A 55-kDa endonuclease of mammalian mitochondria: comparison of its subcellular localization and endonucleolytic properties with those of endonuclease G

A novel endonuclease of 55-kDa was found in rat liver mitochondria by a zymographic assay, in addition to the 29 kDa enzyme that is well-known as endonuclease G (Endo G). Subcellular localization of these enzymes in rat liver cells was examined by biochemical fractionation. Endo G was located in both nuclei and mitochondria as has been previously reported, while the 55-kDa enzyme was only detected in the mitochondrial fraction. The levels of the endonucleases in the mitochondria varied greatly among the rat organs, and the activity in the heart was about 30 times higher than that in the liver. The 55-kDa enzyme and Endo G were extracted from bovine heart mitochondria with 0.4 M NaCl. During purification the 55-kDa enzyme and Endo G were copurified because of their similar chromatographic behavior, so they were separated by gel filtration or electrophoresis in the presence of SDS and the proteins were then renatured. The nucleolytic properties of the 55-kDa enzyme resembled those of Endo G and other known mitochondrial nucleases. The enzyme degraded single-stranded DNA more rapidly than duplex DNA at a weak alkaline pH, requiring Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺ but not Ca²⁺ or Zn²⁺. Nicks generated by the enzyme had 5′-P and 3′-OH ends. The 55-kDa enzyme, like Endo G, displayed an unusually strong preference to nick within a (dG)_n · (dC)_n tract.