岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 2433-4146 49 3 2018 マイクロファイナンスにおける金利水準問題の再考 203 218 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/55752 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 46 2 2014 転換期のマイクロファイナンス―批判の体系化から導かれる普及の留意点― 77 106 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/53096 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 43 4 2012 学説史としてみた郵政論争（下） : 国際比較の視点からの評価 15 49 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/48231 The purpose of this paper is to re-evaluate the four positions of the postal administration disputes discussed in our previous papers, which can be regarded as political positions peculiar to Japan in a global viewpoint based on precedence researches of the international comparisons about postal reforms in several countries, such as Germany, UK and New Zealand, and on international comparison analysis original with this paper. After the work above, we will also re-evaluate“ The Postal Service Privatization Law”（ passed in the time of Koizumi Administration） and“ The Postal Reform Bills”（ under parliamentary discussion when this paper was written） each other. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 43 1 2011 学説史としてみた郵政論争（中） : 民営化反対論と組織批判論の体系化 19 52 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/46794 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 42 4 2011 学説史としてみた郵政論争(上)改革についての政府内論議を中心に 77 102 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/44390 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 30 4 1999 個人利用者側からの金融ビッグバン考察 239 266 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/41572 Japanese version of Big-Bang is not independent of the previous reformations on the financial system in Japan since 1980's, which has firstly attempted for the purpose of increasing the convenience of the customers of financial institutions and of the users of financial markets. Big-Bang in Japan, however, has been treated as if it had other more political or macro-economic aims such as demand stimulating effect or breaking the financial hollowing of Tokyo market, and the improvement of the convenience has practically been ranked as a secondary object. This paper contemplates Japanese version of Big-Bang from the view-point of personal users and customers, who themselves are per se central figures of financial deregulation, and we'll consider the merits and demerits of our Big-Bang for them (or ourselves). In our consideration, we separate the wealthy persons, who have the ability to invest a financial commodity of more than ten millions yen without hesitation, from other ordinary persons, who have no ability to do so. And this paper indicates that, as the result of Big-Bang in Japan, the wealthy people would be able to get the great profits in addition to the profits belonging to ordinary people. But this paper also indicates another fact that wealthy class might suffer from greater losses such as market risks than those of ordinary class. The immediate subject of the proper authorities should be the legislation connected with the users' protections. We think that the postponement ofsuch legislation in Japan must be the clear evidence that the convenience of personal users has been treated as a secondary end. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 30 3 1999 合理的期待と真の不確実性―｢不確実性論｣周辺整理ノート(2)― 365 385 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/41561 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 30 2 1998 ゆらぎ，危険，そして不確実性―｢不確実性論」周辺整理ノート(1)― 163 194 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/41541 This note aims at preparing a fundamental framework for our dynamics models taking true uncertainty concept into consideration, and it states the following. First, the rationalities supposed in non-neoclassical economics such as economics of complexity or economics of anomalies are wider sense concepts than that supposed in rational expectation hypothesis.But these schools coincide with each other in the viewpoint of the assumption of stationarity in the economic processes or ergodicity in the stochastic processes. Their main difference just exists between their scopes of stationarity or those of ergodicity. Second, their difference above is not a matter in the face of unpredictable economic shocks, which interrupt stationary states in any sense and should not be in any category of ergodic stochastic processes. Such a shock has a tendency to enlarge uncertainty consciousness in the mental states of the economic units whether another economic shock would come or not in the near future. Increased uncertainty might prevents a person from his rationally expecting, or if we support economics of complexity, we would think that enlarged uncertainty consciousness in human mind might invalidate the several buffers such as inventories, money and credit system, by which economic units deal with some fluctuations in normal ergodic processes. Lastly, however, uncertainty in economics is just a psychological phenomena which we may almost neglect in an ordinary way although it occasionally has serious influences on our economy. Accordingly, we should never regard uncertainty in our models as a universal factor but as a peculiar thing after an economic shock. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 31 4 2000 ケインズ的不確実性の全体像 347 370 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/41525 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 32 3 2000 不確実性の視点によるプルーデンス政策の再検討 53 74 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/41472 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 34 3 2002 ニュージーランド郵貯の消滅と復活の実像をめぐって 75 96 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/40603 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 36 4 2005 わが国の電子決済システムにおける新展開 101 126 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/40539 This paper examines the latest development in the electronic settlement system in Japan by analyzing it from two points of view : the reason why the e−money−related businesses in Japan have grown so rapidly in the past few years ; and the projection on problems which are expected to arise after the quick prevalence of the use of e−money, with the absence of regulations in the dealing in particular. These analyses are made by taking into account the history of e−money project, ranging from the initial experiments in the U. K. and the U. S. to the recent commercialization efforts in Japan. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 41 2 2009 官業の特典と制約はバランスしていたか？－郵便貯金民営化前１０年間について－ 1 20 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/16068 The reason why public financial institutions that should tightly regulated have great power and oppress the private sector, which has been significantly deregulated in recent years, is often thought to be that so many privileges are given to public financial institutions as government enterprises. Indeed, we agree that government enterprises have had privileges, but if total size of them is smaller than that of their restrictions as government enterprises, it is difficult to say that they are the main cause of competitive dominance of government enterprises. Nishigaki (2009a) re−estimated sizes of privileges given to Japanese Postal Savings in the 10 years before privatization (1997FY-2006FY), and found that the size as to the accumulated amount of the 10 years was considerably smaller than that in the method of Japanese Bankers Association (2002, 2004), to which Yamori and Nishigaki (2004) had pointed its irrationality and great possibility of overvaluation. This paper firstly estimates sizes of restrictions (such as universal service obligations, social contribution activities, and opportunity costs caused by regulations of investments and businesses) given to Japanese Postal Savings in the same term, and secondly compares the total size with that of privileges in time−series. We will find the facts that, in the first half of the period, the privileges and the restrictions were almost balanced, so that in this regard no evidence can be confirmed that Postal Savings should have been oppressing private banks in Japan, and in the latter half (age of Japan Post), the balance came to be collapsed because of the large reduction of the privileges and of the rapid increase of the opportunity costs, as a result, its social contribution activities had to be reduced sharply. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 0386-3069 41 1 2009 官業の特典についての再推計 ―郵便貯金事業民営化前の10年間について― 53 72 EN 10.18926/OER/15114 No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

岡山大学経済学会 Acta Medica Okayama 03863069 39 4 2008 日本における中小企業を対象とした政策金融の改革について 123 150 EN Narunto Nishigaki 10.18926/OER/12379 In Japan today, public financial system or policy−based financial institutions are under drastic reforms. For a better implementation of the reforms, this paper proposes new rules in which state owned institutions can　complement the roles of private financial institutions for small and medium sized enterprises.　In the rules, and in view of the actual situation in Japanese financial system, direct　loans of policy−based　financial institutions ought not to be abolished. Instead, they should be limited to such　cases as private　institutions can’t judge future result of their lending due to their screening ability which is lower than that of　policy−based financial institutions. Concerning credit insurance activities, easy promotion of policy−based　financial institutions’ securitization　support or guarantee activities should be avoided. This is becanse it would　bring about much danger of losses than the case of housing loan because of its more complicated screening　process. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.