acta Medica Okayama0474-025480119922倍体と4倍体のマスカットブドウの正逆交雑種子の発育と実生の獲得8591ENGoroOkamotoKenHiranoNaomiTanakamaruNaokiOmori1.マスカット系の無核品種を育成するために,2倍体品種と4倍体品種の正逆交雑を行い,結実及び種子形成率,胚の発育,種子の発芽と実生の生育を2倍体品種の自家受粉の場合と比較した. 2.4倍体×2倍体の組み合わせでは,結実率は高い傾向であったが,無核果が多く,有核果の含種子数も少なく,2倍体×4倍体の組み合わせに比べて種子の獲得数ははるかに少なかった.これに比べ,2倍体の自家受粉では有核果率及び含種子数がもっとも高かった. 3.2倍体の自家受粉では結実した子房内の胚珠の約67%が正常に発育していたが,2倍体×4倍体及び4倍体×2倍体では珠心の萎縮による胚珠の退化が多く,正常なものはそれぞれ約47%,約10%にすぎなかった.それらの胚は,2倍体×4倍体では2倍体の自家受粉と大差なくその後も発達したが,4倍体×2倍体では球状胚以上に発達するものはなかった. 4.成熟果粒から取り出した種子に休眠打破処理を行い,播種した2倍体×4倍体の種子の発芽率と実生の獲得率は,2倍体の自家受粉種子の約3分の1であった.4倍体×2倍体では実生は得られなかった。No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.